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PubMed1992

Digestion, feed intake, and live weight gain by cattle consuming bermudagrass hay supplemented with whey.

Three experiments were conducted with cattle consuming bermudagrass hay to determine whether low-level supplements of whey alone, corn alone, or whey plus corn affect feed intake, digestion, and(or) BW gain. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef cows (574 kg), used in a Latin-square trial (Exp. 1), were fed bermudagrass hay without supplementation (control) or with 2.8% whey (low whey, LW), 5.6% whey (high whey, HW), 17.4% ground corn (C), 2.8% whey plus 14.9% corn (C-LW), or 5.6% whey plus 12.4% corn (C-HW). Supplementing with whey and(or) corn increased ruminal butyrate (8.8, 9.4, 10.0, 9.6, 10.5, and 11.0 mol/100 mol of total VFA for control, LW, HW, C, C-LW, and C-HW, respectively; SE = .20). Supplements did not affect microbial N flow at the duodenum. Six Holstein steer calves (158 kg) in a Latin square (Exp. 2) consumed bermudagrass hay ad libitum alone (control) or with .075 or .15% BW whey (LW and HW, respectively), .5% BW ground corn (C), or corn-whey mixes made by substituting whey for corn (C-LW and C-HW). Substituting .15% BW of whey for corn increased (P less than .05) total OM intake slightly (3.99, 3.84, 3.75, 4.11, 4.28, and 4.47 kg for control, LW, HW, C, C-LW, and C-HW, respectively; SE = .10). In an 84-d randomized block experiment (Exp. 3), 96 beef calves (194 kg) consumed (ad libitum) low-quality bermudagrass hay alone or with C, LW, HW, C-LW, or C-HW supplements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2026

Circle-seq analysis reveals the involvement of eccDNAs in salt stress response of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon).

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have been identified in a wide variety of plant species and play a pivotal role in genomic plasticity, emerging as key drivers of stress adaptation. However, the putative roles of eccDNAs under environmental stress remain largely unexplored in plants. As a high-quality turfgrass, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is a pivotal species for the reclamation and improvement of saline-alkali soils. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the eccDNA profiles in bermudagrass under salt stress. A total of 1,068 eccDNAs were identified across all chromosomes. These eccDNAs were characterized by short lengths (ranging from 100 bp to 1 kb) and low GC content. Their genomic distribution was not entirely random but rather exhibited a certain preference for intergenic regions and coding sequences (CDS). Crucially, null model analysis of A/T-rich junction sites revealed that these eccDNAs primarily originate from physically unstable scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) via stochastic fragmentation, followed by opportunistic circularization predominantly mediated by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Notably, salt stress specifically enriched eccDNAs derived from DNA transposons, including the Tc1/Mariner, CACTA and MITE superfamilies. Overall, our findings reveal complex extrachromosomal structural dynamics in bermudagrass, offering novel insights into its genomic adaptation under environmental stress.

Cynodon↗
PubMed1992

Digestion and performance responses to lasalocid and concentrate supplements by beef cattle fed bermudagrass hay.

Beef cattle consuming bermudagrass hay were not supplemented or received a limited amount of ground corn alone or with a mix of protein meals to determine influences of concentrate supplementation on digestion and performance when the ionophore lasalocid (200 mg daily) was given. With limited feed intake, supplement treatment did not change the acetate to propionate shift in beef cows occurring with lasalocid (P < 0.06). Lasalocid did not affect sites of digestion of organic matter or nitrogen with any supplement treatment. However, lasalocid decreased (P < 0.10) ruminal digestion of neutral and acid detergent fibre. Live-weight gain by growing beef calves ingesting bermudagrass hay ad libitum was higher (P < 0.05) with than without supplementation and tended (P < 0.12) to be greater for corn plus protein meals than for corn alone. Lasalocid did not affect or interact with supplement treatment in feed intake or live-weight gain of heifers (236 kg; no growth stimulant) or steers (237 kg; treated with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate). Lasalocid at 200 mg daily did not improve digestion characteristics or influence performance by beef cattle consuming a Basal diet of bermudagrass hay. Further, effects of lasalocid were not modulated by supplementation with concentrate, concentrate type or sex or growth stimulant usage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2026

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Drought-Stress-Responsive Genes in Two Bermudagrass Genotypes.

Drought inhibits grass development and survival. However, molecular-based studies on drought tolerance mechanisms in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) remain scarce. Therefore, a drought-resistant bermudagrass (Tianshui) and a drought-sensitive (Zhengzhou) genotype were selected and subjected to 28&#x2009;days of 50% drought stress. Leaves were sampled for RNA sequencing. Under drought stress, 2410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered in which 1214 were upregulated (tolerant vs. sensitive) and 1196 downregulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that these specific DEGs are notably present in hormonal signal transduction pathways, flavonoids biogenesis, carbohydrate metabolic processes, abscisic acid-mediated pathways, MAPK signaling, and gluconeogenesis. Additionally, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway is predominantly linked to abscisic acid signal transduction, and many other plant hormones were also drought-responsive. The study specifically targeted genes associated with the antioxidant enzyme system, with a particular emphasis on responsive TFs such as MYB, bHLH, bZIP, GRAS, and WRKY. This study establishes the theoretical framework and identifies gene sources for the genetic enhancement and breeding of bermudagrass in the future.

Cynodon↗
PubMed1976

Effect of nematode parasite infection on the performance of stocker cattle at high stocking rates on coastal bermudagrass pastures.

Studies were conducted during the summer of 2 successive years (1971 and 1972) to determine the effects of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism on performance failure of stocker beef steers grazed at high stocking rates on Coastal bermudagrass pastures. During each of the 2 years, 3 groups of steers were rotated at 7- to 10-day intervals on sets of three 1.63-ha pastures from mid-May to late October. (Each group was maintained on a given set of pastures.) In the 1971 program, from mid-May to early August (phase 1) each group consisted of 48 steers for a stocking rate of 29.6 steers/ha. From early August to late October (phase 2) the number of steers per group was reduced to 36 (stocking rate of 22.2 steers/ha) to improve the plane of nutrition. In the 1972 program, 2 groups were stocked at 48 steers per group (29.6 steers/ha) and a 3rd group was temporarily stocked with 58 steers (10 additional steers) to provide 2 animals each month for necropsy evaluation of worm burdens. With exception of the monthly removal of 2 steers from the 3rd group, the stocking rate in 1972 remained intact for the entire grazing season. In 1971, the 3 groups (groups 1, 2, and 3) were treated with thiabendazole (2 doses, 16 days between doses) before grazing. Parasite burdens and levels of pasture contamination were low initially and body weight gains were good during the 1st 3 months of grazing (phase 1). In the 2nd half (phase 2) of the grazing program, 1 group of steers given free-choice supplemental feed (1% of body weight/steer each day) and treated with anthelmintic (thiabendazole; 2 doses, 18 days between doses, during August) and another group, given supplemental feed only, had significantly better weight gains than did the 3rd group, not given supplemental feed nor treated with anthelmintic. There was no weight gain advantage derived from the reduced stocking rate in phase 2. Tracer calves, which were allowed to graze on pastures, developed an increased level of infection after August. Fecal egg counts in the principal steers and recovery of infective larvae from pasture paralleled the infection level in tracer calves. Necropsy evaluation of steers from groups 1, 2, and 3 at the end of the 1971 program indicated a similarity in total worm counts, but in the group not given supplemental feed nor treated with anthelmintic there was more generalized inflammation and a greater number of lesions in the abomasum (Ostertagia) and the caudal portion of the intestine (Oesophagostomum). Steers in the 3rd group also were in poorer condition. Initial worm burdens in the 3 steer groups (groups 4, 5, and 6) were low at the start of the 1972 program. One group was given freechoice supplemental feed (0.5% of body weight/steer each day) and treated with anthelmintics (thiabendazole in the 1st dose, levamisole in the 2nd dose, 12 days between doses, in May and August) and another group was given supplemental feed throughout the summer; the 3rd group was treated with anthelmintics (in May and August)...

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Diet characteristics, digesta kinetics, and dry matter intake of steers grazing eastern gamagrass.

Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides [L.] L.) has attracted attention as a forage crop, but information on its use is lacking. This 2-yr study compared diet quality, ingestive mastication, and ADG by steers grazing eastern gamagrass (GG), flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.), and Tifton 44 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.). The design was a randomized complete block with two agronomic replicates. The diet selected by steers from GG in May did not differ from the diet selected by steers from flaccidgrass (FG) for IVDMD (77.3%), NDF (44.0%), CP (19.5%), and mean and median particle sizes of the ingesta (1.8 and 1.4 mm). In July, GG diets had three percentage units less IVDMD (P less than .05), 8.4 percentage units more NDF (P less than .05), and 4.5 percentage units less CP (P = .07) than the mean of FG and bermudagrass (BG). The canopy (July) of GG had the greatest proportion of its DM as leaf (59 vs 26% for FG and 22% for BG) and the least proportion as stem (25 vs 40% for FG and 59% for BG). Mean particle size (millimeters) of masticates differed (P = .05) among forages with GG greatest (2.2), followed by FG (1.6), and BG particles were smallest (1.2). Proportion of large (greater than or equal to 2.8 mm), medium (less than 2.8 greater than or equal to .5 mm), and small (less than .5 mm) particles of the masticate DM, and their IVDMD and NDF concentration, interacted with species (P less than .05). Gamagrass masticate had the greatest proportion (28%) of large particles and BG the greatest proportion (23%) of small particles. The least IVDMD occurred for large particles of BG (62.5%) and small particles of GG (63.8%). Digesta kinetics did not differ among species. Characteristics of GG yielded steer ADG of .82 vs .67 kg for FG and .30 kg for BG (P = .05).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Effects of fermentation time on in vivo/in vitro relationships.

The effects of six fermentation times, 24 through 84 h at 12 h intervals, were studied on in vivo/in vitro relationships and repeatability and variability of in vitro technique. Three stages of maturity each of bermudagrass, bahiagrass, rye-grass, sorghum-sudan, alfalfa, and orchardgrass were used. For one fermentation time for all types of forages, a 48-h fermentation demonstrated the smallest variation among runs and the least run X forage interaction. However, the optimum fermentation for perennials as a group was 60 h; and for annuals, legumes, and temperate grasses it was 36 h. Further studies in vitro compared a 48-h fermentation for all types of forage with 36 h for annuals and 60 h for perennials. Forty-eight forages, including 20 annuals and 28 perennials, were digested in vitro during three runs. With the 48-h fermentation, forages accounted for 86.43% of the total variation, runs 6.80%, and run X forage interaction 6.44%. Variation due to runs was reduced to .33%, and run X forage interaction to .90%, for a combined 36- and 60-h fermentation for annuals and perennials, respectively. Variation due to forage was increased to 98.53%.

Animal Feed↗