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PubMed2026

Physicochemical effects of bicarbonate-buffered solution versus compound sodium lactate during major abdominal surgery: A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

INTRODUCTION: Bicarbonate-buffered crystalloids avoid exogenous lactate and have physicochemical properties distinct from compound sodium lactate (CSL), but direct comparative evidence during major abdominal surgery remains limited. METHODS: This single-center, open-label, randomized non-inferiority trial enrolled high-risk adults undergoing elective major abdominal surgery. Participants received bicarbonate-buffered solution or CSL as the allocated intraoperative crystalloid. The primary estimand was the arithmetic mean difference in standard base excess (SBE) at skin closure (bicarbonate-buffered solution minus CSL). The non-inferiority margin was -1.5 mEq/L. The trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001228178). RESULTS: Fifty participants were randomized (25 per group) and received their allocated intervention. End-of-surgery arterial blood gas data were missing for two CSL participants. In the intention-to-treat analysis using multiple imputation, the estimated mean difference in end-of-surgery SBE was -0.42 mEq/L (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.92 to 1.09 mEq/L). The complete-case per-protocol estimate was -0.48 mEq/L (95% CI, -2.02 to 1.06 mEq/L). In both analyses, the lower CI bound was below the prespecified non-inferiority margin; non-inferiority was not established. Secondary outcomes were exploratory; observed end-of-surgery lactate was lower with bicarbonate-buffered solution (median 0.9 vs 1.2 mmol/L; unadjusted P = 0.031), without a corresponding difference in SBE or pH. CONCLUSIONS: In this small trial of hemodynamically stable adults undergoing elective major abdominal surgery, the primary non-inferiority result was inconclusive. The data did not establish interchangeability, equivalence, superiority, or inferiority of the two fluids. As the trial was powered for a physiologic endpoint, no comparative inference can be made about organ dysfunction, postoperative complications, recovery, or mortality. Larger trials with standardized co-interventions and patient-important outcomes are required before routine substitution for CSL can be recommended.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen, Cu2+, and bisphenol A in a hydrogel-biochar-AQDS immobilized bioreactor with added bicarbonate: Performance and metagenomic insights.

As the complexity of industrial wastewater pollution continues to increase, the simultaneous removal of nitrogen, metal contaminants, and persistent organic pollutants under low carbon conditions has become a key challenge for biological treatment systems. To address the operational instability and dependence on carbon sources observed in immobilized systems when exposed to copper (Cu2+) and bisphenol A (BPA), the Pseudoalteromonas japonicus strain LY0623 was integrated into a hydrogel-biochar-AQDS composite carrier to construct a multifunctional immobilized biofilm system. Notably, under conditions containing only NaHCO3, the R4 system achieved an NH4+-N removal rate of 89%. Under conditions where Cu2+ and BPA coexist, the R4 system achieved removal of NH4+-N (89%), NO3--N (100%), Cu2+ (85%), and BPA (88%). Sediment characterization confirmed that Cu2+ was immobilized through adsorption, complexation, and microbiologically induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). Metagenomic analysis further indicated that the Pseudomonadota phylum remained the dominant phylum, while functional pathways associated with inorganic carbon assimilation, HNAD nitrogen metabolism, endogenous carbon transformation, biomineralization, electron transfer, and aromatic compound degradation were preserved. By combining ammonia oxidation driven energy production, inorganic carbon utilization, redox mediated processes, and biomineralization, this study provides a highly promising low carbon strategy for treating industrial wastewater containing mixed pollutants.

Bisphenol A Compounds↗

PubMed2026

Protein sorting and proteostasis mechanisms in CFTR-related exocrine pancreas dysfunction: A systematic narrative review.

The pancreas consists of exocrine and endocrine compartments. In the exocrine pancreas, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions mainly in ductal epithelial cells as a chloride and bicarbonate channel. Its activity depends on proper protein folding, trafficking, and localization to the apical membrane. This systematic narrative review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the role of protein sorting machinery in CFTR channelopathies and its contribution to exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. A thorough search was conducted using PRISMA criteria on PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus for studies published in English between January 2000 and November 2025. Twenty studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Pathogenic CFTR variants impair protein folding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit, and endosomal recycling, resulting in reduced apical membrane expression and stability. These defects disrupt the localization of associated transporters and secretory proteins, impair ductal bicarbonate secretion, alter zymogen handling, and promote acinar injury, although these claims are supported mainly by indirect experimental models and therefore require clinical confirmation. CFTR channelopathies in the exocrine pancreas encompass both ion transport defects and broader disruptions of protein sorting machinery. CFTR may contribute to the assembly, stabilization, or localization of selected apical transport complexes, and its loss can secondarily alter epithelial organization. Therapeutic approaches targeting both channel correction and intracellular trafficking may improve pancreatic function and mitigate disease progression.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Functional characterization of carbon dioxide receptors in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important chemosensory cue involved in host plant recognition and environmental navigation in moths. In insects, CO2 detection is generally mediated by specific gustatory receptors (GRs). This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize CO2-related GRs in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. RESULTS: Three candidate GR genes, designated SfruGR1, SfruGR2, and SfruGR3, were identified through genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these receptors clustered with conserved insect CO2 GRs and formed three distinct monophyletic clades. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that SfruGR3 was expressed at significantly higher levels than SfruGR1 and SfruGR2 across multiple adult tissues and larval stages. Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings in Xenopus oocytes showed that only the co-expression of SfruGR1 + SfruGR3 among seven receptor combinations produced significant responses to bicarbonate ions (HCO₃-), which were used to represent dissolved CO2. Electrolabialpalpography assays demonstrated that FAW labial palps responded to CO2 in a concentration-dependent manner, with 1% CO2 eliciting the strongest electrophysiological response, especially in females. In Y-tube olfactometer assays, males were significantly attracted to 1% CO2, whereas females showed only a weak behavioral response. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that SfruGR1 and SfruGR3 are key components of CO2 perception in FAW. This study provides new insight into the molecular and behavioral mechanisms of CO2 sensing in this destructive agricultural pest. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Spodoptera frugiperda↗

PubMed2026

Functional screening and single-cell cultivation of marine CO2-fixing bacteria via flow-mode Raman-activated cell sorting.

Most marine CO2-fixing microorganisms remain uncultivated due to strong culture bias and low throughput of conventional approaches, which fail to link in situ function with isolated strains and render slow-growing or low-abundance taxa virtually inaccessible. This study presents an integrated single-cell workflow that incorporates 13C-NaHCO3 labeling, high-throughput flow-mode Raman-activated cell sorting (RACS) and microwell cultivation for the isolation of active CO2-fixing bacteria from the Yellow Sea. Function-guided sorting was achieved by monitoring the 13C-induced Raman shifts of carotenoids (ν1 band: ∼1507 to ∼ 1503.78 cm-1 at 24 h). Genomic and physiological analyses identified Paraburkholderia aromaticivorans FR-4 as a novel facultative chemoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium (NOB). Its genome encodes complete nitrite oxidation and Calvin cycle pathways, together with key carbon acquisition genes (carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate transporter). FR-4 grows autotrophically using NO2- as the electron donor and CO2/HCO3- as the carbon source, confirming its ability to couple nitrite oxidation with carbon fixation, while retaining metabolic flexibility for heterotrophic growth. By directly linking in situ carbon-fixing activity, genotype, and phenotype, this workflow provides a targeted strategy for exploring elusive marine CO2-fixing bacteria and overcomes critical limitations of conventional cultivation.

Carbon-fixing↗

PubMed2026

Application of 13C MRS demonstrates carbohydrate feeding spares muscle but not liver glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval exercise.

We examined liver and muscle glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval cycling, and the impact of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding, using noninvasive 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Following 24 h of standardized dietary intake, nine male cyclists completed 8 × 5-min intervals (1-min recovery), ingesting either placebo (PLA), 60 g maltodextrin (CHO), or 60 g maltodextrin plus caffeine, taurine, l-theanine, l-citrulline, and citicoline (CHO+) in a randomized crossover design. 13C MRS and 1H imaging were performed pre- and postexercise to determine liver and muscle glycogen and liver volume, respectively. Liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different between trials (P = 0.101) despite lower postexercise plasma glucagon concentrations in CHO and CHO+ (P = 0.001). In contrast, muscle glycogen utilization was significantly lower (∼40%) with CHO feeding compared with PLA (P = 0.006), yet this sparing effect was not evident with CHO+ (P = 0.073) in accordance with a higher mean power output during the late intervals (+2.8%, P = 0.046). Plasma glucose was comparable between trials (P = 0.175), whereas plasma lactate was higher in CHO+ versus CHO (P = 0.003), alongside lower blood bicarbonate (P = 0.005), base excess (P < 0.001), and total CO2 (P = 0.004). These findings demonstrate preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which is attenuated under conditions of CHO feeding. This sparing effect is, however, not evident with the coingestion of a caffeine-containing multi-ingredient blend, potentially due to an increased capacity to sustain higher power outputs resulting in greater glycogen utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using 13C MRS, we provide data demonstrating preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during HIIT. Furthermore, data show muscle glycogen utilization is attenuated with CHO feeding, yet sparing is not evident when coingesting a caffeine-containing formulation, potentially reflecting increased capacity to perform more total work rather than a direct metabolic effect of caffeine. In contrast, liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different with CHO feeding despite a modest reduction of ∼5 g versus placebo.

Male↗

PubMed2026

Deuteration enhances UV-induced hyperpolarization of [1-13C]pyruvate to trityl-level performance in vitro and in vivo.

Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) using UV-irradiated, non-persistent radicals has recently emerged as a filtration-free alternative to trityl-based methods; however, its performance for in vivo metabolic imaging remains insufficiently evaluated. Here, we systematically assessed UV-induced hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate and its deuterated analog in the mouse brain, a technically demanding target for HP 13C MRI, and directly compared the results with conventional OX063-based dDNP. UV-induced HP [1-13C]pyruvate yielded lactate-to-pyruvate and bicarbonate-to-pyruvate ratios equivalent to those obtained with OX063-polarized preparations, and demonstrated good test-retest reproducibility. Deuteration substantially improved the polarization levels of UV-irradiated samples to values comparable to trityl-based dDNP, while preserving comparable in vivo metabolic readouts. Building on this methodological validation, awake 13C MRSI using HP [1-13C, d4]pyruvate, as applied in the present study, was used as a proof-of-concept in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, where increased pyruvate-to-lactate conversion was detected in hippocampus-including regions of 3-month-old APPNL-G-F knock-in mice. Together, these results support UV-induced, deuterated HP pyruvate as a practical alternative to trityl-based dDNP and demonstrate its feasibility for preclinical HP 13C MRI studies of brain metabolism.

Alzheimer’s disease model↗

PubMed2026

Short-term effects of different toothpaste formulations on total salivary calcium: A randomized crossover study.

OBJECTIVES: Dental calculus formation can be inhibited by toothpastes containing pyrophosphate, which chelates calcium ions and prevents hydroxyapatite crystal formation. Although pyrophosphate may also influence salivary calcium availability, the short-term effects of commercially available toothpaste formulations on salivary calcium concentrations remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated and compared the short-term effects of three fluoride toothpastes on salivary calcium concentration. METHODS: A randomized, three-treatment, three-period crossover trial was conducted in 48 healthy volunteers. The participants used three commercially available sodium fluoride toothpastes in randomized order: a formulation containing methyl vinyl ether/maleic acid copolymer, PVM/MA copolymer (Sensodyne), a formulation containing pyrophosphate and zinc (Dentalux), and a formulation containing sodium bicarbonate (Parodontax). Treatment periods were separated by a 2-day washout. Unstimulated saliva was collected at baseline (T0), immediately after brushing (T1), 30 min (T2), and 60 min (T3). Salivary calcium concentrations were quantified using a colorimetric assay. Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models with toothpaste formulation, measurement time, treatment sequence, and the toothpaste-by-time interaction as fixed effects and participant as a random effect. RESULTS: Significant effects were observed for toothpaste formulation (F(2,103.35)=42.31, P < 0.001), measurement time (F(3,141)=39.78, P < 0.001), and the toothpaste-by-time interaction (F(6,141)=23.91, P < 0.001), whereas treatment sequence had no significant effect (P = 0.927). Compared with Dentalux® and Sensodyne®, Parodontax® resulted in significantly lower salivary calcium concentrations (both Bonferroni-adjusted P < 0.001), immediately after brushing (T1). The differences decreased after 30 min and were no longer significant after 60 min. No significant differences were observed between Dentalux® and Sensodyne® at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Commercially available fluoride toothpastes produced different short-term effects on the salivary calcium concentration, with the greatest differences occurring immediately after brushing. Because the products differed in terms of multiple formulation ingredients, the findings reflect product-level effects rather than ingredient-specific effects. Further multicentre studies are warranted to confirm these findings and evaluate their clinical relevance.

Humans↗