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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

[DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity of the European bison (Bison bonasus), American bison (Bison bison), and gray Ukrainian cattle (Bos taurus)].

To describe genetic variability and population diversity in domesticated populations of American bison (Bison bison), aurochs (Bison bonasus), and gray Ukrainian cattle (Bos taurus) different variants of DNA fingerprinting technique (utilizing the M13 phage DNA, (TTAGGG)4 synthetic oligonucleotide, and three arbitrary primers as hybridization probes) were used. Several parameters characterizing polymorphism and genetic diversity levels in each population (species) were evaluated on the basis of the profiles obtained. Dendrograms reflecting similarities between individual animals were constructed. Genetic variability of minisatellite and telomeric markers observed in the gray Ukrainian cattle flock was higher than that in aurochs and bisons. Comparison of the intrapopulation similarity (S) and gene diversity (H) indices along with the analysis of clusters in the dendrograms showed that the relatedness between the aurochs individuals was much higher than between the individual animals in the bison and gray Ukrainian cattle flocks. Furthermore, the gray Ukrainian cattle flock was represented by more distant relatives than the bison flock. It is suggested that reduced genetic variability and the appearance of deviant genotype observed in the two bison lines under selection, resulted from close inbreeding and the founder effect. The diagnostic value and efficacy of utilization of different molecular markers for estimation of genetic diversity and relatedness in domesticated animal populations is discussed.

Americas↗

PubMed2000

Squamous cell carcinoma in an American bison (Bison bison bison).

The following case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first documentation of a squamous cell carcinoma in a full-blooded American bison (Bison bison bison). This female bison developed an ulcerated lesion on the left flank, at the site of a brand, in the summer of her eighth year. In the winter of her ninth year, as the lesion continued to grow, a biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made. Ultimately, there was metastasis to the liver, a lung, and a prefemoral lymph node.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Growth, digestive capability, carcass, and meat characteristics of Bison bison, Bos taurus, and Bos x Bison.

Three experiments involving 39 Bos taurus, 14 Bison bison, and 20 Bos x Bison fed diets differing in proportions of roughage and concentrate to evaluate growth, digestive capability, carcass, and meat characteristics are reported. Bos taurus consumed more (P < .05) feed per day and gained more (P < .05) rapidly than bison or Bos x Bison except during a period of extremely cold weather. Efficiency of gain was similar for all species types. There was no tendency for bison or Bos x Bison to gain more than Bos taurus on the higher-roughage diets. Bison and Bos x Bison had higher (P < .10 to .01) digestion coefficients for all components evaluated (i.e., DM, CP, GE, NDF,hemicellulose, and cellulose). Species x diet interactions were not significant, indicating that the higher digestion coefficients of bison were not specific to high-roughage diets. Bison and their hybrids had more (P < .05) lean meat and less (P < .01) fat trim in all wholesale cuts except the chuck and rib cuts. Fat thickness at the 12th rib of bison was higher (P < .01) than that of Bos taurus because most of the carcass fat of bison is located over the thoracic area. Bison and Bos x Bison had higher (P < .01) dressing percentages and a lower (P < .01) proportion of their carcass in the hindquarter than Bos taurus. Shear force and sensory tenderness scores indicated bison were more (P < .05) tender and had a flavor different (P < .01) from that of Bos taurus. Bison and Bos x Bison had more (P < .01) cholesterol in the longissimus muscle and less (P < .05) in the subcutaneous fat than Bos taurus. Bison had a lower (P < .01) percentage of white and higher percentage of intermediate muscle fibers than Bos taurus with essentially no difference in percentage of red fibers.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Host defense function in neutrophils from the American bison (Bison bison).

Selected host defense functions of neutrophils isolated from American bison (Bison bison) were characterized and compared with those of cattle (Bos taurus). Bison neutrophils had a robust chemotactic response to both IL-8 and LTB(4), with maximal responses occurring at 10(-7) M (IL-8) and 10(-8) M (LTB(4)). The magnitude of the chemotactic response to IL-8 was similar in bison and bovine neutrophils (except at 10(-7) M IL-8, where bison had a stronger response). In response to LTB(4), bison neutrophils had a much stronger chemotaxis at both 10(-8) and 10(-7) M than did bovine cells. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and opsonized zymosan (OpZ) was similar between bison and bovine neutrophils. However, the production of ROS in bison neutrophils stimulated with OpZ was primarily intracellular, while extracellular release of ROS was evident in bovine neutrophils stimulated with OpZ. Like bovine neutrophils, bison neutrophils did not generate a respiratory burst in response to fMLF. Granules prepared from bison neutrophils had potent direct killing action on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli but failed to kill the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and, at intermediate doses, actually had a permissive effect for this bacteria. Thus, bison neutrophils have potent host defense capabilities similar in quality to those of bovine neutrophils; however, unique differences are present, which may allow bison neutrophils to respond to the distinct immunological challenges that bison encounter.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Comparative blood characteristics of ranched and free-ranging American bison (Bison bison).

Blood samples were obtained from 20 bison (Bison bison) from a ranch in northern lower Michigan, as well as from 20 free-ranging bison of the same sex and similar age from the Badlands National Park in South Dakota. Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined. The values were comparable in both groups, except for those for BUN, aspartate transaminase, and phosphorus, which were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in the ranched bison than in the free-ranging bison. These differences were attributed to nutritional effects. Impact of age on blood characteristics was assessed in the ranched bison only by comparing values from calves weighing less than 185 kg with those from bison weighing more than 185 kg. Calves had significantly (P less than 0.001) higher values for phosphorus and RBC counts and lower total protein values than adults. Adult bison had higher eosinophil and neutrophil counts with lower numbers of lymphocytes, suggestive of a stress leukogram, whereas calves had the typical bovine neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Pasteurellaceae isolated from tonsillar samples of commercially-reared American bison (Bison bison).

As commercial producers of American bison (Bison bison) become more numerous, concerns relative to bison health management increase. Since loss due to respiratory disease associated with Pasteurella and related Pasteurellaceae is a major concern for cattle producers, a study was conducted to determine what types of Pasteurellaceae are carried by bison to evaluate the potential of pneumonic pasteurellosis in bison herds where management practices are comparable to those used for cattle. Tonsillar biopsies, collected in May (n = 29) and August (n = 25) 1997 from 24- to 30-month-old bison bulls, at the time of slaughter were cultured for Pasteurellaceae. Pasteurella spp. were isolated from all the samples collected in May. These included isolates identified as P. haemolytica, trehalosi, testudinis, and multocida subsp. multocida a and multocida b. Actinobacillus spp. and Haemophilus somnus were also isolated from some samples. Pasteurella spp., haemolytica, trehalosi, and multocida subsp. multocida a, multocida b and septica, plus 2 nonspeciated indole-positive biotypes, U2 and U16, were isolated from the second group of tonsil samples. Most of these organisms, including P. haemolytica, P. multocida subsp., and H. somnus are associated with disease in domestic livestock and should be regarded as potential pathogens for bison, particularly in animals which become stressed by management practices commonly used with cattle such as herding, crowding, and shipping.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1991

Oestrous cycle of the North American bison (Bison bison) characterized by urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide.

An enzyme immunoassay for urinary pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PdG) was evaluated for the indirect measurement of progesterone metabolites during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy of uncaptured North American bison. Comparisons between plasma progesterone and urinary PdG, dose-response parallelism between the standard curve and diluted urine samples and high-performance liquid cochromatography revealed that PdG was a primary immunoreactive urinary metabolite of progesterone in bison. Urine samples were collected directly from the soil from 29 bison cows during the August rutting season and analysed for PdG. Eight bison cows demonstrated complete oestrous cycles ranging from 19 to 26 days (mean cycle length = 23.12 +/- 0.76 days) and behavioural oestrus among four of these cows correlated with PdG nadirs. Mean PdG nadirs were 63.62 +/- 21.61 ng/mg urinary creatinine (Cr) and mean peak midluteal values were 546.01 +/- 130.73 ng/mg Cr. Seven of eight became pregnant, indicating that bison exhibit a second seasonal oestrus. Eighteen other bison cows were pregnant prior to the beginning of the study and demonstrated non-cyclic increased PdG concentrations (greater than 200 ng/mg Cr) during the 30-day course of collection. Three cows ovulated and became pregnant during the 30-day collection period and then exhibited increasing urinary PdG concentrations. This report demonstrates that ovarian function in uncaptured bison can be monitored by means of urinary PdG and that both ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy can be detected.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of ivermectin pour-on against Ostertagia ostertagi infection and residues in the American bison, Bison bison.

Sixteen American bison, Bison bison, were artificially infected with 10(5) infective stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on 21 April 1993. At 42 days post-infection eight bison were treated with 0.5% ivermectin pour-on (500 micrograms/kg bodyweight) and eight treated with the carrier only. Bison were necropsied 17 and 18 days post-treatment (21 and 22 June 1993, respectively). Mean (+/- SE) of 5,413 (+/- 1,716) adults and 565 (+/- 305) immature O. ostertagi were recovered at necropsy from bison treated with the carrier. No O. ostertagi were detected in bison treated with ivermectin pour-on. Based on the levels of the ivermectin marker metabolite in liver and adipose tissue 18 days post-treatment, the established bovine withdrawal time of 48 days appears adequate to insure that violative residues do not occur.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Bacterial survival, lymph node pathology, and serological responses of bison (Bison bison) vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 or strain 19.

From August 1993 to June 1994, 3 month-old bison (Bison bison) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51, n = 6), strain 19 (S19, n = 3), or with saline (n = 1) and serologic responses and persistence of vaccine strains within lymph nodes were monitored. Bison vaccinated with S19 had granulomatous lymphadenitis and greater peak numbers of B. abortus than those vaccinated with SRB51. Bison vaccinated with RB51 had similar histological lesions and B. abortus were still present in lymph nodes at 16 weeks. Although antibodies against RB51 were produced, standard tube agglutination test responses of RB51-vaccinates remained negative. The histological lesions of B. abortus infections in bison were similar to those observed in cattle, but bison did not clear SRB51 as rapidly as cattle.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2000

Validation of 15 microsatellites for parentage testing in North American bison, Bison bison and domestic cattle.

Fifteen bovine microsatellites were evaluated for use in parentage testing in 725 bison from 14 public populations, 178 bison from two private ranches and 107 domestic cattle from five different breeds. The number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 16 in bison and from five to 13 in cattle. On average, expected heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (PIC) and probability of exclusion values were slightly lower in bison than in cattle. A core set of 12 loci was further refined to produce a set of multiplexed markers suitable for routine parentage testing. Assuming one known parent, the core set of markers provides exclusion probabilities in bison of 0.9955 and in cattle of 0.9995 averaged across all populations or breeds tested. Tests of Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium showed only minor deviations. This core set of 12 loci represent a powerful and efficient method for determining parentage in North American bison and domestic cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The pathology of spontaneous paratuberculosis in the North American bison (Bison bison).

Gross and histopathologic examinations were performed on 70 North American bison (Bison bison) from a Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis culture-positive herd. The bison examined were part of a breeding herd totaling 2,800 animals. Eight of 70 (11%) animals had gross findings of intestinal mucosal thickening, and 16 of 70 (23%) of the animals had enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologic lesions compatible with Johne's disease were diagnosed in 30 of 70 (43%) bison on the basis of the demonstration of noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates and of one or more acid-fast bacilli characteristic of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. A suspicious diagnosis of Johne's disease was obtained in 11 of 70 (16%) bison on the basis of the observation of noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates without demonstrable acid-fast bacteria. Twenty-nine of 70 (41%) animals were assessed as histologically paratuberculosis free. Histologic results were compared to Johne's disease tests such as culture, serology, and polymerase chain reaction, which were performed on some of the cohort animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Brucellosis in free-ranging bison (Bison bison) from Teton County, Wyoming.

Brucellosis was studied opportunistically in bison (Bison bison) in the free-ranging Jackson herd of approximately 120 in Teton County, Wyoming (USA) in March 1989. Recent abortion was diagnosed in a 2-yr-old cow and Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from vaginal discharge, uterine contents, uterus, and supramammary lymph nodes. Endometritis was characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the lamina propria and neutrophils in uterine glands and within necrotic debris and exudate in the uterine lumen. A 5-yr-old bull had diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in epididymis and accessory sex glands; B. abortus was isolated from seminal vesicle and ampulla. Twenty-seven (77%) of 35 bison tested from 1989 to 1990 were serologically positive or suspect on tests for Brucella antibodies. We report the occurrence of abortion due to brucellosis in free-ranging bison in the Jackson herd, suggest that bison in this herd are capable of transmitting brucellosis to other susceptible hosts, and report the first confirmation of brucellosis in this herd.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1999

Characterization of putative Haemophilus somnus isolates from tonsils of American bison (Bison bison).

Three Haemophilus somnus isolates (2a, 3a, and 27b) and one H. somnus-like (13b) isolate from tonsils of commercially reared American bison were compared with 2 known H. somnus isolates from cattle, namely, 2336, shown to cause respiratory disease, and 129Pt, from the prepuce of an asymptomatic bull. All H. somnus isolates, but not the H. somnus-like isolate, required CO2 for growth. Biochemical utilization profiles were identical for bison and bovine H. somnus isolates with the exception of alpha-fucosidase production by isolate 3a. Isolate 27a varied from 2a, 2336 and 129Pt by hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes. Isolate 13b hemolyzed sheep but not bovine or bison erythrocytes and varied from other isolates in biochemical utilization tests. Outer membrane protein profiles of 2a, 3a and 27a were almost identical with those of bovine isolate 2336 and similar to that of 129Pt, but quite different from that of 13b. Western blots of bison isolates were similar to that of the virulent bovine 2336 isolate, including detection of high molecular mass antigens above 100 kDa and the 76 kDa antigens associated with bovine IgG2 Fc binding characteristic of virulent strains, as well as antigens of approximately 78, 60 and 40 kDa. Producers and veterinarians should be aware that H. somnus may be carried by bison and may have potential for causing diseases in bison similar to those described in cattle and sheep.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Abortion and placentitis in pregnant bison (Bison bison) induced by the vaccine candidate, Brucella abortus strain RB51.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccination. ANIMALS: 10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months' gestation. PROCEDURE: Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Two cows, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks after vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion. After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy. RESULTS: Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51. Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cells that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen. Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however, strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine candidate B abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vaccine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed2001

Typing of IS 1311 polymorphisms confirms that bison (Bison bison) with paratuberculosis in Montana are infected with a strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis distinct from that occurring in cattle and other domesticated livestock.

Isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from nine bison (Bison bison) from Montana, United States of America, were compared with those from other species from the United States of America. All 16 isolates had a novel IS 1311 genotype in which all copies of the element possessed a thymidine-cytosine nucleotide variation at base position 223. Isolates from bison were termed B strain. Thirteen isolates from cattle and goats were polymorphic at this locus, a status previously recognised in isolates from cattle which are termed C strains. Differences in cultural phenotype between B and C strains which were noted upon primary isolation did not manifest upon subculture to Herrold's egg yolk medium or modified Middlebrook 7H10 agar. Rapid differentiation of these strains from each other and from S strains from sheep is possible using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis in bison in Montana appears to be distinct from that in cattle and other farmed livestock investigated thus far.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Haemophilus somnus bronchopneumonia in American bison (Bison bison).

Immunoperoxidase assays were performed on 21 archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from from American bison (Bison bison) with bronchopneumonia. Seven of the 21 bison had positive staining for Haemophilus somnus in alveolar exudate, visceral pleura, lung parenchyma, and chronic necrotic lesions, and H. somnus was isolated from tissues from 1 of these 7 animals. Results suggest that H. somnus is a respiratory pathogen in bison.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Pregnancy and ovulation detection in bison (Bison bison) assessed by means of urinary and fecal steroids.

Sexually mature bison (Bison bison) cows were tested for both pregnancy and ovulation by means of urinary steroid metabolites and fecal steroids. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was determined among 18 bison cows, in approximately the third month of gestation, by means of urinary pregnanediol-3 delta-glucuronide (PdG), urinary estrone conjugates (E1C), and fecal total estrogens (TE). Urinary PdG was 100% accurate, urinary E1C was 89% accurate, and fecal TE was 100% accurate in predicting pregnancy. Fecal progesterone (P4) and TE, as well as urinary E1C and PdG concentrations all increased from conception (August) through January, but significant differences were not apparent until November. During the rutting season ovulation was detected by increases in either urinary PdG or fecal P4 concentrations. Both pregnancy and ovulation were detected in uncaptured bison with reasonable accuracy by means of urinary and fecal steroids or their metabolites.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Enteric coccidia in free-ranging American bison (Bison bison) in Montana.

Four Eimeria species have been reported from American bison (Bison bison): E. auburnensis, E. bovis, E. brasiliensis, and E. canadensis. We report on finding two additional species: E. ellipsoidalis and E. zuernii. In 1993, the prevalence of these six species in 31 yearling bison in a recently-established herd on private ranchland in Montana (USA) was: E. bovis, 97%; E. canadensis, 90%; E. zuernii, 32%; E. ellipsoidalis, 32%; E. auburnensis, 9.7%; and E. brasiliensis, 3.2%. Eimerian oocysts also were recovered from five (14%) of 36 bison in 1993 from West Yellowstone; the species involved were: E. canadensis, E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. auburnensis.

Animals↗