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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1978

[Physical forces in blister formation. II. Examination of total osmolality in blister fluid of suction blisters, "naturally" developed blisters and in serum (author's transl)].

Total osmotic pressure does not differ significantly in suction blister fluid or in serum of healthy persons from blister fluid, suction blister fluid or serum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. The average values reach about 293 mOsmol/kg. This results from direct measurement of total osmolality with an electronic semimicroosmometer based on the principle of freezing point reduction. In opposite to colloid osmotic pressure the total osmotic pressure does not take part in blister formation of human skin in spite of the different concentrations of the single electrolytes in the fluids of various blisters.

Blister↗

PubMed1978

[Physical bases of blister formation. II. A study of the total osmotic pressure in the blister fluid of suction blisters and of "naturally" occurring blisters as well as in the serum].

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed1977

[Physical forces in blister formation. I. Direct measurement of blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure in suction blisters and in bullous diseases (author's transl)].

The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure was determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified "Dermovac" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphrigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between two chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces.

Blister↗

PubMed1978

Physical forces in blister formation. The role of colloid osmotic pressure and of total osmolality in fluid migration into the rising blister.

The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure and the total osmolality were determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified "Dermovac" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between 2 chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid or serum sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces. The total osmolality does not differ in the serum and in the blister fluid. It does not seem to be etiologically connected with the fluid transport into the rising blister.

Blister↗

PubMed1977

Prostaglandin E2 in blister fluid of bullous diseases and experimental suction blisters.

Prostaglandin(PG)-like activity in the fluid of spontaneous and suction blisters was measured by bioassay on isolated guinea-pig colon after acidic lipid extraction. The fluid from spontaneous blisters in 15 patients with various bullous dermatoses, such as pemphigoid, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythema multiforme, contact dermatitis, X-ray dermatitis, all contained measurable amounts of activity, varying from 0.4 to 54 ng/ml, expressed as PGE2-activity. From 4 patients with pemphigoid, samples of fluid were collected, adequate to permit of analysis regarding the identity of the spasmogenic material. In silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and in reversed phase partition chromatography, the major part of the biological activity co-chromatographed with 3H-PGE2. In one patient part of the activity coincided with PGF2alpha. The PG-like activity of experimental suction blisters was found to be significantly higher in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis than in control and psoriasis patients. The appearance of PGs in blister fluid is compatible with a role as chemical mediator involved in blister formation.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The induction of axial blisters in the chick embryo by trypan blue.

The hemorrhage, blister formation, and rumplessness observed in the chick embryo following treatment with trypan blue may be due to (1) increased ventricular blood pressure or (2) to necrosis and edema in the caudal region of the embryo by inhibiting nutrient utilization. To test the role of increased ventricular blood pressure in the induction of caudal blisters, primitive streak to 7-somite chick embryos were cut in half, separating the upper presumptive heart region from the lower presumptive trunk and tail regions. Each half was then explanted on media containing trypan blue for 24 hours. In intact embryos treated with 0.04 mM trypan blue the frequency of blisters in the posterior region was 80.8%. The blisters usually appeared on both sides of the neural tube, below or in the region of the last few somites. In transected embryos treated with trypan blue, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which had beating hearts was 2.6%. However, the frequency of blisters in the posterior halves which were not connected to beating hearts was 47.8%. In some cases the blisters were found in posterior halves in which the rump was not well developed or present at all. Thus, we may conclude that: (1) direct connection between the heart and the rump is not necessary for the induction of caudal blisters. (2) The presence of a well-differentiated rump is also not necessary for blister formation. We suggest that trypan blue acts directly on organs or structures found in the caudal region of the chick embryos.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1977

Separation of plasma membrane markers by glycerol-induced blistering of muscle cells.

Glycerol (50%, w/w) was found to cause blistering of chick primary myoblast and fibroblast plasma membranes and extensive blistering of 5--6-day-old-myotube plasma plasma membranes in tissue culture. The tips of myoblasts and fibroblasts appeared to be the most sensitive portion of the plasma membrane to the blistering effect of glycerol. The glycerol-induced blistering of myotubes was reduced and delayed by brief EDTA pretreatment. Glycerol treatment (50, 15 and 8% sequentially) of myotubes was used to remove plasma membrane blisters and a plasma membrane-enriched fraction was isolated from these blisters using a modified Dextran T500-polyethylene-glycol 6000 aqueous two-phase polymer system. This fraction was found to be enriched 4.1-fold for 5'-nucleotidase activity, but not for other putative plasma membrane markers, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin binding material. Autoradiographs of alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin, glycerol-treated (50%, w/w) myotubes showed the plasma membrane blisters to be devoid of reduced silver grains. 5'-Nucleotidase was shown to be an ectoenzyme on myoblasts and 5-day-old myotubes and the total cellular activity was present on the cell surface. During the period of myoblast fusion and myotube formation, cell surface activity decreased to a low level while total cellular activity was elevated.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The determination of lipids and proteins in suction blister fluid.

The concentration of 5 different proteins in suction blister fluid and serum was determined by immunotechniques. These proteins, varying in size and molecular weight (6,600-2,300,000) were insulin, albumin, high density lipoprotein determined as apoprotein A-I, alpha 2-macroglobulin and low density lipoprotein measured as apoprotein B. The difference in the blister fluid/serum concentration ratio of the proteins was dependent on the molecular weight and followed mainly the law of diffusion. Moreover, the amounts of insulin, albumin and apoproteins A-I and B in suction blister fluid were the same as those reported in peripheral lymph. The results indicate that the sieve function of the capillary basement membrane remains intact during the formation of the suction blisters. Suction blister fluid might therefore be regarded as representative of interstitial fluid. The concentrations of 4 different lipids (cholesterol, cholesterolesters, triglycerides and phospholipids) were also determined and their blister fluid/serum concentration ratio proved to have a fairly constant value of 0.25.

Blister↗

PubMed1978

Transfer of penicillin G and ampicillin into human skin blisters induced by suction.

The antibiotic concentrations in untreated and endotoxin-treated suction blisters was studied in 15 healthy adults. In a pilot study, 2 mega units of penicillin G were given as an intravenous bolus injection to two subjects. For further studies, a single dose of 800 mg bacampicillin was given orally to 13 individuals. The penicillin G concentrations in the blister fluid were highest approximately 15 minutes after the dose, and exceeded that of serum after 1.5 hours. With ampicillin the blister fluid concentration reached maximum levels after approximately 2 hours, were equal to serum levels after 3 hours, and were later persistently in excess of serum levels. The ampicillin half-life was 136 and 100 minutes in the two types of blister fluid, as compared to 65 minutes for serum. A marked differences between the antibiotic concentrations in inflammatory and non-inflammatory blisters was seen in the pilot study with penicillin G. However, in the experiments with bacampicillin, no significant difference was demonstrated. This suction blister technique appears to be a useful method for studies on extravascular antimicrobial activity in man.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Chemotactic activity in the fluid of bullous pemphigoid blisters].

By a modified Boyden technique, chemotactic activity was present in bullous pemphigoid blister fluids but was also present in the corresponding sera. Heat inactivation (56 degrees C for 30 minutes) only partially reduced the blister fluid chemotactic activity, but almost completely inhibited the activity present in pemphigoid sera. Control blister fluids exhibited some chemotactic activity, but in contrast to pemphigoid blister fluids, this activity was almost entirely abolished by heat inactivation. The chemotactic activity remaining in heat inactivated pemphigoid blister fluid was inhibited by N-CBZ-alpha-glutamyl-L-tyrosine and by antiserum to C5 but not with antiserum to C3. Our studies suggest that complement-dependent chemotactic activity is present in bullous pemphigoid blister fluids, findings which further implicate complement activation in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Blister↗

PubMed1978

Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. II. Particle-free membrane blisters on glutaraldehyde-fixed corneal fibroblasts are artefacts.

We describe, in sections and by freeze-fracture, four classes of intramembrane particle (IMP)-free membrane blebs or "blisters" associated with glutaraldehyde-fixed embryonic corneal fibroblasts: (a) Single blisters attached to the cell membrane; (b) free (detached) vesicles; (c) myelin figures; (d) multivesicular protrusions which resemble the "mounds" described by others on nerve growth cones. The IMP-free, membrane-bounded blisters contain no ground cytoplasm or organelles, in contrast to blebs on trypsin-isolated fibroblasts, which we show here do contain cytoplasm and IMP-rich membranes. That the IMP-free membrane blisters in embryonic corneas are artefacts of fixation is demonstrated by (a) their absence in replicas of fibroblasts frozen and fractured without prior aldehyde fixation and (b) their absence in sections of fibroblasts fixed in a combination of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. We suggest that the addition of osmium prevents postfixation movement of membrane lipids, especially the negatively charged "fluid" lipids which others have shown are capable of considerable mobility after aldehyde fixation alone. Recent literature has implicated membrane blistering in secretory processes and in growth of nerves, but before the functional significance of such IMP-free blisters is assessed, membrane mobility of the type shown here should be taken into consideration.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1979

[Ultrastructure of epidermolyses with junctional blister formation (author's transl)].

Junctional blister formation is the common feature of four clinically different types of inherited epidermolyses with atrophies but lack of scarring which, as a group, have been termed epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans. The Herlitz type is the most common one among them. Based on a material of 24 cases aged 2 days to 42 years at the time of biopsy, ultrastructural data on the pathomorphogenesis are reported. Blisters form in the dermo-epidermal junction area between the basal lamina and the basal cell plasma membrane. A well-developed basal lamina-anchoring fibrils complex covers the blister floor. Hypoplasia of hemidesmosomes precedes blister formation and is a constant finding in intact junction area without any other signs of disturbances. It is, therefore, regarded as a causal factor in the pathogenesis. Nail loss as a result of junctional separation within the nail bed, secondary changes in older blisters and formation of slowly healing granulation tissues are also reported.--Early diagnosis is made available by electron microscopy as shown in out early childhood cases. Genes coding for junctional epidermolyses seem to be far more frequent than those coding for the scarring or dystrophic types.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Suction blister fluid as a model for interstitial fluid in rats.

1. Suction blisters on the skin of rats, obtained with a negative pressure of 150 mm Hg, show a close similarity to human suction blisters, based on histological, electrolyte and protein findings. 2. Pharmacokinetic experiments with inulin and antipyrine have proved that the movement of these low protein binding drugs between blister fluid and serum follows the laws of diffusion. 3. The investigations suggest that blister fluid resembles interstitial fluid and can therefore serve as a model for the estimation of drug concentrations in interstitial fluid.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide.

The topical application to human skin of a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a well drilled into a plastic block will provoke an intra-epidermal blister in an average time of about 13 min. The blister roof can be used for physico-chemical analyses of the horny layer while the base is suitable for studies of wound healing, bacterial infections, etc. The minimal blistering time (MBT) increases directly as the number of cell layers of the stratum corneum and ranges from 3 to 57 min in different regions and persons. The intensity of the dermatitis provoked by a 24 h exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate is strongly correlated with the MBT. The latter is therefore a reliable measure of cutaneous irritability. The blisters are virtually painless. The inflammatory reaction clinically and histologically is slight. Healing is rapid without scarring.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Acid hydrolases in blister fluid. I. Characterization and quantification of acid phosphatase.

Acid phosphatase has been characterized and quantified in human suction blister fluid, interstitial fluid and serum. The acid phosphatases of suction blister fluid and serum showed differences in their pH activity curves, Michaelis-Menton constants, heat stabilities and sensitivities to inhibition by tartrate and fluoride. The behaviour of the interstitial fluid enzyme was intermediate between these two. The levels of activity in blister fluid and serum were very similar, both being more than twice that of interstitial fluid. These results suggest that the acid phosphatase activity in suction blister fluid is derived largely from the overlying epidermis rather than from serum.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1975

Friction blisters as a manifestation of pathomimia.

Self-inflicted skin lesions (pathomimia, artefacts) can be produced in a variety of ways, by the help of nails, razor blades, cigarettes, chemicals, etc. The present study reports three cases of pathomimia, in which the lesions consisted of vesicles or bullae producted by friction. Friction blisters can easily be produced in sites where the epidermis is both thick and firmly attached to the underlying tissues. The blisters have a characteristic histological appearance, which makes it possible to distinguish them from the blisters of different forms of vesicular and bullous diseases and from burn blisters which may also occur in pathomimia.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Prostaglandins released into human burn blister fluid.

Acidic lipids were isolated from human burn blister fluid and the presence of prostaglandins E and F compounds was demonstrated by the thin-layer chromatography. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were identified and quantitatively determined by radioimmunoassay and by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyses on burn blister fluid obtained from 35 patients with skin burn indicated an extensive release of prostaglandins into the blister after burn injury in a few hours. The high levels of prostaglandins in burn blister fluid decreased gradually during 24 hours after burn.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Blister beetle poisoning in horses.

Case records of 21 horses with acute illness following ingestion of hay containing dead striped blister beetles (Epicauta spp) were selected for review. Abdominal pain, fever, depression, frequent urination, shock, and, occasionally, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter characterized clinical illness. Hematologic findings included hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and hypocalcemia. Hematuria and low urine specific gravity were abnormal urinalysis results. Sloughing of the epithelium of the esophageal part of the stomach, hemorrhagic and ulcerative cystitis, enterocolitis, and myocardial necrosis were important post-mortem findings. Signs and lesions in 5 horses experimentally poisoned were similar to those of the natural disease. The findings were regarded as sufficiently characteristic of blister beetle poisoning to be useful in differential diagnosis but were not constant in all cases. Therefore, when blister beetle poisoning is suspected, access of affected horses to hay containing striped blister beetles should be demonstrated.

Animals↗