Fibrinogen and its derivatives in intravascular coagulation. A review.
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Animals↗
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Results for “Blood Chemical Analysis”
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A comparison of methods for the rapid quantitation of unsaturated transcobalamin II and the R-binding proteins.
Methods for the rapid quantitation on unsaturated transcobalamin II (TC II) and R-binders in serum following separation of these binders using a) adsorption by uncoated charcoal, b) adsorption by Quso G32, c) precipitation with ammonium sulphate, and d) acidification of serum, have been compared with the standard gel filtration technique. In serum from healthy subjects and patients with elevated R-binders, the serum acidification and Quso methods yielded results in closest agreement with those obtained by gel filtration. When TC II was markedly elevated, the recommended concentration of Quso failed to remove all TC II from serum. Both the serum acidification and Quso methods are suitable for routine use, providing that with the latter method the concentration of Quso is increased when elevated levels of TC II are anticipated, as, eg, in severe jaundice. All the rapid methods tested yielded clinically significant results in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.
Acids↗
An evaluation of currently available methods for plasma fibrinogen.
Fibrinogen levels in a variety of clinical plasma samples were assessed concurrently by several methods. Technics that appeared to provide the best improvements over the basic varieties of methods for fibrinogen assay were used. Results were correlated against a reference method based on Ancrod clottable fibrinogen and calibrated by ultraviolet absorbance with alkaline solutions of carefully dried fibrin standard. The best correlations with the reference method were achieved by an immunologic method using the Centrifichem principle and by heat precipitation with quantitation by packing in microhematocrit tubes. A modified clot opacity method also gave acceptable results. The turbidimetric ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfite precipitation methods correlated less well with the reference method, and in particular, the sodium sulfite technic gave high apparent fibrinogen levels with jaundiced plasmas. Neither of the turbidimetric methods were useful for fibrinogen levels below 50 mg/dl. The thrombin time method showed excellent sensitivity to fibrinogen, even at very low fibrinogen levels, but did not correlate well with the reference method.
Ammonium Sulfate↗
Treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil.
Minoxidil in daily doses of 6 to 40 mg was administered to 11 patients with severe hypertension. Two patients died of causes unrelated to the drug and one patient withdrew from the study. Blood pressure was controlled in the remaining eight subjects, who received the drug for periods ranging from 5 to 40 months. In three patients minoxidil could subsequently be replaced by conventional antihypertensive therapy. Adverse effects of minoxidil included fluid retention (as assessed by edema and plasma volume studies), nonspecific ECG changes, hypertrichosis and conjunctival redness. Concomitant administration of diuretic and beta-adrenergic blocking agents resulted in excellent tolerance of the treatment and high patient compliance.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Intra-individual variation of some serum constituents and its relevance to population-based reference ranges.
The advent of high-capacity multi-channel analyzers allows estimation of long-term variability in serum constituents of large numbers of subjects. By frozen storage of specimens with subsequent analysis in a single machine run, long-term analytical variation may be eliminated, thus sharpening the estimates of intra-individual variation. In the present study we used the Vickers M-300 analyzer to obtain the data for such estimates from 37 male volunteers, each bled once a week for 22 weeks. Secimens were analyzed in random order to eliminate any biasing effect of analytical drift during the 4-h machine run. Ten serum constituents were measured. Storage-induced linear trends were small or negligible during the period of specimen collection. Using the ratio of average within-subject variance to the variance among subjects as a guide, serum alkaline phosphatase was found to show the greatest individuality, sodium and potassium the least. Other constitutents showed varying degrees of individuality, but for all these analytes, the usual population-based reference ranges were found to be either insensitive or irrelevant to the study of concentration changes over time within most healthy subjects. Our results generally confirmed those of smaller but comparable earlier studies.
Adult↗
Industrial whole animal blood. Characterization studies and quantitative protein removal by chemical coagulation.
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Animals↗
Variance components of serum constituents in healthy individuals.
Analytical, intra-individual, and inter-individual components of variance were estimated in 10 volunteers for 34 assays encompassing 22 different constituents. Replicate blood specimens were obtained four times weekly. Nine constituents were measured with more than one instrument [Technicon AutoAnalyzer II and SMAC System, Perkin-Elmer Kinetic Enzyme Analyzer KA-150, and (or) the Abbott Bichromatic Aanalyzer ABA-100]. For those constituents that were stored for randomized batch analysis, results were examined for evidence of changes during storage and within-run analytical drift. Alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and SMAC-measured lactate dehydrogenase had a ratio of intra-individual to interindividual variance of less than 0.10, thus exhibiting a high individuality. This ratio was greater than one for sodium, carbon dioxide, and creatine kinase. Analytical variance was more than 30% of total variance for sodium, carbon dioxide, calcium, total protein, and chloride. Analytical variance was less than 20% of intra-individual variance for bilirubin, creatine kinase, KA-150-measured lactate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and urea nitrogen. Limits for the expected difference between measurements of the same constituent for the same individual on different days are also presented.
Adult↗
Elements in muscle measured in vivo and in vitro with X-ray spectrometry.
Calcium, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in muscle were measured in vivo by x-ray spectrometry (XRS). The undersurface of the tongue was examined in cardiomyopathic and in normal hamsters. Values were compared to in-vitro analyses of various muscles from the same groups of animals using XRS and chemical analysis. Blood tests as well as histologic and histometric examinations were also performed. The correlated results show that XRS is a relatively sensitive and practical method for measuring chemical elements in muscle, and that it could be developed into a useful clinical test in certain neuromuscular and myocardial diseases. An interesting incidental finding was that, though all the examined muscles of myopathic animals had pathologic changes, only the tongue and myocardium, which are composed exclusively of red fibers, showed excessive calcium accumulation. This suggests either that the basic genetic aberration is not directly related to the oxidative metabolism, or that white muscles have a more efficient system for dealing with calcium overload.
Animals↗
[The enzymatic determination of maltose in blood (author's transl)].
An enzymatic method for the determination of maltose in blood is described. In this method after neutral deproteinization the assay is carried out by the hexokinase technique [6--7] after splitting of the maltose with alpha-glucosidase [8]. This time-saving procedure of high specificity and sensitivity requires only small volumes of blood. The practicability of the method is shown by analysis of blood level during an infusion of maltose.
Alloxan↗
Storage of blood samples containing alcohol.
The storage of blood alcohol samples was studied. The samples were analysed and then frozen and kept at -20 degrees for 6 months before reanalysis. The results from this reanalysis did not deviate to any significant extent from those originally obtained. The process of freezing and thawing the same samples before analysis was repeated three times without any significant difference from the results with the fresh blood samples.
Blood Chemical Analysis↗
You can draw blood from the "IV arm" below the intravenous needle if you put a tourniquet in between.
The authors performed a comparative study of the values of 18 serum constituents of blood specimens taken simultaneously from the arm into which an intravenous solution was flowing, using a site distal to the intravenous needle, and from the other arm. Subjects of the study were 15 patients at the Norwalk Hospital. Statistical analysis showed no clinically significant difference between the levels in the two arms except for elevation of glucose in the "iv arm" when the intravenous solution contained glucose.
Blood Chemical Analysis↗
Effects of bacterial contamination of reagent water on selected laboratory tests.
The effects of three widely spaced levels of bacterial contamination of reagent water on several chemistry, radioimmunoassay, and coagulation procedures were studied. These included determinations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, thyroid-stimulating hormone, digoxin, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time. Statistical analyses included calculations of means and coefficients of variation, and analysis of variance, as well as correlation coefficients for test results versus logarithm of bacterial contamination. Statistically and clinically significant differences occurred together only for an elevated level of creatine kinase.
Bacteria↗
Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus.
Glycosylated hemoglobins result from post-translational changes in the hemoglobin molecule, and their levels correlate well with glycemic levels over the previous six to 10 weeks. Their use as an aid in monitoring diabetic control appears to be well established, but their value in predicting complications of diabetes and in diagnosing milder forms of diabetes is as yet unknown. Of the numerous methods available for the analysis of glycosylated hemoglobins, none has been evaluated extensively in a routine laboratory setting. However, liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and radioimmunoassay techniques all give adequate results. For the purposes of monitoring long term diabetic control, assay of the fast hemoglobin fraction (AIa+b+c) appears adequate. However, for investigative purposes, when optimal sensitivity may be required, specific measurement of hemoglobin AIc is recommended.
Adult↗
Quantitative analysis of pregnancy-associated plasma proteins in human placenta.
By immunochemical methods and simultaneous measurements of several normal plasma proteins, human placenta was shown to contain elevated quantities of four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins (PAPP's). In the order of increasing amounts, PAPP-A, PAPP-C, PAPP-B, and human chorionic somatomammotropin (PAPP-D) all were present in placenta extracts in quantities greater than could be expected on the basis of their content in maternal blood. In sharp contrast, the placental content of pregnancy zone protein could be entirely accounted for by the maternal plasma present in the placenta. All of the PAPP's appeared to be readily extractible from placental tissue with buffered saline, the large bulk of them being solubilized in the first extraction procedure. However, absorption studies indicated that appreciable quantities of the PAPP's were still present in the insoluble placental residue after 12 sequential extractions with saline. The chorioamniotic membranes were not significantly enriched in any of the PAPP's. Immunochemical analysis of unwashed placental tissue extracts for the PAPP's IgA, and IgM (maternal blood derived), as well as albumin and transferrin (maternal and fetal blood derived), permitted calculations to be made of the amount of blood and PAPP's in placenta. On the basis of these data, it was roughly estimated that a 400-g placenta (wet weight) would occupy 312 ml in volume, and would contain 144 ml of blood. Of this blood, 36 ml would be derived from the mother.
Antibodies↗
Is antiglycolysis required for routine glucose analysis?
We obtained -68 pairs of simultaneously drawn serum and fluoride-oxalate plasma samples from patients and analyzed them by a continuous-flow (AutoAnalyzer II) glucose oxidase method. Glucose concentrations ranged from 370 to 3530 mg/L. Glucose concentrations for samples obtained in the fluoride-oxalate preservative averaged 42 +/- 35 mg/L (mean +/- SD) higher than serum. The magnitude of this difference was independent of glucose concentration. Linear-regression analysis of 270 pairs for which the time from collection to separation was recorded indicated that the difference between serum and plasma increased by 0.32 mg/L per minute of delay over a time span of 15 to 295 min. These differences are smaller than those described in standard textbooks. We conclude that, with the specimen-handling process used in our hospital, serum glucose determinations are clinically acceptable.
Blood Chemical Analysis↗
Microchemical analysis for 13 constituents of plasma from healthy children.
Normal values for 13 chemical constituents of plasma were estimated from results for 837 presumably healthy children. Ninety microliters of specimen was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, total calcium, total cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, uric acid, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and glucose. We used two Abbott ABA-100 Bichromatic Analyzers interfaced directly to the ABA Data Management System. For each test age- and sex-related variations were assessed and normal values were estimated for six different age groups.
Adolescent↗
An interlaboratory comparison of serum total protein analyses.
An analysis of the 1976 CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey of total serum proteins is presented. More than 2,000 laboratories contributed data in this survey. Estimation of total serum protein concentration by the biuret reaction remains the most widely used technic, followed by refractometry. Precision and accuracy data for a number of analytic systems and methods are presented. Precisions for the entire group are nearly comparable. A negative bias for total protein concentration was shown by the SMAC.
Blood Chemical Analysis↗
Stabilization of blood glucose by cooling with ice: an effective procedure for preservation of samples from adults and newborns.
Glycolysis causes a considerable decrease in blood glucose when whole blood is kept at room temperature without preservative. The most commonly used preservative, NaF, makes analysis of other serum constituents such as sodium and calcium and urea difficult or impossible, an especially serious limitation when sample size must be restricted. In samples at room temperature without preservative, plasma glucose decreased 36 mg/liter per hour in blood from adults and 60 mg/liter per hour in blood from newborns. Cooling on ice slowed these rates to 3.9 and 11, respectively. Plasma potassium increased 0.3 mmol/liter per hour in cooled specimens from both adults and newborns. Sodium, calcium, chloride and urea values were unaffected. We conclude that cooling effectively stabilizes plasma glucose for 4 h in samples from both adults and newborns and that potassium may be measured with negligible change for as long as 1 h and other constituents for the entire period.
Adult↗