Body fluids. 18. Body water and its control.
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Biological Transport↗
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Determination of Lewis secretions in body fluids and dried stains of body fluids.
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Glycoproteins↗
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in pregnancy body fluids during normal and abnormal pregnancy.
cAMP levels in maternal urine (MU), maternal plasma (MP), and amniotic fluid (AF) were measured by competitive protein-binding assay in medically uncomplicated pregnancies (Group A) and some abnormal pregnancies (Group B). In Group A, MU values increased from 3.43 +/- 0.3 mu/Moles per gram of creatinine (mean +/- S.E.M.) at 12 to 29 weeks to its peak value, 5.72 +/- 1.03 at 33 to 35 weeks (p less than 0.025). Thereafter, the values decreased until term. In AF, cAMP levels increased from 9.4 +/- 1.02 at 10 to 19 weeks to 32.6 +/- 2.7 picomoles per milliliter between 35 and 42 weeks (p less than 0.005). Mean +/- S.E.M. MP levels between 4 to 20 and 21 to 42 weeks showed no significant difference (14.97 +/- 15.89 +/- 0.57 picomoles per milliliter, respectively). Umbilical cord plasma contained higher concentrations than in MP and AF. In Group B, abnormal MU patterns were observed in hypertensive disorders, chronic renal disease, and postmaturity. In a single patient with hyperthyroidism, abnormal MU and AF (but not MP) levels were observed. Abnormalities in MU and AF concentrations of the nucleotide are thus not specific for one disease entity.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Pregnancy-associated globulin in body fluids of pregnant women.
Pregnancy-associated globulin (PAG) in saliva, urine and amniotic fluid was investigated just before and after delivery by Ouchterlony's method and immunoelectrosyneresis. In saliva, the incidence was more than 60 percent; 12 out of 18 samples by immunoelectrosyneresis and 11 out of 18 by Ouchterlony's method. In urine, 8 (33 percent) and 6 (25 percent) out of 24 samples were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis and Ouchterlony's method, but 19 out of 21 samples (91 percent) were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis. Of 12 pregnant women in whom serum, saliva, urine and amniotic fluid were tested by immunoelectrosyneresis, four showed positive reaction in the above four samples and 11 in three samples except urine.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Cholesterol esterase activity in body fluids.
Antistreptolysin O activity (greater than or equal to 200 Todd units/ml) was found in 20% of 25 ascitic fluids, 20% of 55 pleural fluids and 37-5% of 56 joint fluids. These levels are not due to antibody but to the cholesterol moiety of altered beta-lipoproteins. The activity is precipitable with 10% dextran sulphate. Incubation of mixtures of fluids with titres less than 200 and normal human serum generated eight-fold or greater rises in antistreptolysin titres. This results from the activity of cholesterol esterase in the fluid acting on the beta-lipoprotein of the serum and activity was noted in 90% of ascitic fluids, 59% of pleural fluids and 54% of joint fluids. However, mixtures showing no such rise probably also contain esterase, the failure to demonstrate antistreptolysin activity being due to equilibration of ester derived cholesterol with sub-fractions of high density and very low density lipoproteins.
Antistreptolysin↗
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase. I. Organ distribution and activities in body fluids.
We estimated nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase I activities in human and rat organs and in body fluids from man and dog. The highest organ activities were found in epididymis, kidney, liver, and intestine. In body fluids, the activity was highest in seminal plasma, followed by intestinal lymph, serum, heart lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, milk, and urine. The ratio nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I and the urea resistance of phosphodiesterase I differed among human organs, body fluids, and blood cells. Different isoenzymes probably exist. The activities in serum share several properties with those in several organs--e.g. pH-optimum 9.6-9.8, dependency on Zn2+, and the effects of inhibitors. Phosphodiesterase I in erythrocytes, which has not been described previously, differs from enzyme from other sources by lower pH optimum (8.5), dependency on Mg2+, inhibition by Zn2+, and stimulation by dithiothreitol.
Adult↗
Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures for the determination of perazine and its metabolites in human body fluids.
The quantitative determination of perazine, a neuroleptic drug, and its metabolites in body fluids is difficult in view of the low concentrations to be expected under therapeutic conditions as well as of the problem of convenient detectors. Different methods for extraction and measurement of perazine concentration in blood samples are discussed, with special consideration of partition coefficients and the properties of the chromatographic systems (thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography). A new and simple method for rapid gas chromatographic determination of perazine is presented.
Antipsychotic Agents↗
Body fluids: pleural and pericardial fluid.
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Body Fluids↗
Body fluid oxygen tension and prognosis in patients with ruptured aneurysm.
Body fluid gas pressure and electrolytes of patients with ruptured aneurysm were continuously analyzed. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was regulated at the level of 120-100 mm H2O by cerebral ventricular drainage. There was no significant change in the pH, PCO2, HCO3-, Na+, K+, Ca++ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with slight or moderate disturbance of consciousness (lethargic-drowsy state). The PcsfO2 of the patients with marked disturbances of consciousness (semicoma-coma) was significantly low. PcsfO2 of the patients with cerebral vasospasm was significantly lower than for those without vasospasms. PcsfO2/PaO2 was 0.27 +/- 0.01 in the patients with vasospasm and 0.50 +/- 0.01 in those with vasospasm. PcsfO2 tended to decrease in patients with markedly bloody CSF. When the bloody CSF was cleared by ventricular drainage, PcsfO2 increased. PcsfO2 did not return to a normal value in the patients with marked disturbances of consciousness despite sufficient arterial oxygen tension. This suggests that PcsfO2 and PcsfO2/PaO2 should provide a convenient index for the prognosis of patients with ruptured aneurysm.
Aged↗
Separation and analysis of arylsulfatase isoenzymes in body fluids of man.
Soluble arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) is present in the body fluids of man in the form of two isoenzymes, arylsulfatase A and B, which reportedly are useful biochemical markers for certain types of malignancy. However, rapid assay of the individual isoenzymes is extremely difficult; procedures based on differential inhibition or activation of the isoenzymes in a mixture yield only semiquantitative results. A feature of these isoenzymes is their inhibition by some common anions (notably phosphate) at physiologic concentrations. The isoenzymes can be separated by anion-exchange chromatography, the B isoenzyme being eluted in the void volume and the A isoenzyme and the anionic inhibitors retarded. Lead is used to sequester phosphate, enabling measurement of A in the salt-eluted fraction. Using this technique, we have found significant elevations of B in the sera of patients with colorectal cancer. The potential of rapid, chromatographic separation coupled with continuous monitoring for arylsulfatase activity is discussed.
Cerebroside-Sulfatase↗
Concentrations of tinidazole in body fluids and tissues in gynaecological patients.
The concentrations of tinidazole in various tissues and body fluids were studied in gynaecological patients after a single 2g oral dose. Tinidazole was determined by the agar-diffusion technique using a strain of Clostridium bifermentans. Reliable estimates of concentrations down to 0.5 microng/ml could be obtained. Dichloromethane extraction of tinidazole added to various tissues in known amounts gave a recovery of 100 +/- 10%. Peak serum values of 32-52 microng/ml were reached 3-6h after the administration. The concentrations in peritoneal fluid, obtained at operation 8.5-15h after the intake, varied between 16 and 40 microng/ml. Specimens from the Fallopian tubes yielded 15-26 microng tinidazole/g tissue; similar levels were obtained specimens from myometrium, endometrium, portio, vaginal secretions, omental fat, and cutis. It is concluded that, with the given dose, tinidazole concentrations are achieved in fluids and tissues of the female genital tract that are far in excess of those that should be therapeutical in infections caused by microorganisms know to respond to nitroimidazole treatment.
Administration, Oral↗
A simple micro agar diffusion method for the determination of antibiotic concentrations in blood and other body fluids.
A micro agar diffusion method to determine antibiotic levels in only 0.02 ml of serum is described. With this technique, standard curves for Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Tetracycline HCl and Amphotericin B were calculated. The method displays a good reproducibility with an error of less than 10%. To compare this technique with a conventional macro agar diffusion method fixed antibiotic concentrations in rabbit serum were examined. Corresponding results were obtained indicating the equivalence of this method, which thus proved to be suitable to determine antibiotic levels in small volumes of body fluids.
Amphotericin B↗
[Total protein and immunoglobulin levels in the body fluids of healthy and Rh-incompatible pregnant women].
The content of total protein and immunoglobulins in blood serum, saliva and breast-milk of healthy pregnant women and of pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies has been determined by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. The values of immunoglobulins in every body fluid are typical and they respond to pregnancy. The investigations vindicate theory of local antibody synthesis. The differences of immunoglobulins from healthy pregnant women and from patients with antibodies were discussed.
Blood Group Incompatibility↗
A gram stain for smears of blood cultures, body fluids and tissues.
A new Gram stain method for blood cultures was adapted from a method for tissue sections. This was accomplished by comparing various modifications of the latter method on positive smears prepared from a 24-hour negative blood culture seeded with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A blind study was then conducted using the new method and Hucker's method on 24-hour and 72-hour blood cultures as well as a limited number of other body fluids and tissues. Of the 35 positive blood cultures detected by the new method, the Hucker method failed to detect 14 positive specimens (40 per cent) upon initial examination. Ten additional cultures were negative using both stains, but were positive on subculture at three days. The 18 additional cultures positive after ten days were detected using only the Hucker stain.
Acinetobacter↗
Alterations of body fluid compartments and distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in rhesus monkeys with rocky mountain spotted fever.
Chair-restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(2)--10(3) plaque-forming units of virulent Rickettsia rickettsii. The latent period for fever and rickettsemia was three to four days; death occurred six to eight days after infection. Total circulatory electrolyte levels and fluid volumes, including plasma, red blood cell, true circulatory blood, and extracellular fluid, increased. The expansion of the extracellular and plasma volumes resembled findings reported during severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Total water content of the liver also increased. Intracellular concentrations of K+, as well as total Na+ and K+, decreased in the diaphragm. Both the lung and medulla oblongata showed increased levels of intracellular Na+ and water with simultaneously decreased levels of extracellular Na+ and water. Such an intracellular overhydration of the medulla oblongata could contribute to death as a result of depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory centers. On the basis of the findings in monkeys, the intravenous infusion of fluids and electrolytes during clinical therapy of severe rickettsial infections should be considered extremely dangerous.
Animals↗
[The experimental study on hydroxyethyl starch--its partition in body water and effects on the body fluid dynamics--(author's transl)].
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Animals↗
A sensitive method for gas-chromatographic assay of barbiturates in body fluids.
The Authors present a gas-chromatographic method which allows for the rapid identification and assay of barbiturates and antiepileptics in body fluids. The Kupferberger procedure for extraction is used. The identification is obtained on two different columns: 10% Dexil 300 GC on Chromosorb W-HP and 3% OV 17 on Chromosorb G AW-DMCS (80-100 mesh). A considerable and interesting reduction of the barbiturates adsorption in the columns is obtained by preliminary conditioning with tetraethylorthosilicate. In this way, phenobarbital and cyclobarbital may also be assayed up to 1 microgram/ml in blood. For the simultaneous assay of therapeutic levels of phenobarbital and hydrantoins methylderivates are better employed: blood concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram/ml are easily detected.
Barbiturates↗
Trace polypeptides in cellular extracts and human body fluids detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and a highly sensitive silver stain.
Development of a highly sensitive silver stain permits the characterization of trace cellular and body fluid proteins separated by the two-dimensional electrophoresis technique of O'Farrell. Many of the proteins detected by the silver stain in urine, spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and cells were undetected with the widely used Coomassie blue stain. Trace polypeptides observed in Escherichia coli cell lysates with this silver stain could be detected previously only by growth in radioactive precursors followed by lengthy autoradiography. In situations that do not permit the use of radioactive labeling, as in human clinical studies, the enhanced ability to detect proteins achieved by the silver stain will facilitate metabolic studies and the screening for protein abnormalities in mutational studies and in genetic diseases.
Amniotic Fluid↗