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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Effective body water half-life and total body water in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.

Although body water content and effective water half-life have been determined in several mammalian species, including man, these measurements are not available for sub-human primates to our knowledge. Values were therefore determined in a group of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. A fairly wide range of water half-life values was found in each of the two species between animals, but there was little variation within animals who had more than one determination over the course of 1 year. Mean values for effective water half-life were 7.2 days and 3.7 days for naturally menstruating females of the cynomolgus and rhesus species, respectively. Water half-life in female rhesus monkeys with artificial menstrual cycles averaged 6.2 days. Females of both species had a similar percentage of body water content of 64%. Water half-life measured 7.1 and 8.5 days in two male rhesus; and water content was 62% of body weight in one of these animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Total body water and lean body mass estimated by ethanol dilution.

Total body water (TBW) was determined on 35 subjects with a tritium (HTO) and an ethanol (ETH) dilution method, the latter using breath analyses for blood ethanol content. Lean body mass (LBM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing. Mean values for water fraction (TBW/wt) were 0.618 +/- 0.05 with HTO and 0.603 +/- 0.06 with ETH. The difference was not significant. The correlation between the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.90, SEE = 3.5 liters, P less than 0.0001). High correlations were also found between TBW and LBM with either method for TBW (r = 0.94 with HTO, r = 0.91 with ETH). Mean values for TBW/LBM were 0.735 with HTO and 0.717 with ETH. The ETH method compares favorably with the HTO, it has the advantage that it is nonradioactive and can be repeated daily if necessary.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1978

Body water and weight in patients with premenstrual tension.

The total body water, total body potassium and weight were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle in 20 patients with severe premenstrual tension and 20 controls without symptoms. The effects of a diuretic (bumetanide) and bromocriptine were also studied in the patients with premenstrual tension. The mean body water in the premenstrual tension group did not differ significantly from that in the controls neither did the mean body potassium levels. However, during the late luteal phase the water/potassium ratio in liters per mol of potassium was significantly higher in the patients with premenstrual tension than in the controls. In the women with premenstrual tension the body water values varied more widely between the luteal phase and follicular phase than in the controls. The mean body water and weight in the premenstrual tension group were similar in the late luteal and early follicular phases. Treatment with bumetanide or bromocriptine had no effect on the parameters studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Total body water, extracellular water, plasma volume, and total body potassium in cirrhosis of the liver.

Extracellular water (EWC; 82-bromide), total body water (TBW; 3-THO), intracellular water (ICW = TBW-ECW), plasma volume (PV; 51-Cr), and total body potassium (TBK; 40-K) were studied in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (n = 12) and in controls (n = 12). ECW (39%), TBW (28%), ICW (19%), and PV (24%) increased, TBK (28%) however, decreased in cirrhosis. The results indicate that it is less the lean body mass, but rather the intracellular potassium concentration that is lowered (cirrhosis: 84 +/- 21 mmol/l ICW; controls: 115 +/- 23 mmol/l ICW). Decreased potassium per cell (mmol) and increased intracellular water are discussed as possible reasons for this. The correlation between TBK (%) and serum potassium (mmol/l) was found to be r = 0.56 (p less than 0.002). Correlations between the biochemical parameters gamma-globulins, cholin esterase, serum sodium and serum albumin (g/l PV) and characteristic fluid disturbances in cirrhosis are highly significant whereas albumin (g/kg bodyweight) was the same in both groups. We can support the 'overflow theory' of ascites formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Body water distribution after operation.

The effect of a major surgical procedure on the distribution of body water was investigated in two groups of patients. The first group of four patients did not receive any salt during the first 24 hours following operation, while the second group of five patients received a moderate amount of isotoric saline solution during this period. For seven days prior to operation, the patients were maintained by bed rest and a daily intake of 100 milliequivalents of sodium and 100 milliequivalents of potassium. A multiple isotope dilution technique was used, before and after operation, to measure red cell mass, plasma volume, extracellular water, total body water and total exchangeable sodium. In addition, the aldosterone secretion rate was measured, both before and after operation, to assess the physiologic control of the extracellular water volume. In the patients who did not receive any salt, the mean extracellular water volume decreased following operation from 39.7 to 37.5 per cent of the total body water; a mean decrease of 0.9 liter while the aldosterone secretion rate increased significantly, p less than 0.02, by 101 per cent from 206 to 414 micrograms per day. In the second group of patients who received an average of 1.3 liters of isotonic saline solution during the first 24 postoperative hours, the extracellular water increased from 37.9 to 42.8 per cent of total body water; a mean increase of 1.1 liters p less than 0.02. The mean aldosterone secretion rate in this group of patients increased by only 13 per cent from 167 to 188 micrograms per day. The blood volume did not change in either group as a result of operation. These data support the hypothesis that, following operation, sequestration of extracellular water occurs within the injured tissues, necessitating the postoperative infusion of a moderate amount of a balanced salt solution.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Body water content and turnover in cats fed dry and canned rations.

Body water content and total body water turnover in cats fed commercially available dry food and then given canned rations were determined with tritiated water. Cats during the feeding of either ration did not differ in body water content or turnover. Cats during the feeding of the dry ration derived a greater fraction of their total water turnover from drinking water, and these cats drank more water per gram of dry matter intake than when fed the canned ration. On the basis of total water intake, however, those given the canned ration had significantly greater water intake per gram of dry matter; also, their total water turnover per gram of dry matter was greater. Compared with other animals, cats have a similar ratio of body water to body solids, but the rate of water turnover per unit of body weight is slower.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy.

Measurements of body weight, total body water and total body potassium (40K) were made serially on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum in 27 normal pregnant women. Skinfold thickness and fat cell diameter were also measured. A model of body composition was formulated to permit the estimation of changes in fat, lean tissue and water content of the maternal body. Total maternal body fat increased during pregnancy, reaching a peak towards the end of the second trimester before diminishing. Serial measurements of fat cell diameter showed poor correlation, whilst total body fat calculated from skinfold thickness correlated well with our estimated values for total body fat in pregnancy.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Nutritional aspects of body water dislocations in postoperative and depleted patients.

Measurements of plasma volume with 125I human serum albumin, extracellular water (ECW) with 82Br-minus, and total body water (TBW) with 3-H2O were made on 16 postoperative patients, 15 depleted patients, and three control subjects. Intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as the difference between TBW and ECW. The observed findings for the series as a whole showed no change in blood volume, an increase of 3.7 I in ECW, and a decrease of 1.5 I in ICW as compared to predicted values based on current weight. Compared to predicted values based on normal (pre-illness) weight, the observed body weight decreased 16% and ICW decreased 22%; this suggests that body weight consistently under-estimates the extent of nutritional depletion. Severe depletion seen in postoperative patients indicates that frequently earlier use of total parenteral nutrition would be beneficial. ICW was found to be the most reliable single index of moderate or severe nutritional depletion; errors in estimating normal values interfere with its use in mild depletion. The ratio of ECW:TBW best reflects distortion of body water composition; it is largely independent of weight, and is a more sensitive index than absolute values of ICW. Repeat measurements of body composition were made on 9 patients given total parenteral nutrition for an average period of 18 days. On the average, there was an ECW decrease of 1.8 I, a body weight increase of 2 kg, and an ICW increase of 3.2 I after parenteral nutrition. The increased ICW represents the repletion of half of the average initial deficit of 6.1 The initial ratio of ECW:TBW of 0.58 was reduced to 0.50, returning it about three-quarters of the way to the expected normal value of 0.48. Intravenous administration of 5% glucose as sole source of calories may be a factor in distortion of body water compartments.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Acute dehydration: body water distribution in acclimated and nonacclimated Psammomys obesus.

Body water distribution after "acute dehydration" treatment (37 degrees C) was studied in Psammonys obesus before and after acclimation at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 16-18 days. Determinations of water compartment volumes were performed on anaesthetized (thiopental sodium) nephrectomized animals. Plasma volume (PV) and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by T-1824 and [14C]inulin, respectively. Total body water was determined after desiccating the animals. Albumin outflux was calculated from the half-life (T1/2) of T-1824 and total plasma albumin mass. Nonacclimated animals conserved PV as long as dehydration did not exceed 10-11% loss of body wt. This conservation was at the expense of ECV and was associated with diminished albumin outflux (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). With increased dehydration PV retention failed and a resumption of albumin outflux occurred. Acclimation resulted in diminished albumin outflux in both control and dehydrated animals (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). Most of the water lost during dehydration was of intracellular origin. It was concluded that reduction in permeability of the capillary bed during dehydration and acclimatization plays an important role in PV and ECV regulation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1979

[Kinetics of whole-body water and bromide space in patients with liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].

The kinetics of extracellular water (82Br) and total body water (THO) in controls and patients with liver cirrhosis are studied. Analysis of the plasma activity of the radionuclides as a function of time shows that distribution volumes and kinetics can be described by a linear open three-compartment model and that the volumes are of about equal size. Measuring is carried out in the central compartment in which the radionuclides are injected as a bolus. In cirrhotic patients equilibration into a third compartment is attained about four times slower than in controls. Elimination is reduced by about the same factor. Reduced diffusion and effective blood flow in the cirrhotic patients are discussed as possible reasons for the differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect on body water of running 10 miles.

Despite a 2.3% weight loss in 10 men who ran 10 miles, extracellular water (ECW) increased by 3.5%. Total body water (TBW) measured as tritium space increased by 2.4%, and intracellular water (ICW), inferred as the difference between TBW and ECW, increased by 1.8%. The increase in tritium space probably represents increased nonaqueous hydrogen exchange in the postexercise period ond casts doubt on the validity of TBW and ICW when measured immediately after exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Total body water changes during high volume peripheral hyperalimentation.

A premature baby with gastroschisis, ileal atresia and secondary short gut syndrome was sustained with the use of peripheral hyperalimentation consisting of 2 per cent Amigen, 12 per cent glucose and 10 per cent Intralipid at an average rate of 140 to 160 milliliters per kilogram per day or 100 to 111 kilocalories per kilogram per day. The weight of the child increased during the first four months to approximately 14 grams per day, with body length increasing by about 6 millimeters per week. Six reliable measurements of the total body water of the child during the four month period were obtained using deuterium oxide dilution followed by double vacuum distillation and falling drop analysis in a constant temperature chamber. Measurements obtained showed a gradual decrease of total body water from 77.13 per cent of body weight to 60.50 per cent during the study period, with values consistently on the lower end of the spectrum of known normal controls, even during periods of increased growth rates of as much as 35 grams per day. These data on total body water, coupled with the observed gains in body weight and length, support tissue accretion rather than fluid retention as the mechanism of weight gain in long term, high volume peripheral hyperalimentation.

Body Height↗
PubMed1977

Precise measurement of total body water using trace quantities of deuterium oxide.

This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of measuring total body water in human subjects to better than +/-0.5%. Accurate serial estimates of total body water were required to complement densitometric and anthropometric measurements used to monitor body compositional changes in obese patients undergoing dietary or surgical weight reduction therapy. The method required the oral administration of 1-2 g of deuterium oxide and the analysis of pre-dose and respective equilibrated samples of urine, plasma or saliva. The sample size required for analysis was 5 microliter and the conversion of gaseous phase was accomplished using a uranium reduction furnace. Isotopic enrichment of samples was measured using a mass spectrometer incorporating several features designed to cope with problems inherent in H2/H2H isotopic analysis. Reproducibility of sample preparation and accuracy of the mass spectrometer were tested using international standards and shown to give an overall sensitivity of 2 parts in 10(7) for the determination of deuterium in H2O/H2HO mixtures. This precision has enabled us to demonstrate that isotopic fractionation of deuterium with respect to hydrogen occurs within the body and expands the potential use of this isotope for quantitative biochemical studies in the human subject.

Body Water↗
PubMed1978

Total body water in malnutrition: the possible role of energy intake.

1. Total body water (TBW) was measured using tritiated water in sixty-five children. The measurements were distributed throughout rehabilitation in order to define the effect of changing energy intakes. 2. Oedematous children had a high TBW which decreased to the normal range during loss of oedema providing they were not receiving more than maintenance amounts of energy during this period. 3. Marasmic children who had not received greater than maintenance amounts of energy had a normal TBW. 4. Treatment with a high-energy diet was associated with an initial increase in TBW. 5. The possible mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed.

Body Water↗