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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1977

Emigration and remigration of Okinawans settled in the lowlands of eastern Bolivia in relation to background characteristics of their place of origin.

Post-war Okinawans emigrated to the lowlands of Bolivia in an attempt of pioneer agricultural colonization were studied with regard to behavioral patterns of the adjustment process in terms of permanency in the newly created colony. The uniqueness of the post-war emigration to Bolivia by Okinawans is discussed in comparison with pre-war emigration and the inter-regional migratory flow. The permanency of Okinawan emigrants in Bolivia is analyzed in relation to background characteristics of their regional origin in Okinawa using Spearman's rank correlations between each pair of selected variables; the number of emigrants by municipality in Okinawa Prefecture, rate of persons who settled in the colony, rate of population engaged in the primary sector of economy in 1965 in Okinawa Prefecture, and rate of area for U.S. military use. The permanency of the migrants in colonization is related to the background characteristics in the place of their origin before emigration. The likelihood of emigrants settling in the colony is thus greater for those from less urbanized municipalities, the size of migrants from one municipality of the rural area signifying the permanency in the pioneer colonization project.

Bolivia↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide SNP data support species boundaries in sympatric Polylepis Ruiz & Pav. (Rosaceae) species from Bolivia and Ecuador.

Species delimitation in the South American genus Polylepis is notoriously challenging due to high morphological similarity and phenotypic plasticity, likely driven by hybridization and gene flow. Previous phylogenetic studies suggested that genetic structure aligns more strongly with geography than with taxonomy, questioning existing species concepts and hampering conservation efforts. We used double-digest RAD sequencing (ddRADseq) to generate genome-wide SNP data for 11 Polylepis species sampled across multiple localities in Bolivia and Ecuador. Population genetic analyses, phylogenetic inference, and network approaches were combined to assess whether genetic structure aligns more closely with taxonomy or geography. Morphologically defined species formed largely cohesive genetic lineages across regions, with species identity explaining substantially more genetic variation than locality. While localized admixture and reticulation were detected among closely related taxa, widespread species showed strong genetic cohesion and clear separation from congeners. Our results indicate that the sampled Polylepis species from Bolivia and Ecuador maintain distinct genetic identities despite localized signals consistent with gene flow. This genome-wide support for current taxonomy highlights Polylepis as a valuable model for studying speciation under gene flow and indicates that multiple geographic sampling will be essential in reconstructing a robust phylogeny of the genus, with important implications for conservation planning in Andean montane forests.

Bolivia↗

PubMed1975

Fascioliasis of livestock and snail host for Fasciola in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia.

Fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica was a serious problem for sheep and alpacas in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia. In some provinces close to Lake Titicaca, the raising of sheep was forced to discontinue, because infection with the fluke made it unprofitable and almost impossible. It was proved that in the Altiplano Region, two species of freshwater snails, Lymnaea viatrix and L. cubensis var., served as intermediate hosts for F. hepatica. In some subtropical areas of Bolivia, these snails could not be found, although other Lymnaea sp. was widely distributed there. As it is possible for Lymnaea sp. to be intermediate host for the fluke, further studies are required on the identification. Acute fascioliasis of sheep occurred in the Altiplano Region principally during a period from May to July, or the dry season. In some areas, the mortality rate of infected sheep was roughly estimated as 15 to 25% annually. Contamination with Fasciola metacercariae of herbage and semi-aquatic plants grown in a swamp in one of these areas was biologically assessed, using guinea pigs. Plants of Compositae and Eleocharis sp. were contaminated most intensely and those of Senicio sp. and Vallisneria sp. carried a fairly large number of cysts, while plants of Scirpus sp. and Ranunclaceae carried only a few cysts. No signs of Fasciola infection were observed in any animal given the plants of Liliaceae.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Chemical composition of gallstones in Santa Cruz--Bolivia].

The knowledge of the gallstones chemical composition is very important from view point of lithogenesis and possible medical therapy of dissolution. The composition (chemical) of gallstones in 30 consecutive cholecystectomized patients were studied in the 2nd. Department of Surgery of Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (altitude 1900 m). All gallbladder stones were washed, counted, measured and dried before sending them to Japan to be processed. The composition of gallstones was analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Cholesterolemia, age, sex and number of stones were analyzed in cases of pure cholesterol stones. The incidence of pure cholesterol stones was 56.6%, statistically similar to be reported by other authors, but very low if compared with the valley area of Bolivia (Cochabamba altitude 2300 m) where hypothyroidism is frequent. Hypercholesterolemia had little relation with the pure cholesterol gallstones. There was no difference in the chemical composition and the size of the stones, but while their number was small, cholesterol stones were more frequent. The low incidence of pure cholesterol stones may show a bad nutritional condition of our population (poor fat and protein content) and this result is important in order in using the new advance: lithodissolvent drugs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

A new species of Linstowia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from marsupials in Bolivia.

A new species of cestode of the genus Linstowia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) is described from marsupials of the genera Thylamys and Monodelphis. The new species (Linstowia schmidti) differs from Linstowia iheringi Zschokke, 1904, in having a much smaller strobila and reduced number of proglottids, and in the distribution of the eggs in gravid proglottids. In Bolivia, cestodes of the genus Linstowia appear to have a restricted geographic distribution, occurring in marsupials only in southeastern Bolivia near the western margin of the Chaco. This host-parasite association may represent an ecological-historical relict.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The Chipaya of Bolivia: Dermatoglyphics and ethnic relationships.

Dermatoglyphic data on 15 traits (digital arches, digital radial loops, digital ulnar loops, digital whorls, I loops, Ir loops, H loops, H loops, III loops, IV loops, mainline C absence, total ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, and mainline index) are presented for 141 Chipaya Indians of Bolivia. Ethnic relationships of these Indians to nine South American Indian tribes (Alacaluf, Atacameño, Aymara, Cashinahua, Chácobo, Chama, Chané, Quechua, and Sirionó) are explored by means of a genetic distance analysis using 21 alleles. Genetic distances are complemented with linguistic and geographic distances between the Chipaya and the other tribes. Genetic distances were found not to be significantly correlated with linguistic and geographic distances. Combining the information available, it is concluded that the Chipaya are most likely ethnically related to the Arawak speakers of the tropical forest.

Bolivia↗

PubMed1978

Isolation of rabies virus from bats in Bolivia.

Rabies virus was isolated from apparently normal blood-sucking (Desmodus rotundus) and insectivorous (Artibeus planirostris) bats caught in Bolivia. The virus was identified by immunofluorescence, biological and sero-neutralisation tests.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Diseases of the colon and rectum in Bolivia.

A review of the surgical and autopsy records from two general hospitals in La Paz, Bolivia, discloses an incidence of colon and rectal disease, excluding hemorrhoids, of 0.6 per cent (138 of 22,361 surgical cases) and 2.5 per cent (16 of 640 consecutive autopsies). Acquired megacolon complicated by volvulus represented more than half of all cases in the surgical series. Ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, and neoplastic polyps represented less than 10 per cent of the cases of colonic disease. Only ten cases of carcinoma of the colon were seen, whereas five cases of granulomatous colitis or ileocolitis were detected in the same surgical material. Among sixty-four lesions of the rectum, so-called retention polyps accounted for 54.5 per cent of the cases, with carcinoma next in frequency (25 per cent), and the remainder being different varieties of inflammatory conditions. In the autopsy material almost half of the cases were infectious conditions, followed by congenital malformations and complicated acquired megacolon. No case of diverticular disease of the colon or neoplastic polyps was seen, and there was only one case of cancer of the large bowel. Because of the high incidence of acquired megacolon and the low incidence of cancer, ulcerative colitis, adenomatous polyps, and diverticular disease of the colon, possible etiopathogenic factors of these conditions are discussed in comparison with their incidence in other developed and developing countries of the world.

Altitude↗

PubMed1992

Physical fitness of children resident at high altitude in Bolivia.

In 7-15-yr-old children living in La Paz (Bolivia, altitude 3,700 m) (HA): 1) Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) varies from 35 to 45 ml.min-1.kg-1 and maximal heart rate from 188 to 194 beats.min-1. These values are lower than those of their counterparts at low altitude (LA) by 10-20% and 10-15 b.min-1, respectively. 2) The anaerobic metabolism is not affected by chronic hypoxia if the nutritional conditions and pubertal development of HA and LA boys are the same. When related to percent of VO2max, submaximal O2 debts are similar at HA and LA. After supramaximal exercise, maximal O2 debts (45.7 +/- 2.7 vs 45.9 +/- 3.8 ml.kg-1) and blood lactate concentrations (7.6 +/- 0.6 vs 6.5 +/- 0.6 mmol.l-1) are also the same at HA and LA. No differences are observed between the 2 altitudes in ventilatory (60 vs 56% VO2max) and lactate (60 vs 65% VO2max) thresholds. The altitude of La Paz does not alter the anaerobic performance of a force-velocity test (from 6 to 10 W.kg-1) between the ages of 7 to 15 years but reduces by 14-17% the mean anaerobic power developed during a 30-s Wingate test. This decrease could be linked to a lower participation of glycolysis and aerobic metabolism at HA during this test. 3) Poor socio-economic and nutritional conditions do not modify the aerobic performance of boys living in La Paz but lead to lower maximal anaerobic power (from -17% to -25%) when compared with HA boys from a high socio-economic background.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Malaria parasitological indices in the Cordillera Province (Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia).

In 1988-1989, as part of a co-operative programme with the local Unidad Sanitaria, two cross-sectional surveys were carried out to study the prevalence of malaria in eight villages in the rural areas near Camiri, Boyuibe and Gutierrez (Cordillera Province, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia). Thick and thin blood films were collected from all available two- to nine-year-old children at the end of the dry season, in the first survey (252 samples), and after the rainy season, in the second survey (346 samples). The parasite and gametocyte indices increased between surveys from 1.59-25.72 and from 0.40-1.73, respectively. All infections were due to Plasmodium vivax. Both prevalence and parasite load were lower in children aged two to four years than in older children. Prevalences, parasite loads, and parasite densities were highest in rural areas near Camiri and Gutierrez.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1976

Serum and red cell enzyme variants in an Amerindian tribe: the Sirionos (Eastern Bolivia).

Blood samples from 109 Siriono (Eastern Bolivia) belonging to the Tupi-Guarani group were investigated for enzyme variants in the following systems: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, phospho-glucomutase (locus 1 and 2), acid phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, pseudocholinesterase (E1 and E2 locus), and serum alkaline phosphatase. The most relevant observations are: (1) A relative lack of polymorphism, a characteristic feature of the Amerindian populations studied up to now. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a 'common ancestral background' in Indian populations whatever the degree of sociocultural and linguistic diversity, and the geographical distances. (2) Specific traits due to the frequency of alleles in some systems confer to that tribe a particular position among Amerindians. The effects of genetic drift may be postulated in order to explain the high rate of PGM and 6PGD polymorphism. Furthermore, in that small community, the disappearance of some alleles (pa gene) can plausibly be explained in terms of a balanced influence of mutational and selective pressure.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1978

The Aymara of western Bolivia: III. Occlusion, pathology, and characteristics of the dentition.

With the objective of contributing to the understanding of factors influencing the characteristics of dentition, dental observations from 429 children and adult highland people of western Bolivia are described. Various age, sex, ethnic, and village differences are observed in malocclusion, dental caries, periodontal disease, dental morphology, and anomalies. The findings revealed a population with relatively good occlusion, low frequency of dental pathology, and dental characteristics in part consistent with those of other similar Amerindian populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The epidemiology of Chagas' disease in a hyperendemic area of Cochabamba, Bolivia: a clinical study including electrocardiography, seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi, xenodiagnosis, and domiciliary triatomine distribution.

A clinicoepidemiologic survey of Chagas' disease was conducted in the remote rural village of Tabacal in southcentral Cochabamba, Bolivia. In June and July 1988, we interviewed and examined 153 of 160 villagers > five years old for signs and symptoms of Chagas' disease. All participants had electrocardiograms (EKGs) and serologic analysis performed, and 20 villagers underwent xenodiagnosis. All 40 houses in the village were examined for triatomes, and house construction materials and defects were recorded. Seventy-four percent of all villagers had serologic evidence of Chagas' disease, and were defined as cases. Cases were three and one-half times more likely to have signs and symptoms of heart failure than non-cases (P = 0.2) and were nine times more likely to have EKG conduction abnormalities than non-cases (P = 0.02). Thirty-three percent of all EKG conduction defects occurred in individuals < 35 years of age. All dwellings had evidence of triatome infestation; 72% of the triatomes collected were positive for metacyclic trypanosomes. We conclude that Trypanosoma cruzi infection is highly prevalent in Tabacal and is a common cause of morbidity in that region.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

How doctors in Bolivia and the Philippines view sterilization.

Attitudes toward sterilization of 165 Bolivian obstetrican/gynecologists surveyed in 1974 and those of a randomly selected group of 200 Philippine family planning physicians studied in 1972 are described. Although the attitudes of Bolivian respondents were less favorable to sterilization, a majority of both groups of physicians favored making sterilization available under certain conditions. In Bolivia, physicians with more favorable attitudes toward sterilization were more likely to be younger, to be male, to have a lower degree to religiosity, and to regard high fertility as a problem for the family rather than the state or society. Tentative explanations are offered for the differences in attitudes between the two groups of physicians. Finally, the increasing demand for, and availability of, sterilization in Latin America is noted.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Maternal and infant feeding practices in rural Bolivia.

Seventy-four members of mothers' clubs in a rural area outside of La Paz, Bolivia, were interviewed in order to learn more about maternal and infant nutritional practices and use of child health services. Most of the women used a combination of western and traditional child health services, though a substantial percentage used only traditional services. Almost all of their deliveries were attended solely by family members, most notably the pregnant woman's husband. All the interviewed mothers breast-fed their infants, although most gave them other prelacteal liquids in the immediate postpartum period. Breast milk supplementation generally began when the infants were between four and eight months old, occasionally later. Most of those interviewed said they stopped breast-feeding when they knew they were pregnant again; some continued breast-feeding through all or part of the pregnancy; only a small number stopped breast-feeding before they knew that they were pregnant. Almost all the women increased their food intake when they were breast-feeding, primarily by consuming additional liquids. These findings suggest that some current maternal and infant nutritional practices in the study area (such as universal breast-feeding and increased consumption of liquids by lactating mothers) should be encouraged, while others (particularly prelacteal feeding of liquids other than breast milk and late supplementation) should be discouraged. Both traditional and western health providers should be mobilized to perform this task.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[A new case of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in Bolivia].

A sixth autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis is reported in Bolivia. It is also the fourth case detected in the Yungas Valley (Department of La Paz) confirming the long-term existence of the disease in this area where cases of canine leishmaniasis and natural infestation of the phlebotomine sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, were previously reported.

Antimony Sodium Gluconate↗

PubMed1978

The Aymara of Western Bolivia. IV. Gene frequencies for eight blood groups and 19 protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems.

A total of 315 individuals, mainly of Aymara origin, from western Bolivia were examined for genetic variation at eight red cell antigen and 19 serum protein and red cell enzyme loci. The gene frequencies for polymorphic loci and the discovery of several rare variants are discussed in terms of previous work among the Aymara and the closely related Quechua. The effect of inclusion of related individuals in the sample on gene frequency, variance of gene frequency and genetic distance, is discussed.

Blood Group Antigens↗

PubMed1978

The Aymara of Western Bolivia. II. Maxillofacial and dental arch variation.

Maxillofacial and dental arch dimensions of the Bolivian Aymara population are age and sex dependent. Interpopulational comparisons reveal these dimensions to differ from those seen in Aleuts, Australian aborigines, and Swedes, but to be similar to those of the indigenous Taiwanese. Finally, these dimensions are not the same in Aymara of unmixed ancestry, and Mestizos residing in the same villages.

Adolescent↗