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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Bone malalignment in acute injuries of the wrist.

The purpose of this study was to analyze radiographic signs of carpal bone instability in patients with an acutely injured wrist. There were 80 patients (52 women and 28 men) with a fall on the outstretched hand. Fifty patients had a fracture of the distal radius, and eight had a scaphoid fracture. The patients with a bone fracture showed a larger scapholunate angle than those without a fracture (P less than 0.001, t-test). However, only four of them showed true carpal bone instability: two patients with a scaphoid fracture and one with a radius fracture had dorsiflexion instability of the wrist and one patient with a radius fracture had dorsal subluxation of the wrist. In addition, one patient without any bone fracture had scapholunate dissociation, one form of carpal bone instability. Although carpal bone instability is not frequent in an acutely injured wrist, its signs should be remembered in the radiographic analysis of the traumatic wrist to prevent subsequent articular disorders.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Congenital skeletal malformations induced by maternal ingestion of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) in newborn pigs.

Skeletal malformations were induced in newborn pigs from gilts fed Conium maculatum seed or plant during gestation days 43 through 53 and 51 through 61. The teratogenic effects in groups dosed during gestation days 43 through 53 were more severe than those in groups dosed during the later period, with many newborn pigs showing arthrogryposis and twisted and malaligned bones in the limbs and with 1 pig showing scoliosis and deformity of the thoracic cage. The pigs born to gilts given C maculatum during gestation days 51 through 61 had excessive flexure primarily in the carpal joints, without scoliosis or bone malalignment in the limbs. The teratogenicity of poison hemlock depends on the alkaloid concentration and content. Based on the data presented, we speculate that gamma-coniceine is the teratogenic alkaloid in the poison hemlock fed to the gilts.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1990

Arthroscopy of the wrist: anatomy and classification of carpal instability.

Carpal instability can be defined as the lack of ligamentous and skeletal support adequate to maintain a wrist stable to external forces of pinch and grasp. This instability may be static or dynamic. It has been classified as (a) carpal instability, dissociated (CID), a situation in which one or more of the ligaments are torn, and (b) carpal instability, nondissociative (CIND), a situation in which the ligaments are intact but stretched. Carpal instability can also be the result of carpal bone malalignment from various causes. Arthroscopy can be particularly useful in assessing carpal instability, however arthrography with contrast medium, fluoroscopy, and stress loading should precede this arthroscopic assessment. Arthroscopy allows visualization of the volar radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments of the wrist, and the arthroscopic examination can be combined with manual manipulation of the carpal bones to detect laxity of those ligaments, to examine stability of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral interosseous ligaments, and to show instability of the distal radioulnar joint.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed1989

Clinical and roentgenological studies on malalignment disorders of the patello-femoral joint. Part III: Lesions of the patellar cartilage and subchondral bone associated with patello-femoral malalignment.

This study was aimed at clarifying what mechanism of patello-femoral malalignment causes cartilage lesions and how the lesions are related to the symptoms. The study was composed of a laboratory experiment and clinical observations on 127 joints of 123 patients. In the clinical observations, cartilage lesions on the patella as well as on the groove and condyles of the femur were studied by performing either arthroscopy or open surgery. Changes of the subchondral bone of the patella were also examined through sky-line view roentgenograms to determine their relationship with cartilage lesions. From these observations, it was concluded that cartilage lesions are caused by shearing stresses produced by the abnormal motion of the patella due to malalignment, often accompanied by open or closed (to the joint cavity) subchondral lesions. The experiment showed that various types of cartilage-bone damage could be brought about depending on various combined factors of velocity and energy of the stressing force. Based on our theory, a reasonable treatment is presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of radioulnar movements following fractures of the forearm in children.

The range of radioulnar movements, following fractures of the forearm bones treated conservatively in 53 children under the age of 15 years, was measured by a goniometer. The most common age group was 6-10 years. All fractures united within 8 weeks and the average follow-up was 3 years. Although subjective assessment of the result was good in all cases, 52.8% had some limitation of rotational movements. The factors which limited rotation were angulatory deformity of the bones, rotational malalignment or injury to the inferior radioulnar joint. An angulatory deformity of more than 10 degrees in a child above the age of 10 years failed to remodel adequately with growth particularly if the fracture was in the proximal half of the forearm. Rotational malalignment also did not correct with growth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

The knee-ankle link: impact of knee varus severity on distal joint malalignment and concomitant pathologies.

BACKGROUND: Knee varus deformity is traditionally managed as an isolated joint pathology; however, persistent distal symptoms following proximal realignment suggest a more extensive kinetic chain dysfunction. The degree to which knee varus severity dictates distal malalignment and secondary pathologies remains poorly quantified in the current literature. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420261363327). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed from inception to April 2026. Studies examining the relationship between knee varus (HKA angle) and radiographic distal alignment or pathologies were included. Data synthesis utilized random-effects models, with prevalence analyzed via generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in the final synthesis. While pooling of continuous radiographic parameters was limited by high statistical heterogeneity in Talar Tilt (I2 = 96.5%), individual large-cohort data (Huang et al.) indicated that severe knee varus (HKA > 10°) was associated with increased odds of concomitant ankle osteoarthritis (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.28-4.11) and a specific cohort prevalence of 37.1%. Furthermore, single-arm prevalence data revealed divergent trends across different study populations, with compensatory hindfoot valgus reaching 69.9% in some cohorts and rigid varus up to 63.9% in others. CONCLUSIONS: Severe genu varum is associated with distal kinetic chain alterations and concomitant ankle pathologies. However, due to the extreme heterogeneity and divergent distal adaptations observed across different cohorts, standardized knee-centric protocols may be insufficient. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are required to establish phenotype-specific rehabilitation guidelines.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Alignment strategies in total knee arthroplasty and the patellofemoral joint: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Different alignment strategies in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may affect the patellofemoral joint. Mechanical alignment (MA) is commonly used but may alter native anatomy. Newer strategies such as kinematic alignment (KA), restricted kinematic alignment (rKA), and functional alignment (FA) aim to better restore native joint mechanics. This study provides an overview of the effects of alignment strategies on patellofemoral outcomes after TKA. METHODS: A literature search in July 2025 identified studies comparing patellofemoral outcomes in TKA using different alignment strategies. Of 166 studies screened, eight met inclusion criteria. Three studies were considered medium quality and five studies low quality. RESULTS: KA and rKA more closely restored native trochlear morphology than MA and FA, reducing outliers in the anterior trochlear line compared with MA and FA. MA showed greater trochlear translation, suggesting worse patellar tracking. Trochlear angles were more anatomical in KA and rKA. However, KA was associated with increased internal femoral component rotation and more outliers beyond safe thresholds. FA showed more consistent rotational positioning, generally within safe limits. Lateral patellar shift and intraoperative lateral release rates did not differ significantly between KA and MA. Only one study reported patella-specific clinical outcome scores, finding no difference between FA and adjusted MA. CONCLUSION: KA and rKA better restore trochlear morphology, but risk excessive internal femoral component rotation. FA provides a more balanced approach. MA, while widely used, is linked to altered trochlear shape and worse patellar tracking. The clinical impact of these radiological differences remains unclear, and higher-quality studies are needed.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Use of magnetotherapy for treatment of bone malunion in limb lengthening. Preliminary report].

Two children with bone malunion after lengthening of congenitally shortened lower leg have been presented. The crus has been elongation 8 cm by Ilizarov method in 9 years old boy and 5 cm elongation of the tibia has been achieved with the use of Bastiani method in 8 years old girl. In both cases malunion has occurred. The radiographs revealed pseudoarthrosis (the girl, 6 month after operation) and centrally located bony defect (the boy, 2 months postoperatively). In both cases pulse sinusoidal magnetic field was applied successfully with cortical bone and marrow cavity restored in 2 months.

Bone Lengthening↗
PubMed1992

[The value of ultrasonography in monitoring limb lengthening].

The authors attempted to assess the value of ultrasound for monitoring of the new bone formation at the site of distraction in patients undergoing limb lengthening after Bastiani. Twenty patients were assessed; 12 cases of femur lengthening and 8 cases of tibia lengthening. It was found, that ultrasound allowed to detect the new bone formation visible as hyperechogenic foci as soon as 4 to 14 days postoperatively, while regular radiology showed this only 4 to 8 weeks after operation. Detection of the new bone formation at the site of lengthening permits, in authors opinion, to choose an optimal onset of distraction and its pace according to the speed of bone formation. Regular ultrasound monitoring prevents premature bone union or disintegration of the newly generated bone in case of to slow or to fast distraction respectively. In two cases sonography early demonstrated cystic changes at the location of distraction. It also permits detection of an axial displacement of the fragments of bone in every case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Correction osteotomy of tibia for malalignment at the knee and the bone-suture (author's transl)].

Correction osteotomy of the tibia in genu valgum and varum is discussed on the basis of the literature and two cases. After considering critically the well-known techniques of fixation, the almost forgotten bone-suture with silk or Perlon is recalled which may replace osteosynthesis. The advantages of the plaster cast of the leg which permits much earlier weightbearing then osteosynthesis and adds to bony union are emphasized. The author warns against too early mobilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Corrective osteotomy in malalignment of healed fractures of the metacarpal and phalangeal bones].

As a result of improper immobilization in extension following phalangeal and metacarpal fractures, rotation and deviation deformities can occur. The functional disturbance and aesthetic deformities can be corrected with an osteotomy through the proximal phalanx of the metacarpal. The technique and results of this correction osteotomy are described. Prevention of these malunions by proper positioning at the time of primary treatment is emphasized.

Finger Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Local bone transportation for treatment of intercalary defects by the Ilizarov technique. Biomechanical and clinical considerations.

Ilizarov applied revolutionary methods for salvaging limbs with severe congenital, posttraumatic, or other acquired deformities. His methods, which use a universal system of ring external fixators with tensioned transosseous wires, were developed over the past 35 years at his institute in Kurgan, USSR. These noninvasive techniques have proved successful in over 300,000 patients (adults and children) treated for bone shortening and intercalary deficiency, angulatory and rotational malalignment, active infection, ischemia, joint contractures, and nonunions. Bone transportation involves moving a free segment of living bone to fill intercalary bone defects with vital bone. The trailing end of the transport bone segment maintains continuity with the host bone surface by distraction osteogenesis. The leading end of the transport bone segment fuses to the target bone surface by transformational osteogenesis. The small diameter of the transosseous wires contributes to better patient tolerance over the prolonged treatment times required for gradual distraction at 1 mm per day.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1985

The treatment of 143 tibial shaft fractures by Ender's nailing and early weight-bearing.

A prospective study of 141 patients with 143 tibial shaft fractures has been carried out; 102 fractures were closed and 41 open. All the patients were treated by Ender's nailing and early weight-bearing. The average healing time was 15.2 weeks. There were no cases of bone infection and complications were minimal, the commonest being slight malalignment. Using this method, rapid restoration of bone continuity was achieved, combined with almost normal limb function during treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Clinical study of dissociated motor weakness following anterior cervical decompression surgery.

C5 segment motor loss (deltoid muscle) after a cervical spinal operation, either anterior decompression or posterior decompression, has rarely been reported. However, most such cases are diagnosed immediately after surgery, and they appear to be due to inadequate surgical technique or insufficient decompression. Recently, the authors have experienced three cases in which weakness of the deltoid muscle started several days following anterior cervical decompression surgery. On the basis of postoperative plain films, myelography, and computed tomography (CT) myelography, the cause of the motor weakness was considered to be C5 root disturbance due to postoperative malalignment of the cervical spine, which gradually increased. The malalignment of the cervical spine seemed to be due to weakness of iliac bone grafts, inadequate design of the bone graft and recipient site, and insufficient postoperative fixation. To prevent this malalignment, eg, lateral inclination of the bone graft to axial rotation deformity, adequate bone graft design is required. The authors have been performing internal fixation using sapphire screws on cases in which fusion extending over four vertebral bodies is required.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skewfoot (forefoot adduction with heel valgus).

Skewfoot, a malalignment of tarsal and metatarsal bones, is recognized clinically by forefoot adduction and heel valgus. Synonyms include S-shaped foot, serpentine foot, and Z-foot deformity. Skewfoot must be differentiated from metatarsus adductus, metatarsus varus, and metatarsus adductovarus. Only 50 cases have been reported, and only two primary articles have been published in the English literature. Four patients who were treated at the Mayo Clinic are described. The ages of the patients at the time of presentation ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Three patients underwent operation. Because the natural history of skewfoot is unknown and pain is infrequent, treatment alternatives must be carefully considered. If operation is undertaken, realignment of the tarsal bones should be supplemented with hindfoot bone stabilization.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

The ossific nuclei and the cartilage anlage of the talus and calcaneum.

We studied the ossific nuclei on radiographs of the feet of three stillborn infants, two with club feet, relating the size, position and alignment of each nucleus to the cartilaginous talus or calcaneum in which it lay. Anteroposterior projections of the nucleus of the talus show deformity of that bone as well as subtalar malalignment. Lateral projections of the calcaneal nucleus may underestimate the degree of hindfoot equinus.

Calcaneus↗
PubMed1986

Subchondral bone strength in arthrosis. Cadaver studies of tibial condyles.

We measured the axial penetration strength of subchondral cancellous bone in a close, regular pattern at the tibial resection surface of five valgus and seven varus human, cadaveric knees. The strength patterns obtained were illustrated by pseudo-three-dimensional reconstructions of strength values as a function of the location on the resection surface. The varus knees had high strength values towards the medial margin of the medial condyle. Three qualitatively different strength patterns were distinguished in the valgus knees: two knees showed a near normal strength distribution with higher peak values medially; two knees with centrolateral bony attrition had high bone strength values at the center of the lateral condyle; and one knee with moderate posterolateral bony attrition showed a high strength area at the posterolateral aspect of the lateral condyle. In both types of malalignment, there was a decrease of bone strength with the depth from the resection surface.

Aged↗