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18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Serum cortisol levels are related to moods of elation and dysphoria in new mothers.

Serum cortisol levels were measured in 163 women on the third day after childbirth. Significantly elevated levels of cortisol were found to be associated with the "blues," and significantly lower levels characterized women who exhibited mild hypomania (the "highs"). Low levels of cortisol were independently associated with epidural anesthesia, while elevated levels were related to assisted delivery. There was no significant association with breast or bottle feeding. Changes in serum cortisol were thus found to parallel the mild bidirectional changes in affect that frequently follow childbirth.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Breastfeeding among low-income, high-risk women.

Data from a state supported project providing multidiscipline (clinical social work, nursing, nutrition, obstetrics, and pediatrics) assistance to low-income women judged to be at high perinatal risk by medical and social history were analyzed regarding infant feeding decisions. Data from 2,124 subjects delivered from 1976 to 1985 were available for analysis. The population tended to be single (77%), black (66%), poorly educated (63% less than a high school education), and young (mean age 21.8 years). Thirty-six percent were primiparas. The decision to breastfeed was associated with white race, older maternal age, higher educational level, marriage, and earlier utilization of prenatal care. Prenatal infant feeding plans were compared with actual postpartum decisions for 1,168 women. Only 3 percent of those initially planning to bottle feed changed their minds postpartum and breastfed although 31 percent of those initially planning to nurse ultimately chose artificial feeding. Ten percent of women were initially undecided; one-third of this group ultimately breastfed, two-thirds bottle fed. Overall the percentage of women in the project who were breastfeeding rose from 15 percent to 22 percent from the early to later years of the project (p less than 0.0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of smoking on breast feeding.

Infant feeding methods used by mothers who smoke and by mothers who do not, who delivered in one maternity hospital, were compared to determine if smoking affected breast feeding. Significantly more of the smoking group chose either to bottle feed from delivery or, having been discharged from the hospital breast feeding, changed to bottle feeding before the baby was 6 weeks old. This pattern was seen in each socioeconomic group and, as the smoking and non-smoking mothers were otherwise comparable, suggests that smoking may have a direct effect on breast feeding.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1991

Effects of formula change on intestinal hydrogen production and crying and fussing behavior.

To determine whether incomplete carbohydrate absorption plays a role in mediating the effects of formula change on babies' crying, breath hydrogen excretion and behavior were measured in 17 normal formula-fed infants who entered a feeding trial at 28 days of life. The trial permitted two comparisons between (1) lactose and reduced lactose soy-based formulae, and (2) the infant's usual pretrial formula and the subsequent soy-based variable-carbohydrate formulae. Reduced lactose formula was associated with a small reduction in H2 excretion (from a mean of 15 to 7 ppm, p = .07) but no difference in crying or fussing. However, compared with their usual pretrial formula, the change to soy-based variable-carbohydrate formulae was associated with a substantial and sustained reduction in H2 excretion (mean 32 to 11 ppm, p less than .03) and a modest 21% decline in fussing (90.4 to 71.5 min/24 hr, p less than .08). By 8 days after the formula change, there was a 40% decline (90.4 to 53.9 min/24 hr) in fussing. These results suggest that, although behavioral changes due to differences in carbohydrate content are unlikely in normal infants, formula changes involving protein and carbohydrate can reduce colonic gas production and may have some effect on crying. Such effects may be implicated when feeding changes occur in normal infants, but their potential role in treatment of crying problems (colic) is yet to be demonstrated.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between infants' preceding appetite, illness, and growth performance and mothers' subsequent feeding practice decisions.

Data from a longitudinal study of 153 low-income Peruvian infants were used to examine (i) whether infant characteristics such as appetite, illness and past growth performance are related to subsequent changes in their feeding practices (e.g. addition of non-human milks, solid foods, weaning), and (ii) whether this relationship depends on maternal characteristics such as feeding exposure and experience (MFEE). With one exception, infants were breastfed from birth. Feeding practices during the first month of life were related to practices throughout infancy. Most mothers changed their practices once (61%) or twice (34%) from birth to 6 months. Low weight gains from 1 to 2 (P < 0.003) and 2 to 3 (P < 0.04) months were identified as significant predictors of feeding changes during the following months, using logistic regression models that also adjusted for MFEE, infant gender, previous practice, and previous practice change. The interaction between past weight gain and MFEE (objective ii) was not statistically significant in the logistic regression models. However, when analyzed separately, the relationships between low weight gains and subsequent feeding changes were observed for high but not low MFEE mothers. The prevalences of anorexia and infection (diarrhea, respiratory, and/or fever), and poor length gain during the previous month were not related to subsequent changes in feeding practices. These results suggest that poor growth influences feeding practices from 2 to 4 months, when exclusive breastfeeding is recommended.

Appetite↗
PubMed1992

Nonnutritive sucking modulates behavioral state for preterm infants before feeding.

Forty-two pre-term infants were studied to determine the effect of nonnutritive sucking pre-feeding on behavioral state. Infants were randomly assigned to pacifier or rest groups. Pacifiers or rest were given for 5 minutes following routine caregiving and before each of the first 16 bottle feedings. A 12-category scale was used to measure state immediately before the 5-minutes and after. Frequencies of states that precede optimal feedings changed for infants given pacifiers versus rest: alert inactivity (+6 vs. -2), quiet awake (+19 vs. -6), and active awake (-24 vs. +12); infants given pacifiers had more sleep and fewer restless states. Group differences were non-significant before nonnutritive sucking (p = 0.16) but significant after (p = 0.00001). When self-regulatory feeding policies based on early hunger cues are not allowed, nonnutritive sucking for 5 minutes pre-feeding is simple, brief, and appropriate for busy intensive care units. These findings confirm those from earlier less conclusive research and indicate that nonnutritive sucking modulates behavioral state.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Basics of breastfeeding. Part I: Infant feeding patterns past and present.

One of the great medical advances of the past decade has been the scientific validation of the importance of species-specific milk. This "discovery" has led to a growing general awareness of the value, during the first year of life, of the milk of the baby's own mother for optimal physical and emotional development. These benefits of breastfeeding may last a lifetime. The need to understand and assist the mother in maintaining this relationship presents a major challenge to the nurse. Beginning with this issue of JOGN and continuing in two subsequent issues a series of six articles is being presented that gives an overview of breastfeeding, from historical perspectives to specific problems nursing mothers may encounter. The initial installment consists of "Infant Feeding Patterns Past and Present" and "The Anatomy and Psychophysiology of Lactation." Following in September/October and November/December will be "The Biologic Specificity of Breast Milk," "Preparation for Breastfeeding and Early Optimal Functioning," "Self-Care for Continued Breastfeeding," and "Some Breastfeeding Problems and Solutions." The cultural pattern of breastfeeding in ancient and contemporary cultures are compared, and changes during the Industrial Revolution that led to the decline in breastfeeding are outlined. Also described are the consequences of the trend away from breastfeeding in Third World countries and current breastfeeding patterns in the United States.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Events leading to the decision to introduce complementary feeding to the breast among a group of mothers in Istanbul.

A cross-sectional study carried out among 269 mother-infant pairs in Istanbul showed that the majority of infants began receiving regular complements or had been weaned before the age of three months. A prospective study carried out among 24 mothers beginning the last month of pregnancy and continuing until the time when regular complementation was instituted showed that the average duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 58 days. Infants began receiving complements on an irregular basis beginning the early postnatal days. Irregularly introduced complements often lead to gastro-intestinal reactions and weight loss. Mothers displayed sensitivity toward cues that suggested dissatisfaction in infants or other events that they conceived as threats to their milk yield in terms of quality and quantity. Mothers often discussed their decision to introduce complements with other people such as doctors and older female acquaintances who supported them toward complementation. Failure to gain sufficient weight with exclusive breastfeeding was seldom the cause of introducing complementary feeding.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1988

Infant-feeding practices in Western Australia and Tasmania: a joint survey, 1984-1985.

A joint survey of infant-feeding practices that was carried out in Western Australia and Tasmania in 1984-1985 showed a continuing trend back to breast-feeding in both States. In Western Australia and Tasmania, 86% and 81% of mothers, respectively, were breast-feeding their babies on hospital discharge. Forty-five per cent of all mothers were still breast-feeding at six months. The social rank of the family had a significant effect on both the prevalence of breast-feeding and on the length of lactation: more mothers in the higher social groups breast-fed their infants, and for longer periods than did mothers of lower social groups. Few infants were introduced to solid foods before three months of age; however, solid and non-milk foods were introduced earlier to infants who were fed artificially than those who were breast-fed.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1992

The epidemiology of breast-feeding in Mexico: rural vs. urban areas.

This article summarizes published and unpublished data on breast-feeding in Mexico collected between 1958 and 1987. These data suggest that Mexican rates of initiation of breast-feeding (78-83%) are among the lowest found in developing countries, that the median duration of breast-feeding in 1987 was virtually the same as it had been in 1976, and that about half of all Mexican infants are not breast-fed beyond six months of age. A finding that the duration of breast-feeding was shortest in urban areas has important policy implications, since 72% of the population lives in urban zones.

Breast Feeding↗