Britain and America: brain drains and brain gains.
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Emigration and Immigration↗
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Results for “Brain Drain”
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Brain drain and health professionals. Brain drain disseminates skill and advances science.
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Career Choice↗
Brain drain and health professionals. Relocation is better term than brain drain.
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Clinical Competence↗
[Trends and new factors affecting the brain drain from developing countries].
Current trends in brain-drain migration from developing to developed countries are analyzed. "Describing the growing specialisation of and rapid changes in the demand for qualified migrants in developed countries, this study shows that the brain drain phenomenon is increasingly fed by LDCs nationals migrating primarily for studies abroad. The resulting economic and social effects, both for sending and receiving countries, of the brain drains' modern patterns are analysed, as is the current action undertaken by various parties to eradicate this phenomenon." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Demography↗
The medical "brain drain" and health priorities in Latin America.
This analysis of the medical brain drain places the problem in the context of the health care infrastructure in the developing world. It emphasizes Latin American social realities as a corrective to the self-interest which characterizes much of the current debate in the United States. It is argued that the same factors constituting emigration "push" factors in Latin America simultaneously underscore the relative unimportance of medical manpower migration compared to other obstacles to health progress. That conclusion is supported by a comparison of the relative damage caused by the brain drain by itself and the damage caused by factors which the brain drain concomitantly symbolizes and flows from: elitist objectives, misdirected priorities, unrealistic policies, and inadequate planning on the part of most Latin American nations. In the absence of urgently needed change in traditional structures, merely closing the gates on foreign medical graduates will not serve to ameliorate health conditions in the region. Those who seek real health improvements for developing nations must address greater challenges than the brain drain.
Allied Health Personnel↗
Causes of brain drain and solutions: the Taiwan experience.
"This article examines brain drain, its origin in Taiwan, and government response. One of the major findings of this study is that the elite emigration in Taiwan has been caused by a host of complex academic, social, economic, and personal factors." The author notes that the brain drain from Taiwan to the United States is primarily an outflow of college graduates rather than of trained scientists and engineers. Measures developed by the Taiwanese government to recruit overseas graduates back to Taiwan are described.
Americas↗
The African brain drain: causes and policy prescriptions.
"This article analyzes the causes of the African Brain Drain. It also identifies policy prescriptions to stem the tide of the brain drain....The analysis shows that African governments should try to retain their skilled personnel by significantly improving their economies so as to provide the basic necessities of life to their people. African governments should also democratize their political institutions and respect individual human rights. Finally, they should create a conducive socio political environment for the skilled professional to operate, otherwise even the most patriotic of them would be tempted to emigrate."
Africa↗
Economic analysis of brain drain.
"In this paper, we consider the brain drain problem arising from the possibility of signaling and individual's two-stage decision procedures within an asymmetric information framework. Where the ranking of the universities provides a signal to domestic employers, our results indicate that, at rational expectations equilibrium, there is an association between students of a particular quality and corresponding qualities of universities they will choose to attend to attain Ph.D.'s. Moreover, we can predict whether these graduating Ph.D.'s choose to return home or remain abroad."
Behavior↗
Brain drain or OE? Characteristics of young New Zealanders who leave.
AIMS: To characterise the emigration patterns of young New Zealanders. METHODS: The 980 members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study participating in the "age-26" (1998-1999) assessment provided information about emigration behaviour, qualifications, aspects of physical and mental health and personality. RESULTS: 26% of the sample had moved overseas to live between the ages of 18 and 26, with the United Kingdom and Australia being the most common destinations. Compared to non-emigrants, emigrants had higher IQ scores, were better qualified, leaner and fitter, and had happier and less stress-prone personalities. Based on their planned return date, 63% of emigrants were considered to be on their OE overseas experience (OE, return in <5 years), 18% were defined as brain-drain emigrants (return in >5 years or never) and 18% were uncertain about their return. Brain-drain emigrants were more likely than OE emigrants to leave for better work opportunities, and they were also more likely to go to Australia. However, there were no differences in terms of qualifications, intelligence and personality between OE and brain-drain emigrants. CONCLUSIONS: Most young New Zealanders in this cohort who left for overseas were embarking on their OE. Brain-drain emigrants make up a sizeable minority of emigrants, but appear to possess no more skills than those who plan or choose to return.
Adolescent↗
Contemporary Indian immigration to the United States--is the brain drain over?
"The post-mid-1970's picture of international migration from India...gives the impression that its 'brain drain' to the developed countries of the West, particularly the U.S.A. declined.... The impression was also consolidated by changes in the American Immigration Law wherein the emphasis had seemingly shifted from the 'occupational usefulness' of the immigrants in the American labour market to their 'family reunification.'.... The paper argues that human capital transfers through migration from India [have] not abated simply because of immigration under the 'occupational preference' categories. Rather what happened is that the brain drain has continued through alternative channels...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
Americas↗
[The brain drain: theoretical framework and hypotheses].
"This article studies the 'brain drain' issue from the sociological perspective. It analyzes the various reasons why students from developing countries go to North American and European universities and why they decide either to return or not to return to their own country after graduation. The author...concludes that, although there are political, socioeconomic and academic factors, one's decision to return or not to return to one's country depends mainly on individual aspirations (personal and cultural development) and collective aspirations (perceived possibilities of playing a constructive role, political or otherwise, in one's native country)." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Demography↗
The theoretical and empirical evaluation of the third world brain drain to the United States: 1972-1987.
"This paper is divided into four sections. Section I deals with theoretical issues behind labor migration in general with emphasis on 'brain drain'. Section II is concerned with an empirical analysis of third world professional immigration into the U.S. for the time period 1972-1987. Section III discusses policy implications to deal with [the] 'brain drain' problem."
Americas↗
Reverse brain drain in South Korea: state-led model.
Korea's reverse brain drain (RBD) has been an organized government effort, rather than a spontaneous social phenomenon, in that various policies and the political support of President Park, Chung-Hee were instrumental in laying the groundwork for its success. Particular features of Korea's RBD policies are the creation of a conducive domestic environment (i.e., government-sponsored strategic R & D institution-building, legal, and administrative reforms), and importantly, the empowerment of returnees (via, i.e., exceptionally good maternal benefits, guarantees of research autonomy). President Park played the cardinal role in empowering repatriates at the expense of his own civil bureaucracy, and his capacity for such patronage derived from Korea's bureaucratic-authoritarian political system. Returning scientists and engineers directly benefitted from this political system as well as Park's personal guardianship. For Park, empowerment of returning "brains" was necessary to accomplish his national industrialization plan, thereby enhancing his political legitimacy in domestic politics. An alliance with the R & D cadre was functionally necessary to successfully consolidate strong presidential power, and politically nonthreatening due to the particular form of "pact of domination" in Korea's power structure. RBD in Korea will continue in the near future given Korea's drive for high technology, and the remarkable expansion of local industrial and educational sectors. Korea's future RBD, however, needs to pay closer attention to the following 4 problems: research autonomy; equality issues; skill-based repatriation of technicians and engineers rather than Ph.Ds; and subsidies to small and medium industry for RBD.
Asia↗
Refugee flow or brain-drain? The humanitarian policy and post-Tiananmen mainland Chinese immigration to Canada.
"The humanitarian policy that the Canadian government implemented in response to the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown changed a migration system primarily based on personal networks into a brain drain. Post-Tiananmen mainland Chinese immigrants (MCIs) were better educated than those arriving in Canada previously. Among the post-Tiananmen MCIs, those who landed under the policy were better educated than those landing in other categories. The analysis suggests that post-Tiananmen MCIs represented a brain-drain rather than a refugee flow, that the humanitarian policy implicitly contained ideological and human capital concerns in addition to humanitarian concerns, and that Canada benefited from the policy by obtaining human capital as well as satisfying its humanitarian obligations and ideological aspirations."
Americas↗
[The brain drain, internal migration, and management of human resources in China].
"A major impediment to Third World development, the brain drain in the People's Republic of China originates from a variety of factors which, to a notable extent, differ from more traditional causes identified in most other developing countries. In addition to political management of human resources, the organization itself of the educational system and the regularisation of internal migration are basic causes of China's massive brain emigration. Through various relations maintained by the Chinese Government with its expatriate communities, and in order to promote (and finance) the economic and technological process engaged in the early 1980s, a number of measures and incentives to integrate more rationally the resident professionals and to promote the return of expatriate brains have been adopted.... Uncertainties today impede any clear assessment of the...viability of China's official policy of recognition and integration of national professionals." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Asia↗
The brain drain.
The adult human brain weights around three pounds. Yet it is capable of feats that dwarf those of the most sophisticated computers. The sad fact is, those brains are largely wasted in modern organizations. Instead of tapping the full capacity of the human brains that could make our organizations more efficient and effective, we allow them to lapse into an inexcusably large amount of wasted activity. What is needed by the health care field, in a time that demands more with less, is more sensible use not only of its manpower but also of its brainpower.
Health Facilities↗
Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy?
"This paper analyzes the interaction between income distribution, human capital accumulation and migration. It shows that when migration is not a certainty, a brain drain may increase average productivity and equality in the source economy even though average productivity is a positive function of past average levels of human capital in an economy. It is also shown how the temporary possibility of emigration may permanently increase the average level of productivity of an economy."
Demography↗
Brain drain and economic cycles with international migration: a case of minimum wage in the unskilled sector.
"The purpose of this paper is to establish the existence of economic cycles in Rodriguez's descriptive growth model with brain drain. We guarantee limit cycles in the case of minimum wages in the unskilled sector. The expression, period and stability conditions of the economic cycle are explicitly given."
Demography↗