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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Tumor markers in breast neoplasm].

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in the western world. In spite of a great deal of scientific information in relation to its origin, of new diagnostic methods and treatments, mortality rate due to breast cancer has virtually remained stable over the past 20 years. Recent advances in molecular biology have improved the understanding of the basic biology of breast cancer. This fact has led to the identification of new tumor markers the ultimate goal of which is to reduce mortality by identifying women at risk as well as predicting the prognosis of existing disease and the response to different therapies. This article focuses on both traditional and new molecular markers, their clinical utility and their relevance in the routine evaluation of patients with breast cancer.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Kinetics of breast neoplasms].

Breast cancer is a disease moderately responsive to chemotherapy. While its curability is inversely related to the tumor burden, a relevant number of patients still progress to metastatic disease even after adjuvant chemotherapy. Also, high-dose chemotherapy appears promising, but can not yet be considered ultimately curative of breast cancer. Different variables, biological, kinetic and treatment-related, account for the clinical behaviour of this disease. In order to improve its curability, they will all need to be taken into account in planning future treatment strategies. One of the most effective ways to understand and predict the clinical behaviour of breast cancer is the development of appropriate mathematical models explaining its growth-patterns. Aim of this paper is to review the two fundamental models, the exponential and the Gompertzian. The exponential model is at the basis of the Skipper-Schabel and the Goldie-Coldman hypotheses, while the Norton-Simon hypothesis has been formulated from the gompertzian model. The latter appears to better fit the vast amount of clinical data which are presently available: from Bloom's analysis of untreated breast cancer patients, to the results of large clinical trials, to the data emerged from the recent meta-analysis. Characteristic of a gompertzian growth pattern is that exponential growth is matched by exponential retardation of growth. In 1943 Delbruck and Luria demonstrated that random mutations could account for the development of virus resistance in bacteria and were able to estimate the rate of mutation as a function of the growth rate of bacteria. Shortly after Law demonstrated that resistance to methotrexate in murine leukemia occurred similarly. The concept of combination chemotherapy actually derived from the idea that cancer cells could be resistant to chemotherapy even before exposure to it. Goldie and Coldman applied the Delbruck/Luria model to hypothesize the use of non cross-resistant alternating combination chemotherapy as a better way to eliminate the risk of resistance. They also suggested that many different drugs were to be used as soon as possible, when the tumor size is still small. Most of their predictions were based on the Skipper/Schabel model of the exponential growth of cancer and on its deriving log-kill model. A large amount of clinical data are now suggesting that the behaviour of breast cancer is best described by gompertzian growth: in particular, gompertzian growth is a tenable model of breast cancer growth for both the unperturbed and the perturbed (by treatment) states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

[A multicenter study for the evaluation of the diagnostic efficiency of mammography and echography in nonpalpable breast neoplasms].

The Breast Section of the Italian Society of Radiology set up a cooperative study which included 17 Departments of Radiology and Breast Diagnosis in order to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of US versus mammography in nonpalpable breast lesions. From January 1, 1989 to december 31, 1990, 400 nonpalpable breast lesions (142 benign lesions, 59 in situ and 199 infiltrating carcinomas) were detected by mammography and/or US; they had questionable/suspicious findings which called for further investigation by means of cytology and/or histology. US proved much less sensitive in non-palpable carcinomas than mammography (49.2% vs 93.8%), also in younger women, and failed to detect 50% of the benign/malignant nonpalpable lesions identified by mammography. US sensitivity was directly related to lesion diameter and probe frequency: 38.7% in infiltrating carcinomas < or = 5 mm vs 56.8% in those > 10 mm; 12% in the patients examined with a 5-MHz probe vs 57.7% in those examined with a > or = 7.5-MHz probe. Furthermore, the most significant US patterns of nonpalpable lesion were irregular contours, posterior attenuation and irregular internal echoes, while an irregular skin line and Cooper ligaments had no significant relation with carcinoma. Thus, breast US cannot be used as a screening test on asymptomatic patients not even on young women with radiologically dense breasts. On the contrary, US performed with high-frequency probes is useful in the assessment of nonpalpable lesions identified by mammography, and allows, in many cases, US-guided cytology and preoperative localization.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Thyroid disease and breast cancer, benign breast neoplasm: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent and significant health issue and a major contributor to global cancer incidence, accounting for 31% of all reported cases in women. Benign breast neoplasm, as a benign tumor with a high incidence in women, may play an important role in the development of BC. Previous studies have shown that thyroid dysfunction and thyroid cancer (TC) can lead to the occurrence of many cancers. Therefore, we conduct Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causality of thyroid dysfunctions, TC, and breast neoplasm. METHODS: The data of the analysis from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset. The exposure includes FT4, TSH, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and TC. Meanwhile, the outcome consists of BC, HER2-enriched BC, HER2-negative BC, and benign breast neoplasm. We used five methods (inverse variance weighted (IVW) random effects model, IVW fixed effects model, MR-Egger method, median weighted method, and the weighted mode method). We used the MR-PRESSO test and MR-Egger intercept test to detect horizontal pleiotropy and Cochran's Q test to detect heterogeneity. RESULTS: The IVW method showed a positive relationship between high FT4 levels and BC (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.210 p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.008) and an inverse association between TSH levels (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.908 p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.007), hypothyroidism (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.959, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.014) and BC. For HER2-positive BC, an elevated FT4 level was associated with an increased risk (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.314, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001). Genetically predicted high TSH levels (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.899, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02) and hypothyroidism (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.944, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.003) were associated with a decreased risk of HER2-positive BC. Meanwhile, individuals with TC (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.003, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.048), and hyperthyroidism (OR IVW&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.127, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.006) were associated with an increasing risk of development of benign breast neoplasm. Hyperthyroidism was associated with an elevated risk of benign breast neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: The present MR study explains the association between thyroid diseases and BC (mainly in HER2-positive BC). Furthermore, it demonstrates that hyperthyroidism, low levels of TSH, and TC may contribute to the development of benign breast neoplasm.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[The state of hormone and chemotherapy in breast neoplasms].

Several decisive developments have emerged during the past few years in the hormonal treatment and chemotherapy receptors should make for a more selective and successful application of hormone therapy. In the field of chemotherapy, highly active substances have been developed. Two groups of routine treatment may be defined: the first employs combinations of cytoxan, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and prednisone, and the other, combinations of these agents with the highly active adriamycin. With these combinations, remissions lasting an average of over one year, with significantly prolonged survival, can be achieved in about two thirds of patients. It remains uncertain whether initial addition of hormone treatment to the chemotherapy is of definite advantage. Modern chemotherapy appears to have been especially beneficial in altering the course in patients with poor prognosis. The newest development is the use of chemotherapy postoperatively, i.e. so-called adjuvant chemotherapy. For the present this should only be done within controlled studies and in patients with histologically proven axillary lymph node metastases.

Androgens↗