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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Field and laboratory analysis of an outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Bulgaria in 1991.

In July 1991, an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) occurred near Stefan Karadjovo village in Boliarovo (south-east Bulgaria, close to the Turkish border). The virus isolated was identified in Bulgaria as serotype O and this was subsequently confirmed by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in Pirbright (United Kingdom). Serological studies using bovine sera and monoclonal antibody analysis were made. In addition, the sequence of approximately 170 nucleotides at the 3' end of the 1D gene was determined for the field isolate and for vaccine strains used in Bulgaria. These were compared with other sequences of type O FMD viruses from outbreaks in the Middle East. Serum samples were taken from domestic animals in the region close to the outbreak and examined for anti-FMD virus antibodies to assess the extent (if any) of spread of the virus before or after the outbreak. No evidence of infection was found in these animals. The virus involved in the Bulgarian outbreak was antigenically similar to the O1 vaccine strains but probably did not originate from these strains. The virus was closely related genetically to a group of viruses isolated in the Middle East since 1987, suggesting that it may have been introduced into Bulgaria from an area in the Middle East by unidentified means.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Artificial abortions in Bulgaria and their prevention].

Authors go into one extremely important problem for the family, woman, natality and family planning in Bulgaria. Scarcely during the last years it can be observed a slight reduction of the frequency of induced abortions. The average age of women having an abortion is high--about 30, which shows, that induced abortion is still a method of regulation fertility in intergenetic interval. The rate of those who have induced abortion under the age of 19 in Bulgaria is 7.8 to 53.3%, in Czechoslovakia, 6.7%, in DDR--50.0%, Greece--68%, Hungary--8.9%, Sweden--15.8%. The rate of done again induced abortion is higher, that is a result of bad preventing activities during the first abortion. Similar is the tendency of growing number of unmarried women having an induced abortion, as it is in the other countries: from 16.4% in 1980 to 21.7% in 1987. Bulgaria is on the third place in Europe according to the absolute number of dead cases after abortion (maternity death, after Rumania and USSR). It can be mentioned that in Bulgaria women do not use the most modern and safest devices, medicines for interruption of pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Ophthalmology in Bulgaria.

Bulgaria faces a marked shortage of ophthalmic resources. There are over 600 ophthalmologists for this Balkan nation of 8.9 million, giving Bulgaria a ratio of ophthalmologists to overall population that is similar to that of the United States; however, less than 20% of these ophthalmologists perform surgery. No formal residency or fellowship training programs exist in the country. Ophthalmic textbooks and journals are written predominantly in Russian and are in short supply. Pharmaceutical supplies are extremely limited. The leading cause of blindness in Bulgaria is cataracts that have not been treated surgically. Most cataracts are removed with intracapsular extraction. However, in the major cities, extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of intraocular lenses is available.

Blindness↗
PubMed1975

[The etiology structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria (author's transl)].

In the course of many years the authors have studied the etiological structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria and have typed a significant number of leptospira strains isolated from humans and animals. The strains have been isolated by the authors themselves for the most part, while some others have been received from other laboratories in the country. The contributions of other authors in this field have been taken into consideration. In identifying these strains use has been made of the methods of the cross agglutination-lysis reaction and the cross absorption according to Schüffner and Bohlander, while in typing the strains from the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis serogroups there have been applied also factor sera according to the method of KMETY. The presence of the following serotypes has been established in Bulgaria: L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. copenhageni, L. sofia, L. canicola, L. bulgarica, L. srebarna, L. lora, L. jalna, L. bratislava, L. pomona, L. mozdok, L. tsaratsovo, L. sejroe, L. balcanica, L. saxkoebing, L. mini, L. batabiae, L. tarassovi. Three of these serotypes, namely, L. sofia (874) L. bulgarica (Nikolaevo) and L. balcanica (1627 Burgas), have been isolated for the first time in Bulgaria, accepted as independent serotypes, and included as such in the International Classification Scheme of the Leptospirae. The serotypes srebarna and tsaratsovo have recently been established by MANEV as independent Bulgarian serotypes, but they have not yet been accepted internationally as such, since no control has been carried out by other reference laboratories.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Resistance of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) to DDT and Propoxur in some parts of Bulgaria.

Five field strains of Blattella germanica from different areas of Bulgaria were tested for resistance to DDT. The strain from Sofia-city after 24 hours of exposure was resistant to DDT in terms of mortality by resistant ratio of 3.76 at the LT50 level. Also 5 strains of B. germanica from 3 regions of Bulgaria have been tested to the carbamate insecticide--Propoxur. For the first time in Bulgaria, DDT- and Propoxur-resistant cockroach strains have been found. It is due to female and nymph resistance, while the males are highly susceptible to Propoxur.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[New materials on the history of veterinary medicine in Bulgaria].

Several tens of ritual plates are preserved in Bulgaria on which elements of glorification are found of god Mithras who gained popularity particularly in the 1st-IIIrd century in the regions of Thrace and today's North Bulgaria, then provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire. Mithras seemed to be respected by slaves, soldiers, and merchants alike, but was also an exemplar to the Roman emperors, being considered by them as Sol invictus or Deo invicto. The central scene in all plates is that of Mithras tauroctonus (Mithras, the killer of bulls). This scene is likewise of interest to veterinarians as it shows that in such early epoch the people that lived within the territory of Bulgaria of today used a method for the felling of large animals, the elements of which--fixing the head and bending it backwards, fastening the thorax with a belt or another loop, loading the animal's back--are still existing and are used in a number of modern methods of felling (that of Hess, the Caucasian way of felling, the Chinese one of Dou-Chan-Than, etc.) Besides, the people of ancient time knew that ruminants have an incomplete upper dentition. They skilfully employed this to bring animals that had to be felled into an unusual nonphysiologic posture. Not sooner than 16 centuries prior to the preformists (the spermists) they supported the concept that the testes were the source of life.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1983

[Physical condition and work capacity of Vietnamese workers in the People's Republic of Bulgaria].

The expansion of integration processes on economics between P.R. of Bulgaria and S.R. of Vietnam during the eight 5-year plan period and the increased number of Vietnamese workers in Bulgaria determine the actuality and significance of the problem of the studies on their physical state and working capacity. One hundred sixty newly-come Vietnamese workers, aged between 20 and 35 were examined as well as 89 subjects, working as miners in Madan mines, with three years average length or service and average age 20-30. The following indices were used in the determination of the physical state and working capacity: height, body weight, chest measurements, vital capacity, muscular strength and hand muscular strength, time of simple and complicated visual-motor reaction. The results revealed that the group of workers, with a 3-year stay in Bulgaria, had statistically significant, higher values of the majority of the indices as compared with those of the newly-come Vietnamese. The Vietnamese workers manifested lower values of the indices for physical development (with 5 to 25%) as compared with the Bulgarians, the difference being considerably smaller in the miners' group. The future longitudinal studies on the physical state and working capacity of the Vietnamese workers will be the grounds for the elaboration of norms for physical loading, weight lifting, etc.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Félix Kánitz on animal husbandry in northern Bulgaria and the Stara Planina at the end of the Turkish occupation].

The Hungarian geographer, archaeologist, and ethnographer Kánitz Félix, great friend and admirer of the Bulgarian people has left valuable and comprehensive information about North Bulgaria and the Balkan Mountain by the end of the Ottoman oppression in his work La Bulgarie Danubienne et le Balkan (1882). The book contains also valuable references concerning the animal breeding activities within the 1860-1880 period in this part of the world. In the mountainous region in Bulgaria sheep- and goat-breeding were well developed, and this accounted to a large extent for the destruction of forests. Numerous and large flocks of sheep were raised in Dobrouja, a portion of which belonged to the famous shepherds of the town of Kotel. During the winter season a great number of flocks from Transylvania were also kept in this region. The breeding of sheep was the main source of meat supply both for North Bulgaria and the Balkan Mount region and for the markets of the Ottoman Empire. It also yielded a total of 120,000 okas of wool (78 okas = 100 kg) annually to meet the needs of the Empire manufacture as centered at that time in the town of Sliven for the production of textiles for the army. The raising of cattle was also prosperous during the same time. On the other hand, stock breeding was unfavourably influenced by heavy taxing in the form of both cash payment and remuneration in kind, by requisitioning (especially in war time) and the endless thefts and robberies done by tatars and cherkesses that had moved to this country from Caucasus. This exploitation concerned equally Bulgarian and Turkish animal breeders.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1977

Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in vratza district, Bulgaria.

Data on the occurrence of endemic nephropathy (EN) and urinary tract and other cancers in an endemic region of Vratza district, Bulgaria, for the years 1965-1974, are presented. In endemic villages a high incidence of urinary tract tumours, affecting in particular the renal pelvis and ureter, closely correlated with the EN incidence and mortality rates. In the villages with high and moderate EN incidences urinary tract tumours are the most common neoplasms. They account for 25% of all tumour sites in males and 30% in females. In hyperendemic villages age-adjusted incidences in EN and urinary tract tumours were 506/10(5) and 104/10(5) in females, and 315/10(5) and 89/10(5) in males respectively. EN mortality in these villages accounted for over 40% of all deaths in females and about 30% in males. Both diseases displayed peculiar geographic clustering. Females and middle-aged persons were most often affected. Urinary tract neoplasms were often multiple and nearly 90% of them originated in the uro-epithelium. In endemic and non-endemic villages of the region studied, the frequency and pattern of non-urinary tract cancers were rather similar, with statistical values close to those of the rural population of Vratza District and Bulgaria as a whole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Seroepizootology of Q fever in Bulgaria during the last five years.

The work presents results of investigations on Q fever seroepizootology in Bulgaria during the last five years. These data are compared with the preceding period from 1950 to 1983. The basic method for investigation is Complement fixation test. Also used are immunofluorescence, agglutination reaction, cultivation and direct Electron microscopy. In general 15,814 samples were tested. Q fever positivity was foundin 10.08% of cattle, 20.44% of sheep, 10.17% of goats, 59.25% of dogs, 26.66% of magpies, 11.11% of wood-pigeons, 7.40% of mouflons, 7.14% of foxes and 5.82% of hens. These data confirm the results of our preceding investigations for the wide dissemination of C. burnetti among domestic animals. Positive data for the significant spread of C. burnetti among the wild animals and birds also exists. The disease manifests itself clinically in abortions in sheep and cattle and mastitis in sheep. The inapparent form, however, is much more frequent. The infected dogs represent a special interest. The control measures are based on the wide use of tetracyclines. The presented data testify to the continuing importance of the problem of Q fever in Bulgaria.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1998

First characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ticks and skin biopsy in Bulgaria.

Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent tick-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Here we describe the first isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Bulgaria: the midguts of 47 Ixodes ricinus obtained by flagging from the Central park in Sofia, Bulgaria were cultivated for borreliae in BSK medium. The eight isolates obtained from the ticks and one skin isolate from a Bulgarian patient with erythema migrans were subjected to phenotypic [outer surface protein A (OspA) serotyping] and genotypic analysis (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing followed by large restriction fragment pattern analysis after MluI digestion, polymerase chain reaction with 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rrf-rrl intergenic spacer amplicons). The skin isolate was B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, as were four of the tick isolates; the other four tick isolates were B. garinii representing three different OspA serotypes (types 3, 5 and 7). These findings confirm the wide geographic distribution of the different B. garinii-associated OspA serotypes in Europe (shown here for the first time for the Southeastern part of Europe) and of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto in the Western hemisphere. These findings have implications for development of diagnostic tests and a borrelia vaccine in Southeastern Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cystic fibrosis mutations and associated haplotypes in Bulgaria - a comparative population genetic study.

We present data on the population genetics of cystic fibrosis (CF) in Bulgaria, obtained by comprehensive mutation analysis and the construction of intragenic microsatellite haplotypes. The sample of 262 CF alleles analysed is representative of the patients diagnosed during the period of referral and of the three main ethnic groups in the country. deltaF508 accounted for 100% of Gypsy CF alleles, which thus differed significantly from both Bulgarians and ethnic Turks. In Bulgarian and Turkish CF patients, 92% of the mutant alleles were identified, yielding a total of 25 different mutations, of which only 7 occurred at frequencies higher than 1%. The findings were compared to other European populations and to the distribution of phenylketonuria mutations. Genetic distances and population trees demonstrated that in the south-eastern tip of Europe, the overall distribution of CF mutations and polymorphic haplotypes is very close to that of Mediterranean populations, with a high frequency of N1303K and G542X, a large number of rare mutations and a prevalence of the 23 31 13 haplotype in association with deltaF508. These findings are consistent with a main role for the Neolithic expansion in the shaping of the CF mutation spectrum in Bulgaria and southern Europe.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1995

Immunological subtypes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Bulgaria.

With regards to the geographical variation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) distribution, we present data from the immunophenotyping of 171 newly diagnosed cases of childhood ALL in Bulgaria during a 4 year period (1990-1994). On the basis of 17 phenotypic markers the distribution of immunological subtypes was as follows: AUL 4%; Pro-B ALL 13%; common ALL 42%; Pre-B ALL 11%; B-ALL 1%; T-ALL 28% and unclassified 2%. Most of the cases were between 2 and 5 years of age. Common ALL was predominant (53%) in this age group. The male:female ratio was 1.7:1. The frequency of T-ALL (28%) was significantly higher (P < 0.01; t = 3.49) in comparison to that reported for the U.S.A. and West European countries (mean 13%). It was close to the frequency reported by some authors for France (20%), Greece (26%) and south Italy (28.1%). These countries and Bulgaria might form an environmental area with a moderate frequency of T-ALL.

Adolescent↗