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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Heat resistance of "Bacillus subtilis" and "Bacillus stearothermophilus" spores in ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and butylene glycol solutions. Criticism of the use of thermodynamic parameters (author's transl)].

Increasing concentrations of ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) or 2,3-butylene glycol (BG) lower the heat resistance of B. subtilis SJ2 and B. stearothermophilus 1518 spores, and there is a linear relationship between logarithm of decimal reduction time (D) and glycol concentration. D120 degreesc values of B. subtilis spores in 0.02M, pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 20 per cent (w/w) EG, PG and BG are respectively 1, 0.7 and 1.1 min compared to 1.5 min in buffer alone. Corresponding values for B. stearothermophilus spores are 2, 2.4 and 3 min compared to 3.2 min. The type of glycol has little effect upon temperature coefficient z for destruction of the B. subtilis spores (average 6.9 degrees C). On the contrary, in the case of B. stearothermophilus, z increases when the number of carbons increases in the glycol molecule (from 7 to 15 degrees). The thermodynamic parameters which characterize the activation of the spore destruction reaction cannot lead to a general conclusion about a possible mechanism of destruction in the presence of chemical compounds belonging to an homologous series: the two behave diversely, and there is no "isokinetic temperature".

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1978

Protective effects of ketogenic diets on signs of hypoglycemia.

The effects of diet-induced ketosis on the signs of hypoglycemia were investigated. Lard, medium chain triglycerides, or 1,3-butylene glycol comprised 43% of the diet fed to mice. The diet containing lard or medium chain triglycerides greatly protected the animals from the manifestations of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Furthermore, both diets protected the animals from the effects of repeated insulin injections (every eight hours) for 10 days. In contrast, 1,3-butylene glycol had no protective effects. These experiments suggest that ketogenic diets may be of value in the treatment of recurrent hypoglycemic conditions.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1976

Activated sludge degradation of adipic acid esters.

The biodegradability of three aliphatic adipic acid diesters and a 1,3-butylene glycol adipic acid polyester was determined in acclimated, activated sludge systems. Rapid primary biodegradation from 67 to 99+% was observed at 3- and 13-mg/liter feed levels for di-n-hexyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, and di(heptyl, nonyl) adipate in 24 h. When acclimated, activated sludge microorganisms were employed as the seed for two carbon dioxide evolution procedures, greater than 75% of the theoretical carbon dioxide was evolved for the three diesters and the polyester in a 35-day test period. The essentially complete biodegradation observed in these studies suggests that these esters would not persist when exposed to similar mixed microbial populations in the environment.

Adipates↗
PubMed1975

Nutritional application and implication of 1,3-butanediol.

Research in the United States on synthetic sources of dietary calories was initiated in 1958 to develop high nutrient density food for extended manned space travel. Of many known compounds screened, 1,3-butanediol was the most promising. Small amounts in ester form with fatty acids exist in nature, and tests indicate a low acute oral and chronic toxicity similar to that of propylene glycol or glycerol. Multi-generation reproduction, teratological, and mutagen studies have revealed nothing detrimental. Following an adaptation period, 1,3-butanediol furnishes approximately 6 kcal/g if fed at levels not exceeding 20% in the diet of rats. Higher levels result in an impairment in growth and food utilization. In young animals, body fat stores appear to be lessened, as is resistance to the stress of extreme cold. However, dogs fed 20% 1,3-butanediol can maintain sustained muscular work on treadmills, but larger amounts can result in incoordination due to a narcotic effect common to glycols. Little research has been conducted on the behavioral effects of large doses. At present, 1,3-butanediol is used mainly as a solvent for food flavors. If the unpleasant taste problem can be overcome and if given FDA approval, 1,3-butanediol may have an increased role in our food supply as a functional food additive, preservative, and source of calories for man and animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Permeability of dog lung endothelium to sodium, diols, amides, and water.

Bolus injection of T-1824-albumin, test indicator, and tritiated water into a jugular vein of the anesthetized dog and sequential sampling of blood from a carotid artery yielded multiple-indicator outflow patterns for the lung. Permeability-surface products of the test indicator for the lung endothelial barrier were obtained by comparison of test indicator with T-1824-albumin on the upslope of the test-indicator curve and correction for backdiffusion. The derived endothelial permeability coefficients, based on surface area/wet lung weight-500 cm2/g (mean +/- 2 SE, 10(-5) cm s(-1)), were: sodium ion, 2.9 +/- 0.8; ethylene glycol, 7.3 +/- 1.5; 1, 3-propranediol, 7.9 +/- 3.2; 1, 2-propanediol, 10 +/- 4; 1, 4-butanediol, 14 +/- 8; 1, 5-pentanediol, 21 +/- 6; 1, 6-hexanediol, 41 +/- 11; formamide, 16 +/- 9; acetamide, 13 +/- 4; propionamide, 31 +/- 12; butyramide, 42 +/- 24; valeramide, 79 +/- 12; tritiated water, 150 +/- 50. The backdiffusion correction varies from 8% for sodium to 75% for valeramide. A parallel-pathway model of blood-tissue passive exchange of small nonelectrolyte solutes is compatible with these results, with a lipid pathway through endothelial cells and an aqueous pathway possibly through interendothelial clefts.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1992

Successful cryopreservation of mouse blastocysts using a new vitrification solution.

Mouse blastocysts were exposed to solutions containing four concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40% v/v) of six permeating cryoprotectants (glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-butanediol and 2,3-butanediol) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calf serum (CS) at room temperature (20-22 degrees C). Blastocysts were exposed to these solutions for various periods, diluted into PBS plus CS with or without 1 mol trehalose l-1 solution and their subsequent survival in vitro was examined. Two-way anova showed a significant interaction (P < 0.01) between cryoprotectant type, concentration of cryoprotectant and method of dilution. However, no significant interaction was observed between cryoprotectant type and duration of exposure. Results suggest that cryoprotectant-induced injury to nonfrozen blastocysts is variable and depends on the cryoprotectant used. On the basis of toxicity assays, ethylene glycol was the least harmful and was combined with dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,3-butanediol to produce a new vitrification solution. Mouse blastocysts were successfully cryopreserved using a vitrification solution (designated as VSv) consisting of 20% ethylene glycol, 20% dimethyl sulfoxide and 10% 1,3-butanediol (v/v). Embryos were equilibrated in two steps, first in an equilibration solution (designated as ESv: 10% ethylene glycol, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% 1,3-butanediol; v/v) and then to VSv or one-step in VSv at different exposure times at room temperature, and then vitrified by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen. High developmental rates were obtained in vitro when the embryos were exposed to ESv and VSv for 3 and 0.5 min, respectively (96.2%) or exposed to VSv for 0.5 min (95.4%). Prolonged exposure time proved detrimental to subsequent embryo development in vitro. When vitrified warmed embryos were transferred immediately to pseudopregnant recipients, the rate of development to normal fetuses did not significantly differ from that of the nonvitrified control (two-step, 54.2 and one-step, 45.0 versus 60.0%, P > 0.05). These results suggest that the simple vitrification solution described in this study is effective for the cryopreservation of mouse blastocysts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

Effects of various metabolites (sugars, carboxylic acids and alcohols) on riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Ashbya gossypii.

The effects of various sugars and sugar derivatives on flavinogenesis were examined using non-growing cells of a high flavinogenic mold, Ashbya gossypii. Glucose, fructose and galactose were found to be the most stimulative. Glycerol and glucono-delta-lactone were less stimulative; next in order were n-propanol, n-butanol, glycols and butanediols, which were likewise effective; acetate, lactate and pyruvate were slightly stimulative. In contrast, ribose, xylose, arabinose, ribitol, citrate, succinate, oxaloacetate, glyoxylate and malate were rather inhibitory, in additions at 1.0%. Among these compounds, ethanol (1%) greatly stimulated riboflavin formation. Maximum flavinogenesis with the above stimulants was attained by the additions of 1% ethanol, 1.25--3.0% glucose, 1.25% glycerol, 4.0--6.0% propane and butanediols, 1.0% pyruvate and 0.9% acetate after 37 hr incubation, respectively. These compounds inhibited flavinogenesis with increasing concentrations above their optimum concentrations. The stimulation effect of ethanol far exceeded those of other stimulants but ethanol had almost no effect on growth and pH values during incubation. With the addition of ethanol (1%) during incubation, maximum formation (1,776 microgram/g wet mycelia) of riboflavin was achieved when added at the start of incubation and the most effective utilization was observed when added at the logarithmic phase of flavinogenesis, although the maximum formation of riboflavin in the latter case was much lower than in the former case. The relation of sugar metabolism, especially ethanol metabolism, to flavinogenesis was discussed with the flavinogenic activities of these additives.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Profiles in altered metabolism I--the organic acids accumulating in acute non-diabetic ketoacidosis associated with alcoholism.

Several organic acids, among them the acidic catabolites of the branched chain amino acids and tyrosine, have been found to be elevated in the sera of non-diabetic patients presenting acute ketoacidosis associated with alcohol abuse. These findings are interpreted in terms of insufficiency of dietary co-factors required for their further catabolism. Butane-2,3-diol is also found frequently elevated in the urine of these patients and suggests interception of hydroxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate by circulating high levels of acetaldehyde.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1976

[Fermentation of pyruvate by 7 species of phototrophic purple bacteria].

The dark, anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate under growth conditions was examined with the following species of phototrophic purple bacteria: Rhodospirillum rubrum strains Ha and S1, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa strain 2150, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain ATCC 17001, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains Kb1 and 6950, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023, and Chromatium vinosum strain D. Fermentation balances were established for all experiments. Under fermentative conditions cell protein and dry weight increased only slightly, if at all. The species differed considerably in their fermentative activity; R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa exhibited the highest rates (2-8 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). R. acidophila and R. capsulata showed an intermediate fermentation rate (0.4--2.0 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h), while the other strains tested fermented at quite low rates (0.2-0.4 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). The extremes of fermentation times were from 30-380 hours. Based on the products of fermentation which were formed in addition to acetate, formate, and CO2, the species can be grouped as follows: a) R. rubrum, R. gelatinosa, and R. sphaeroides additionally form propionate. b) R. gelatinosa, R. palustris, R. capsulata, R. sphaeroides, and C. vinosum additionally form lactate. R. palustris also produces butyrate. c) R. acidophila and R. capsulata additionally form much 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, and diacetyl. Small amounts of acetoin were formed by the rest of the strains. A comparison of the fermentation of pyruvate by normal and starved cells (4 days in the light without a carbon source) of R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa shows that the latter ferment more slowly and produce less acetate and formate, but more propionate or lactate. The fermentation of pyruvate by R. rubrum was also studied in cultures in which the pH fell (7.2--6.6). Compared with the fermentation at neutral pH (7.3, 7.4), the following differences were found: a slower fermentation rate, an increased production of dry weight, an increased formation of propionate, but a reduced formation of acetate and a very low production of formate.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Bacterial 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenases.

Enterobacter aerogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus possessing L(+)-butanediol dehydrogenase produced mainly meso-butanediol and small amounts of optically active butanediol; Acetobacter suboxydans, Bacillus polymyxa and Erwinia carotovora containing D(-)-butanediol dehydrogenase produced more optically active butanediol than meso-butanediol. Resting and growing cells of these organisms oxidezed only one enantiomer of racemic butanediol. The D(-)-butanediol dehydrogenase from Bacillus polymyxa was partially purified (30-fold) with a specific activity of 24.5. Except NAD and NADH no other cofactors were required. Optimum pH-values for oxidation and reduction were pH 9 and pH 7, respectively. The optimum temperature was about 60 degrees C. The molecular weight was 100000 to 107000. The Km-values were 3.3 mM for D(-)butanediol, 6.25 mM for meso-butanediol, 0.53 mM for acetoin, 0.2 mM for NAD, 0.1 mM for NADH, 87 mM for diacetyl, 38 mM for 1,2-propanediol; 2,3-pentanedion was not a substrate for this enzyme. The L(+)butanediol dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens was purified 57-fold (specific activity 22.3). Besides NAD or NADH no cofactors were required. The optimum value for oxidation was about pH9 and for reduction pH 4.5. The optimum temperature was 32-36 degrees C. The molecular weight was 100000 to 107000. The Km-values were 5 mM for meso-butanediol, 10 mM for racemic butanediol, 6.45 for acetoin, 1 mM for NAD, 0.25 mM for NADH, 2.08 mM for diacetyl, 16.7 mM for 2,3-pentanedion and 11.8 mM for 1,2-propanediol.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed1979

Impairment of avoidance behavior following short-term ingestion of alcohol.

Acquisition and retention of a shock avoidance task were impaired in mice at 5 h and 5 days but not at 14 days after withdrawal from 5 days of chronic alcohol consumption. Mice trained before ingestion of an alcohol-containing diet showed impairment in retention of the shock avoidance procedure 5 h after withdrawal from the diet but not during ingestion or 5 days after withdrawal. At 5 h after withdrawal from the alcohol-containing diet, motor activity and sensitivity to shock were not affected, but there was a decreased motor response to shock. There was no correlation between performance of the avoidance task and the severity of withdrawal signs, as measured by hypothermia or convulsions on handling. The hypothermia and other withdrawal signs were reversed by acute injection of alcohol, but the impairment in avoidance responding was not. These results demonstrate that consumption of an ethanol-containing diet for periods as short as 5 days results in relatively long-lasting alterations in avoidance behavior after withdrawal of the diet. This behavioral impairment appears to be distinct from other signs of alcohol withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Butandioldehydrogenase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

396 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 345 originating from Togo and 51 from Japan, were submitted to the study of butandiol dehydrogenase (BDH). It was found that 52.3% of the strains were BDH-positive and 44.2% BDH-negative. An intermediate group characterized by weak reactions amounted to 3.5% of the strains. The distribution of this enzyme parallels to a certain degree the results of serotyping. Positive reactions have been found in all or most strains belonging to serotypes 03K29, O4K8, 04K12, 04K55, 05K15, and 012K19, whereas strains of serotypes 03K5 and 04K10 gave negative reactions. In serotype 05K17 both properties were found in nearly equal proportions. The test of BDH, which can supplement serotyping in characterizing strains of V. parahaemolyticus, can be applied as an aid to epidemiological studies.

Butylene Glycols↗
PubMed1976

Butanediols: selection, open field activity, and NAD reduction by liver extracts in inbred mouse strains.

Mice from the high-ethanol preferring C57BL strain and low-ethanol preferring DBA strain were tested for their preference for butanediols. The C57BL strain showed a significantly higher preference for a 10% (v/v) solution of 1,3-butanediol than the DBA strain. The C57BL strain also showed a significantly greater consumption of 1,2- and 2,3-butanediol, but the separation between strains was much smaller than with 1,3-butanediol. Both strains uniformly avoided 1,4-butanediol. Tolerance for 1,3-butanediol was tested in an open-field monitor at 3 doses. At the lowest dose the DBA strain was hyperactive and the C57BL were unaffected. At the highest dose both strains were equally depressed. The specific activity of NAD reduction on incubation of liver extracts with 1,3-butanediol and ethanol as substrates was higher with both compounds in extracts from the C57BL strain.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1979

Potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity in rats by a metabolite of 2-butanone: 2,3-butanediol.

The role of ketaone metabolism in 2-butanone-induced potentiaion of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity was studied in rats. The blood concentrations of 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol detected 4 h after dosing were 3.2 mg/100 ml, 2.4 mg/100 ml and 8.6 mg/100 ml, respectively. Eighteen hours after 2-butanone, the concentration of 2,3-butanediol rose to 25.6 mg/100 ml, while the concentrations of 2-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone declined to 0.6 mg/100 ml and 1.4 mg/100 ml, respectively. A 16-h pretreatment with either 2-butanone (2.1 ml/kg, p.o.) or 2,3-butanediol (2.12 ml/kg, p.o.) markedly enhanced the hepatotoxic response to CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg, i.p.), as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride content. In vivo, limited formation of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone occurred after this dose of 2,3-butanediol. These data suggest that the production of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2,3-butanediol via 2-butanone metabolism may participate in the augmented necrogenic effect of CCl4 seen after pretreatment with 2-butanone.

Alanine Transaminase↗