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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Ultrasonographic measurement of cheek-to-cheek diameter in fetal growth disturbances.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the value of the cheek-to-cheek diameter and the cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio in the ultrasonographic detection of abnormal fetal growth. STUDY DESIGN: The cheek-to-cheek diameter and cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio were examined in 21 small-for-gestational-age (< 10th percentile for estimated weight) and 87 large-for-gestational-age (> 90th percentile) fetuses. Statistical analysis consisted of Student's t test comparison between means and analysis of covariance for comparison of regression lines slope between these 108 fetuses and previously published nomograms of appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses. RESULTS: The mean cheek-to-cheek diameters in small-for-gestational-age fetuses were significantly smaller than in appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses (p < 0.0001). In large-for-gestational-age fetuses the mean cheek-to-cheek diameters were significantly larger (p < 0.005). Although large-for-gestational-age fetuses of diabetic mothers exhibited higher cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratios than did appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses (p < 0.0001), in fetuses of nondiabetic mothers this ratio was only minimally larger (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The cheek-to-cheek diameter and cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio are innovative ultrasonographic parameters for detecting abnormal fetal growth. Furthermore, the cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio permits insight into the possible underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of fetal macrosomia.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1991

The cheek-to-cheek diameter in the ultrasonographic assessment of fetal growth.

Deviations from normal growth modify the amounts of adipose tissue and muscle mass in the adult and the fetus. As an index of the amount of adipose tissue in the fetus, the cheek-to-cheek diameter obtained on an ultrasonographic coronal view of the face at the level of the nostrils and lips was evaluated. Two hundred thirty-four singleton uncomplicated, well-dated pregnancies ranging from 20 to 41 weeks were studied. Two hundred fetuses with biometric measurements or estimated weights between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age were included in obtaining a nomogram. Cheek-to-cheek diameter as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: Cheek-to-cheek diameter (centimeters) = -0.908 + 0.195 Gestational age (gestational age greater than or equal to 20 weeks), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.806. The cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio was almost constant, independent of gestational age, and ranged from 0.6 at 20 weeks to 0.7 at 41 weeks. Fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation tended to have lower ratios. Macrosomic fetuses of diabetic mothers had larger cheek-to-cheek diameters and elevated ratios, whereas large-for-gestational-age fetuses of nondiabetic mothers had normal ratios.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1988

Basal cell carcinoma of the cheek, malar region, and lower eyelid: the role of large cheek-neck flaps.

A retrospective study was performed analyzing 521 consecutive patients who had either lower eyelid, malar region, or cheek reconstruction performed from January 1960 through December 1985. Of the group, 285 patients had basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the cheek and malar regions, and 236 had BCC of the lower eyelid. In this paper we reevaluate and illustrate the repair of different-sized lower eyelid, malar, and cheek defects at various locations by interpolated sliding skin flaps from the cheek and neck. Very satisfactory aesthetic results have been obtained and have been evaluated with follow-up observations and treatment discussed. In the reconstruction of soft-tissue defects in these areas, large cheek (or cheek and neck) flaps are preferred in 26 cases. This report shows three examples of the surgery.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Cheek and neck sculpturing: simultaneous buccal fat pad removal and subcutaneous cheek and neck lipoplasty.

A combined procedure removing the buccal fat pad by excision and the subcutaneous fat of the cheek and neck by lipoplasty is described; this results in an improved contour in both the cheeks and neck. The technique has been applied in 28 patients of various ages without complications and with satisfactory results. Both the immediate results of the operation and the results noted 1 year or more after the operation are very satisfactory. Excellent results have been noted for nine young patients, and good results were obtained in 19 older patients. A review is given of the findings previously reported in the literature. At present, we are inclined to believe that removal of the buccal fat pad and lipoplasty of the subcutaneous fat of the cheeks and neck offers more improvement than either procedure alone. It is hoped that this combined procedure will give a solution to the troublesome problem of chubby cheeks and lead to a method of safely recontouring the cheek to a more youthful and beautiful appearance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Fetal cheek-to-cheek diameter in the prediction of mode of delivery.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess sonographic fetal cheek-to-cheek diameter (CCD) in predicting mode of delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred sixty-four patients were considered in 2 parts. First, a retrospective analysis of 214 patients entered into a birth weight (BW) study. Measurements of the CCD, biparietal diameter (BPD), and BW, as well as labor data, were collected. Then a prospective study of patients at > or =38 weeks gestational age was conducted. Fetal weight (EFW) was estimated by routine measurements. Information regarding CCD was withheld from the delivering caregiver. Labor records were reviewed for BW and complications, defined as: instrumental delivery, cesarean section (C/S) for nonprogress of labor or "CPD," and "difficult" vaginal delivery. The CCD, BW (both parts), or EFW (prospective part) and mode of delivery were compared. RESULTS: Abnormal CCD (>2SD above previously published norms for each GA) was closely associated with cesarean delivery, regardless of EFW. At term, risk of C/S with a CCD >7.9 cm was 94%. CONCLUSION: Within limits, EFW alone has weak correlation with cesarean delivery. CCD, as a reflector of fetal adipose tissue, performs as well as actual BW and demonstrates good prediction for delivery by C/S.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Keeping chewing tobacco in the cheek pouch overnight (night quid) increases risk of cheek carcinoma.

Chewing Chewable Indian Tobacco (CIT) is a popular addiction in India. Some of the addicts keep the bolus of chewed tobacco tucked in the gingivo-labial sulcus (cheek pouch) overnight. This is known as the habit of the night quid. To assess the influence of night quid on the development of oral cancer we carried out this case control observational study in the Out Patient Department of Surgery, Sir Sunder Lai Hospital, Varanasi, India. A total of 105 consecutive oral cancer patients (epidermoid carcinoma) and 71 sex- and age-matched CIT addicts of the same duration of addiction were investigated for the habit of the night quid. The habit increased the risk of development of cheek carcinoma significantly at Odd's Ratio of 12.5. Simply giving up the habit of night quid could help in the reduction of oral cancer in CIT addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Incorporating sonographic cheek-to-cheek diameter, biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference improves weight estimation in the macrosomic fetus.

The objective of this study was to improve the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation in macrosomic (> 4000 g) fetuses by combining the cheek-to-cheek diameter (CCD), an indicator of subcutaneous tissue mass, with the biparietal diameter (BPD) and abdominal circumference (AC) in generating a new weight formula. Three hundred well-dated, uncomplicated singleton pregnancies > 32 weeks' gestational age (GA) were analyzed. Sonographic fetal measurements obtained in every case included BPD, head circumference, AC, femur length and CCD. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight (EFW) was derived by using BPD and AC. Actual birth weights (BW) of fetuses delivered within 7 days of the last sonographic examination and weighing over 1500 g (n = 123) were compared to EFW. A formula was derived by correlating BPD, AC and CCD with BW in these 123 fetuses using multiple regression analysis. A second formula was derived from the data of 39 macrosomic fetuses. The two formulae were then tested for accuracy of prediction of fetal weight in 157 other fetuses delivered within 7 days and grouped by birth weight, 44 of them weighing > 4000 g. The new formula for macrosomic fetuses was: EFW (g) = 1065 + 84.5 BPD (cm) + 41.29 AC (cm) + 111.0 CCD (cm). In the macrosomic fetuses, a difference of < 10% between EFW and BW was demonstrated in 72.7% by the BPD-AC formula and 95.5% when incorporating CCD. In this group, the mean percentage error was significantly smaller: 4.14 vs. 7.97% (p = 0.0005). In the regression analysis, the contributions of BPD, AC and CCD to the variance in BW were 5.5%, 16%, and 18.3%, respectively (p = 0.008). In the non-macrosomic fetuses, CCD improved prediction of BW, but the trend did not reach statistical significance. Our results demonstrate that, in the macrosomic fetus, CCD explains more of the variance in BW than other parameters and incorporating it in the sonographic weight estimation greatly improves its accuracy.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1985

An example of the use of quantitation in histological diagnosis by a comparison of normal human cheek mucosa and cheek mucosa affected by lichen planus.

As an example of the use of quantitation in histological diagnosis the features of normal human cheek mucosa (NHCM) and non-ulcerative lichen planus of the cheek mucosa (LPCM) have been systematically studied and quantified in order to establish normal and pathological features which are constant. The technique enabled the quantitative verification of previously held concepts relating to NHCM and LPCM. A number of interesting features which have been given little attention in past literature were also noted. It is proposed that a reliable quantifiable range of characteristic histological features should be established for use in diagnosis where possible rather than relying on the subjective approach currently employed.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMed1984

The cheek-neck rotation flap for closure of temporozygomatic-cheek wounds.

The head and neck surgeon is often consulted for evaluation and treatment of traumatic or neoplastic lesions of the lateral aspect of the face. Large malignant cutaneous lesions may require excision with wide margins, often parotidectomy, and possibly neck dissection. Traumatic lesions may involve notable soft-tissue loss, and parotid, facial nerve, or mandibular injury. Management of such planned or unplanned wounds challenges the surgeon due to the magnitude of the soft-tissue defect, cosmetic and functional considerations, and the need for soft-tissue protection and nourishment of repaired structures. Primary reconstruction with a large cheek-neck rotation flap provides the advantages of reliability, simplicity, excellent exposure, vital-structure protection, superior aesthetic results, and eliminates the need for a second operative site to harvest skin grafts or distant flaps. Four illustrative cases are reported, with a discussion to address parotid metastases from carcinoma of the lateral aspect of the face and initial treatment of shotgun injuries to the face.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Split treatment of photodamaged skin with KTP 532 nm laser with 10 mm handpiece versus IPL: a cheek-to-cheek comparison.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The treatment of photodamaged skin with potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) has been reported in several studies. Each device has strengths and weaknesses; however, patient and device variability have made it difficult to ascertain the optimal device for photorejuvenation. The objective of this study was to obtain a head-to-head comparison of IPL and KTP laser for photorejuvenation. Each patient received one KTP laser treatment on one side of the face and one IPL treatment on the other side. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with skin types I-IV were accepted into the study based on existence of dyschromias (pigmented and vascular) and/or discrete telangiectases. After performance of test spots on each patient to determine optimal settings for both devices, patients were treated with both devices in a split face manner. Evaluations and photographs were performed 1 week and 1 month after treatment. Patient and observer evaluations of results were recorded, as well as time to perform each treatment, and patient feedback with regard to pain and edema. No anesthesia was used in these treatments. Photographs were reviewed by a panel of blinded observers to assess changes in red and brown dyschromias. RESULTS: One month average improvement (evaluator) for IPL side was (mean) 38.16%/35.08% for vascular/pigment lesions versus 41.99%/30.21% for KTP side. Patient self-evaluated global improvement at 1 month was (mean) 65.59% for IPL side versus 60.88% for KTP side. A majority of patients found the KTP to be slightly more painful with a mean pain rating of 5.27 of 10 versus 4.4 of 10 for IPL. A majority of patients experienced subjectively greater post-procedure swelling on the KTP side. Time to conduct treatment was an average of 10.0 minutes for IPL, 8.7 minutes for KTP. CONCLUSIONS: Both large spot KTP and IPL achieved marked improvement in vascular and pigmented lesions in one session. The KTP laser caused slightly more discomfort and edema than the IPL. On the other hand, the KTP laser was faster, and more ergonomically flexible.

Edema↗
PubMed2006

Cheek pouch use in relation to interspecific competition and predator risk for three guenon monkeys (Cercopithecus spp.).

Forest guenons (Cercopithecus spp.) are often found in polyspecific associations that may decrease predator risk while increasing interspecific competition for food. Cheek pouch use may mitigate interspecific competition and predator risk by reducing the time spent in areas of high competition/predator risk. I investigated these ideas in three forest guenons: Campbell's monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), spot-nosed monkey (C. petaurista), and Diana monkey (C. diana). I present 13 months of scan sample data from Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire, including 3,675, 3,330, and 5,689 records of cheek pouch distention, to quantify cheek pouch use, for Campbell's, spot-nosed, and Diana monkeys, respectively. Cheek pouches are often used to hold fruit, so I first predicted that the most frugivorous species, Diana monkeys, would have the most cheek pouch distension. Spot-nosed monkeys ate the least amount of fruit over the study period and had the least distended cheek pouches, suggesting the importance of frugivory in relation to cheek pouch distension for this species. This was not a sufficient explanation for Campbell's monkeys; Campbell's ate fruit less than Diana monkeys, but had more distended cheek pouches, suggesting that cheek pouch use was not simply a reflection of high frugivory. From the interspecific competition hypothesis, I predicted that Campbell's monkeys would have more distended cheek pouches than Diana and spot-nosed monkeys, and more distended cheek pouches when associated with Diana because Campbell's monkeys have the highest potential for interspecific competition with dominant Diana monkeys. From the predator risk hypothesis, I predicted that Campbell's would have more distended cheek pouches when not associated with highly vigilant Diana monkeys. Campbell's monkeys had the most distended cheek pouches overall, but had more distended cheek pouches when not in association with Diana, suggesting the greater importance of predator risk rather than interspecific competition in Campbell's cheek pouch use.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

"Puffed-cheek" CT improves evaluation of the oral cavity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Maneuvers that distend a lumen facilitate radiographic examinations. In evaluation of the upper aerodigestive tract, Valsalva and phonation maneuvers complement barium fluoroscopy. The current work investigates "puffed-cheek" CT to improve visualization of oral cavity tumors. METHODS: Seven patients (ages 17 to 86 years) underwent conventional and puffed-cheek CT. Five had squamous cell carcinoma, one had benign verrucous hyperplasia of the buccal mucosa, one had "cheek swelling," and one had a pulsatile cheek mass. Conventional contrast-enhanced axial CT scans (3-mm thick, no interslice gap) were obtained through the oral cavity and neck. Each patient then pursed the lips and puffed out the cheeks, and axial images were obtained through the oral cavity (puffed-cheek scans). RESULTS: Three patients had normal conventional CT scans whereas puffed-cheek scans clearly showed the mass. Conventional CT in three patients showed a mass inseparable from two mucosal surfaces whereas puffed-cheek images clearly showed which surface the tumor involved. Two patients had normal conventional and puffed-cheek CT studies; in one, the physical examination was also normal. The other patient was a teenager with orthodontic appliances that created artifacts on both conventional and puffed-cheek images. Conventional angiography in this patient revealed a facial artery aneurysm. CONCLUSION: The puffed-cheek CT maneuver is easily taught, and patients comply readily. Puffed-cheek CT scans provide a clearer and more detailed evaluation of mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity than do conventional scans. In selected patients, the puffed-cheek technique can supplement conventional CT studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Competition, predation, and the evolutionary significance of the cercopithecine cheek pouch: the case of Cercopithecus and Lophocebus.

Reports of cercopithecine cheek pouch use and functional significance are largely anecdotal, and to date there have been no investigations into its use by species living in closed forest habitats. Here, I report on cheek pouch use in Cercopithecus ascanius and Lophocebus albigena in the Kibale National Park, Uganda, between July-October 1997. Two hypotheses were evaluated: this feature was selected for because of its role in 1) increasing feeding efficiency via a reduction in potential feeding competition, and/or 2) reducing vulnerability to predation. Results indicate that both species were more likely to use their cheek pouches when feeding on contestable foods and, after filling cheek pouches, retreated to more densely vegetated ("safer") positions for processing food. There was no influence of age and sex on L. albigena cheek pouch use. Subadult C. ascanius cheek-pouched less frequently than adults, although there were no differences between adult males and females. There was no relationship between feeding-patch size and number of plant food items cheek-pouched in either species. However, the diameter of breast height (dbh; a measure of patch size) of trees in which C. ascanius used their cheek pouches was significantly larger than the dbh of trees in which they did not. Both species were more likely to use their cheek pouches in the presence of greater numbers of conspecifics. These data provide insight into the relationship(s) among oral anatomy and feeding efficiency, and facilitate understanding into the selection for this important oral feature in stem cercopithecines.

Adaptation, Physiological↗