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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Mandibular movement during chewing-gum chewing on the sagittal plane in children].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the mandibular movement during chewing-gum chewing in subjects ranging from children with deciduous dentition to adults with permanent dentition, and also to analyze the influences of malocclusion on the mandibular movement in children. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the developing stage of the dentition: ie., i) 7 children; mean age 4.6 yrs-with deciduous dentition, ii) 9 children; mean age 9.0 yrs with mixed dentition and iii) 10 adults; mean age 22.9 yrs with permanent dentition. In addition, 17 subjects who have malocclusion were also examined, who were subdivided into the cross-bite group (mean age 7.9 yrs) and progenia group (mean age 7.3 yrs). The mandibular movements were recorded with Saphon Visi-Trainer CII during chewing-gum chewing and the traces of mandibular movement recorded on the sagittal plane were then analyzed. The results obtained in the present study are summarized as follows; 1) The chewing pattern of children with deciduous dentition was characterized by narrow width and large posterior deviation of the opening and closing pathway. During growth, the width of the pathways increased and their posterior deviation decreased. The narrow width of the opening and closing pathways form the majority of the type of chewing pattern in children with deciduous dentition. On the other hand, the types of reversed and crossed pathways form the majority in adults. 2) The chewing pattern in children with malocclusion was characterized by small posterior deviation in the pathway. The type of reversed cycle was ranked first among the chewing patterns of progenia patients, while there were no significant differences of chewing types between cross-bite patients and children with normal occlusion. As far as the results of the present study is concerned, the changes of the mandibular movement on the sagittal plane following the dentitional growth were characteristic indicated. In addition, malocclusion such as cross-bite and progenia observed in the children may influence the chewing pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Chewing gum--facts and fiction: a review of gum-chewing and oral health.

The world market for chewing gum is estimated to be 560,000 tons per year, representing approximately US $5 billion. Some 374 billion pieces of chewing gum are sold worldwide every year, representing 187 billion hours of gum-chewing if each piece of gum is chewed for 30 minutes. Chewing gum can thus be expected to have an influence on oral health. The labeling of sugar-substituted chewing gum as "safe for teeth" or "tooth-friendly" has been proven beneficial to the informed consumer. Such claims are allowed for products having been shown in vivo not to depress plaque pH below 5.7, neither during nor for 30 minutes after the consumption. However, various chewing gum manufacturers have recently begun to make distinct health promotion claims, suggesting, e.g., reparative action or substitution for mechanical hygiene. The aim of this critical review--covering the effects of the physical properties of chewing gum and those of different ingredients both of conventional and of functional chewing gum--is to provide a set of guidelines for the interpretation of such claims and to assist oral health care professionals in counseling patients.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Release kinetics of catechins from chewing gum.

Chewing gums containing catechins were prepared by applying a novel solid dispersion and hot-melt fluid bed coating method. The effect of varying levels of Eudragit coating to the granules on the prolonged release of catechins from chewing gum was investigated. In vivo release profiles of catechins from the formulations were investigated to determine its release kinetics. Dissolution data were used as the primary basis for comparison. The equations with zero order, first-order, or square root of time release kinetics were used to fit data. The results showed that the releases of catechins from chewing gum were well extended with the growing coating level of Eudragit to the granules. The statistical analysis using nonlinear regression software suggested that the Higuchi equation describes the data better than others. The relatively high degree of fit using the Higuchi equation implies that the kinetic process is involved in the release of drug from the dosage form. A possible release mechanism based on this profile is presented in this report. This approach suggested the potential of using chewing gum as a promising controlled-release delivery system of drugs. The effect of polyvinyl acetates with different crosslinkings on the release profiles of catechins was also studied.

Catechin↗
PubMed1996

[Influence of chewing gum consumption and dental contact of amalgam fillings to different metal restorations on urine mercury content].

It had been shown previously by various authors that contact of amalgam fillings to metal fillings of different type can increase the electrochemically caused amalgam corrosion in vitro thus leading to an elevated release of mercury. So it was recommended to renounce of a dental contact of amalgam to metal fillings of other type. One aim of the present study was to evaluate possible influences of this contact in vivo on the urinary mercury contents in human volunteers. Neither approximal nor occlusal contacts had any influence on the urinary mercury excretion in comparison to a reference group with similar amalgam status. Furthermore, the influence of gum chewing on urinary mercury levels was taken into account. It could be shown that the consumption of chewing gum resulted in a significantly higher mean urinary mercury content in probands with amalgam fillings in comparison to people with similar amalgam status (gum chewers: 1.36 Hg/24 h vs. non-chewers 0.70 microgram Hg/24 h). Thus, gum chewing has to be considered as important parameter of influence on the urinary mercury levels of people with amalgam fillings.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of three months' frequent use of sugar-free chewing gum with and without urea on calculus formation.

Studies on the relationship between gum-chewing and calculus formation have produced contradictory results, and it is not clear whether frequent use of chewing gum promotes or inhibits calculus formation. Also, little is known about whether the addition of a small amount of urea to the chewing gum influences calculus formation. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of sugar-free chewing gum--with and without urea--on calculus formation and some associated clinical variables. Three three-month periods were studied in a double-blind, crossover design, during which the subjects: (1) chewed 5 pieces/day of a sugar-free, urea-containing chewing gum (20 mg urea/piece); (2) chewed 5 pieces/day of a sugar-free, non-urea-containing gum; or (3) performed no gum-chewing. Twenty-nine persons, all calculus-formers, participated. They were scored for calculus at mesio-lingual, lingual, and disto-lingual sites on the 6 anterior mandibular teeth according to the Volpe-Manhold index. Plaque and gingival bleeding index, stimulated salivary secretion rate and buffer capacity, resting plaque pH, mutans streptococci in saliva and plaque, and lactobacilli in saliva were also determined. No differences in calculus formation were found among the 3 periods. The resting plaque pH was higher after the period with urea-containing gum than after the period with non-urea-containing gum and the no-gum period (p < 0.05). A slight increase in stimulated salivary secretion rate was found after the 2 gum periods (p < 0.05). The plaque and gingival bleeding indices decreased, while resting plaque pH and salivary buffer capacity increased throughout the entire study (p < 0.05). No significant differences in prevalence of the acidogenic micro-organisms were found among the test periods. The main conclusion from this study is that three months' frequent use of sugar-free chewing gum--with or without urea--neither promotes nor inhibits calculus formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[A comprehensive study of the mechanical effects of the long-term and regular use of chewing gum].

The results of regular gum chewing (30 min 3 times a day after meals for 4 weeks) were assessed in 46 volunteers by the functional diagnosis methods. Chronometry of food chewing and arbitrary gum chewing for 30 min was carried out before the investigation. Daily duration of food chewing is about 33 min. During gum chewing, the number of masticatory strikes on the inert side is higher during the first 5 min and then levels. This leads to levelling of mechanical loading of the lateral parts of the jaws and of bioelectrical activity in the masticatory muscles proper. The gum is bit 3-5 times more often with frontal teeth than with lateral teeth. Regular use of chewing gum notably increases the blood supply to the periodontium, and the regulatory mechanisms fail to cope with it in periodontal diseases; this leads to venous congestion in the regional vascular system.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sugarless gum chewing before surgery does not increase gastric fluid volume or acidity.

Patients occasionally arrive in the operating suite chewing gum despite instructions to avoid oral intake for a specific number of hours before surgery. Some anaesthetists are hesitant to proceed with these patients fearing an increase in gastric volume and acidity. This study was undertaken to determine if gum chewing increased gastric volume and acidity. Seventy seven patients were recruited and informed consent obtained. Thirty-one patients who fasted overnight were randomly assigned either to serve as control (Group 1) or to chew sugarless gum prior to anaesthesia (Group 2). The remaining 46 patients fasted overnight but were given sugarless gum and allowed to chew it until immediately before induction of anaesthesia if they desired (Group 3). Volume and pH of gastric content were determined immediately after induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. Results revealed mean values (range) of gastric volume for Group 1-26 ml (9-60), Group 2-40 ml (5-93), and Group 3-28 ml (4-65). Mean values for pH (range) were Group 1-1.8 (1.0-4.6), Group 2-1.6 (1.3-1.9), Group 3-1.7 (1.0-4.4). There was no difference between groups in terms of gastric volume or pH. In addition, there was no relationship between gastric content and the length of time from gum discard to induction or the length of time gum was chewed. In conclusion, the data suggest that induction of anaesthesia is safe and surgery does not need to be delayed if a patient arrives in the OR chewing sugarless gum.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effects of gum chewing, four oral hygiene procedures, and two saliva collection techniques, on the output of bacteria into human whole saliva.

Six healthy dentate individuals collected a 5-min sample of unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and dilutions were plated out on blood agar and grown anaerobically for 48 h. The output of bacteria into saliva (counts/min) was calculated as the product of counts/ml and ml/min. The individuals repeated the collections at intervals of up to 7 h after (1) rinsing with water, (2) eating a meal plus tooth brushing, (3) a thorough dental prophylaxis, or (4) tongue brushing and scraping. They also collected saliva at intervals while chewing gum for 20 min, as did 10 individuals who chewed gum for 2 h. The original six individuals also collected UWS under "drooling" (no oral movements) and "spitting" conditions. Six edentulous individuals not wearing their dentures collected UWS before and after a water rinse. With the four oral hygiene procedures, bacterial outputs fell initially and then rose again, but a repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the effects of the four procedures. Gum chewing caused initial marked increases in the outputs of bacterial and epithelial cells, but these fell with time and reached a plateau after about 10 min at outputs above those in UWS. Samples collected by spitting contained up to 14 times more bacteria than those collected by drooling. Bacterial output by edentulous individuals did not differ from that in those with teeth. It is concluded that bacteria from the teeth and gingival crevices normally make only a small contribution to those in saliva, that various oral hygiene procedures have similar effects on bacterial output into saliva, and that saliva collection conditions should be standardized and specified.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of gum chewing on plaque accumulation.

The purpose of this investigation was to test the effect of chewing gum sweetened with either sorbitol (LG) or sucrose (SG) on the growth of plaque on tooth enamel surfaces. Nineteen dental students, in a balanced crossover design, chewed the two gums for 5 days without normal oral hygiene practices. The control treatment was a 5-day non-chewing (NG) phase. A period of 9 days was allowed for normal hygiene between test phases. The chewing regimen required 20 minutes of use of one stick of chewing gum immediately after meals or snacks. The average number of sticks chewed was 3.8/day. Pre- and post-treatment plaque scores were recorded by two examiners using a Modified Navy Plaque Index (PLI) from 0 to 9 along each of four surfaces to assess six Ramfjord teeth. Pre-treatment mean PLI scores for the 3 test treatments were, NG = 2.0, LG = 1.9 and SG = 1.9. Post-treatment mean PLI scores were, NG = 3.6, LG = 3.3 and SG = 3.3. ANOVA of pre- and post-treatment scores revealed no significant differences between treatments. Post-treatment scores of the 2 chewing gums were then pooled, independent of sweetener. ANOVA of these data revealed chewing gum (LG + SG = 3.3) to cause significantly less plaque accumulation than no gum (NG = 3.6). In a no oral hygiene environment, plaque accumulation during use of sorbitol chewing gum or sucrose chewing gum was statistically the same. However, chewing gum, irrespective of sweetener, caused significantly less plaque accumulation than no chewing.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Hemodynamic changes in the periodontium with the use of chewing gum].

The effect of gum chewing (5 min after meals 3 times a day) on periodontal blood supply was studied in a group of 52 volunteers with different clinical status of the periodontium. Tonic strain in the local vessels changed (fluctuated) little (by 2-7%). Tonic strain was shifted on the inert side and in patients with periodontal diseases. Blood consumption increased by 33%. Regular gum chewing for 10 min resulted in compensatory vasoconstriction and hyperemia of the periodontium starting from the second week, irrespective of the initial clinical status of the periodontium.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed2004

Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums.

OBJECTIVES: Chewing gums have been studied for clinical use to stimulate the salivary flow rate in healthy and diseased individuals. However, differences in preferences of chewing gums may influence patient compliance during long-term use. Therefore, we compared the effect of several chewing gums on the flow rate of whole saliva and pH, and investigated the preferences of these gums. METHODS: 83 healthy subjects participated in the first part of the study. Both parafilm-stimulated and chewing gum-stimulated whole saliva from 8 different chewing gums was collected and salivary flow rate and pH were determined. In another group of 112 healthy subjects, we investigated the preferences for the chewing gums with a 10-item questionnaire. RESULTS: All gums had comparable effects on salivary flow rate and pH. The average increase in flow rate was 187% during the first minute of chewing compared with parafilm stimulation. After 10 minutes of gum chewing, the amount of saliva was equal to parafilm stimulation. The questionnaire showed differences in preferences for the chewing gums, which were related to taste and gum shape. Gender interactions were observed for sparkling taste (p = 0.019), total judgement (p = 0.047) and the willingness to use the gum for several weeks (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Although all chewing gums stimulated the salivary flow rate equally, the observed differences in preferences may influence long-term compliance. Therefore, we recommend that chewing gums are tested before the start of clinical studies, to identify the most accepted chewing gum for specific groups of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate and the acidogenic potential of dental plaque.

Ten adults participated in the study which consisted of four experimental periods each lasting 2 weeks, during each of which subjects were assigned to one of four gum-chewing regimens: no gum, sucrose gum, sorbitol gum and xylitol gum. At the start and end of each test period unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates were determined. At the end of each test period the acidogenic potential of 48-hour dental plaque was measured using a Beetrode pH microelectrode. No statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on salivary flow rate was observed. The xylitol chewing gum regimen resulted in significantly higher plaque pH than no gum, sucrose gum and sorbitol gum at 2, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following a 10% sucrose rinse. In addition, xylitol gum regimen exhibited a significantly higher minimum pH and smaller area of the curve below pH 6. The results suggest that the regular use of xylitol-sweetened gum may serve to reduce the acidogenic potential of dental plaque.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Salivary flow rate and pH during prolonged gum chewing in humans.

Gum chewing for 20 min causes an increase in salivary flow rate and salivary pH. Most people chew gum for longer than 20 min, and our aim was to determine how whole mouth salivary flow rate and pH might adapt during prolonged gum chewing. Resting saliva was collected over 5 min; gum-stimulated saliva was collected at intervals during 90 min, chewing a single pellet (1.5 g) of mint-flavoured, sugar-free gum (n = 19). Subjects chewed at their own preferred rate and style. Both salivary flow rate and pH were increased above resting levels for the entire 90 min. The salivary flow was significantly greater (anovaP < 0.05) than resting flows up to 55-min chewing. The saliva pH remained significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the resting pH even after 90-min chewing. When the experiment was repeated with the gum pellets replaced at 30 and 60 min (n = 9), similar increases in salivary flow rate and pH were found. In the latter experiment, there was no evidence of any cumulative effects on flow or pH. The persistent increase in salivary pH in particular could be beneficial to oral and dental health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of gum chewing on memory and attention: reply to Scholey (2004).

Recent studies have reported varying results regarding cognitive performance while chewing gum. The differences between the results of these studies may be explained by methodological and statistical factors. Future studies are needed to assess various aspects of cognitive functioning using extensive standardised neuropsychological test batteries, adequate experimental designs and appropriate statistical methods.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

Functional relationships between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscle activities during gum chewing:.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional relationship between masseter muscle (MM) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) activities and between mandibular and head movements during mastication, under experimental muscle fatigue. The sample consisted of 12 adults with individually normal occlusion. The subjects were asked to chew gum at three different times: before maximum clenching, immediately after maximum clenching, and 3 minutes after maximum clenching. At these times, we examined the activity of the MM and SCM as well as the movement of the mandible and head. The activity and movement were simultaneously measured using both electromyography and the motion capture system. The MM activity time after clenching was significantly shorter than that before clenching, whereas the SCM activity time was significantly longer after clenching. There was no significant difference in the changes of three-dimensional distance of the mandibular movement between the respective times. On the other hand, the changes in the three-dimensional distance of head movement after clenching increased when compared with before clenching. Furthermore, the difference in the time of MM and SCM activity onset and of mandibular and head movement onset after clenching was shorter than that before clenching. A functional relationship exists between the MM and SCM activities and between mandibular and head movements during mastication.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate inhibits stain deposition compared with a placebo chewing gum.

The 2-period, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study compared the stain-prevention and stain-removal benefit of a chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate (measured by digital image analysis) with a placebo chewing gum. The results of this study support that sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum prevents dental stain formation and facilitates stain removal, which leads to a perceptible whitening benefit. The long-term clinical benefits of sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from chewing gum have not been reported in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological functions served by nicotine chewing gum.

All 43 participants in a smoking cessation study complete Russell's (1974) Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ) before quitting, and an equivalent Nicotine gum Questionnaire (NGQ) during cessation. The profiles of SMQ and NGQ scores were very similar, showing that nicotine gum served a range of psychological functions similar to that provided by cigarettes: stress modulation, feelings of arousal and pleasure, hand/mouth activity, and nicotine dependency. Gum scores were, however, around 45% of cigarette values, as would be expected from its lower nicotine dose. Failed quitters (less than 2 weeks abstinence, N = 15), short-term quitters (3-12 weeks abstinence, N = 14), and successful quitters (+13 weeks abstinence: N = 14), did not differ on any SMQ subscale. However, they did differ significantly on the NGQ habit subscale. Thus the development of a regular gum-chewing habit during the first week of cessation was associated with eventual success in quitting. Sex differences were also apparent, with females reporting higher sedative, stimulant, and hand/mouth activity gum-questionnaire scores than males. These findings provide evidence for the construct and content validity of the NGQ, but further studies into its criterion validity and test-retest reliability are required.

Adult↗