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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Intestinal lymph absorption of butter, corn oil, cod liver oil, menhaden oil, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters in rats.

Adult male rats were surgically given a drainage catheter in the main mesenteric lymph duct. After an overnight fast, five groups of rats received intragastrically, in one bolus, butter, corn oil (CO), cod liver oil (CLO), menhaden oil (MO), or ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids (K80). Intestinal lymph was collected in these conscious animals, each hour during the first 6 h and in a single sample for the next 18 h. The absorption peak appeared earlier after MO and CO than after CLO administration. The quantities of triglycerides recovered during the first 6 h were significantly lower after butter (91 mg) and K80 (54 mg) administration than for the other three oils. No difference was observed between the vegetable oil and the marine oils (CO = 173 mg, CLO = 148 mg, MO = 180 mg). The total triglyceride recovered in 24 h was highest after CLO (410 mg) and lowest with K80 (146 mg). An increase in the weight percentage of some characteristic fatty acids of the lipid mixtures was observed: oleic acid for butter, oleic and linoleic acids for CO, EPA and DHA for CLO, MO, and K80. Chylomicrons were the largest with CO, more numerous and smaller with CLO, and the smallest with K80. Results obtained illustrated the relation between gastrointestinal hydrolysis, enterocyte biochemical events, and lymph triglyceride absorption profiles as related to the composition and distribution of triglyceride fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Mercury and selenium in cod-liver oil.

Cod-liver oil preparations were analyzed for mercury and selenium. The conclusion can be drawn that the intake of mercury and selenium in the normal use of these preparations will be very low.

Capsules↗
PubMed1988

[Fatty acid composition and degree of peroxidation in fish oil and cod liver oil preparations].

Omega-3-fatty acids are increasingly used by the selfmedicating patient. Since fish oils in capsules are regarded as dietary food, there are neither official regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany concerning a minimum content of omega-3-fatty acids nor detailed rules for the limitation of autoxidation of these highly reactive substances. Both fatty acid composition and the degree of lipid peroxidation were measured in this study in 23 OTC fish oil preparations. The proportion of omega-3-fatty acids was in most fish oils about 30%; exceptions were the only ethyl ester among the preparations with 59% and the cod liver oils (13% to 22%). Regarding the peroxide value considerable differences were found: the lowest was 2 and the highest was 44.7. Since lipid peroxides and their degradation products are basically toxic, a limitation of the allowed degree of lipid peroxidation in fish oils is strongly recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Contaminating substances in 22 over-the-counter fish oil and cod liver oil preparations: cholesterol, heavy metals and vitamin A].

Fish oil capsules are increasingly used by self-medicating patients. We studied 22 commercial fish oil and menhaden oil preparations in respect to accompanying substances that could be harmful. The substances measured were: cholesterol as determined by gas liquid chromatography, heavy metals measured by atomic absorption, and vitamin A as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of cholesterol and heavy metals were in ranges which can be regarded as negligible; the content of vitamin A in menhaden oils, however, was found in amounts which warrant that pregnant women do not exceed the dosage as recommended by the manufacturers.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fatty acid composition in maternal milk and plasma during supplementation with cod liver oil.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated how cod liver oil influences the amount of essential fatty acids in mothers' breast milk. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: Lactating mothers (n =22) were randomized into four groups 3-8 weeks after parturition. They were supplemented for 14 days with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 ml cod liver oil (7.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), 10.2 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and 22.9 g n-3 fatty acids in total per 100 ml). RESULTS: In maternal plasma phospholipids there was an increase in the content of EPA and DHA in the group supplemented with 10 ml cod liver oil daily (P < or = 0.05). DHA concentrations in breast milk pre-supplementation ranged from 0.15 to 1.56 wt% and increased in all supplemented groups (P< or =0.05). The concentration of EPA in breast milk increased in the groups supplemented with 5 or 10 ml cod liver oil (P< or =0.05), whereas the concentration of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) did not change in any of the supplemented groups. Total intake of DHA adjusted to body mass index (BMI), correlated to DHA concentrations in plasma (r = 0.49, P = 0.02) and breast milk (r = 0.45, P = 0.04). The concentration of tocopherol did not change during the supplementation period, neither in plasma nor in breast milk. CONCLUSION: Dietary intake of DHA is reflected in the concentration of DHA in breast milk, without affecting the concentration of AA or tocopherol.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Extreme decrease of linoleic acid in renal medulla from rats after a diet supplemented with cod liver oil.

Spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats were fed a diet supplemented with linseed oil or cod liver oil for 22 weeks. The most remarkable finding was an extreme fall of linoleic acid in lipids from renal medulla after cod liver oil supplementation. In free fatty acids (FFA) eicosatrienoic acid (C2): 3n-9) appeared increased as a sign of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Beneficial effect of cod liver oil in murine endotoxemia.

Cod liver oil (CLO), a marine fish oil, contains approximately 20% omega-3 fatty acids (OFA). When CLO is administered to humans, inhibition of platelet aggregation, decreased platelet arachidonic acid levels, and reduced levels of endotoxin-induced thromboplastin synthesis by monocytes are observed. Since endotoxin causes both increased platelet aggregation and monocyte generation of thromboplastin with resultant microvascular compromise, the purpose of this study was to determine whether CLO is protective in murine endotoxemia. Swiss Webster mice were given CLO (1.0mg, 10.0mg, or 100mg), or 100mg triolein (an unsaturated fat containing no OFA) or saline (control) intraperitoneally (IP) three hours prior to IP administration of 0.3mg E.coli endotoxin. Survivals at 48 hours post-endotoxin administration were as follows: (A) 1.0mg CLO (4/20, 20%); (B) 10mg CLO (5/20, 25%); (C) 100.0mg CLO (11/20, 55%); (D) 100mg triolein (1/20, 5%); (E) 0.13cc saline (1/20, 5%). The significance of groups A,B,C,D verses the control group E is as follows: A vs E, p = 0.15; B vs E, p = 0.08; C vs E, p = 0.0006; D vs E, p = 0.76. This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of 100mg parenteral CLO in murine endotoxemia. This effect is probably mediated through antiplatelet and/or antimonocyte activating mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Reduction of intimal hyperplasia in canine autologous vein grafts with cod-liver oil and dipyridamole.

To determine the effects of cod-liver oil and a combination of cod-liver oil and dipyridamole on vein-graft intimal hyperplasia, 76 segments of undistended jugular vein were interposed between bilaterally divided femoral arteries in 38 mongrel dogs who received a 2% cholesterol diet. Ten control animals received the diet alone, 8 received cod-liver oil containing 1.8 g of eicosapentaenoic acid daily 1 week before and for 6 weeks after operation, and 20 dogs received 1.8 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 75 mg of dipyridamole daily 1 week before and for 6 weeks after operation. A similar and significant (p less than 0.01) increase in serum cholesterol was observed in all three groups. Prothrombin, partial thromboplastin and clotting times and the platelet count were unchanged in the controls and in those receiving cod-liver oil. Clotting time increased in the animals receiving a combination of cod-liver oil and dipyridamole (p less than 0.001). Measurements (406 +/- 27) of intimal thickness were made from each graft. Intimal thickness was 3.7 +/- 0.1 micron before implantation and increased to 78 +/- 8 micron after in the controls. Cod-liver oil limited the increase in intimal thickening, to 24 +/- 3 micron (p less than 0.001); cod-liver oil and dipyridamole further reduced the increase in intimal thickening, to 17 +/- 1.4 micron (p less than 0.001). The data indicate that a combination of cod-liver oil and dipyridamole is more effective than cod-liver oil alone in reducing canine vein-graft intimal hyperplasia (p less than 0.03).

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Studies of the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced by diet. II. Feeding of fractions of oxidized cod liver oil.

By molecular distillation of oxidized cod liver oil a partial isolation of the lipid species responsible for the diet-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction in pregnant rats has been achieved. Molecular distillation produced three fractions and a residue. Qualitative and quantitative differences in each fraction were shown by determining iodine and saponification numbers and by thin layer chromatography on silicic acid. The incidence of the Shwartzman reaction was higher with fraction III than with either of the other two fractions, the residue, or the original oxidized cod liver oil. It is evident that the toxic factor or factors can be concentrated by molecular distillation. The high temperatures used in the molecular distillation destroy peroxides in the lipids. Therefore, in spite of the fact that oxidation of dietary fats is necessary to produce the reaction, peroxides in the dietary lipid are not necessary for the development of the tissue reaction. The residue fraction contains high molecular weight polymers and the incidence of the Shwartzman reaction is low in animals fed this material. It is unlikely that high molecular weight polymers are responsible for the tissue reaction. Animals that do not gain weight at a rate close to that of the normal pregnant rat do not develop the reaction. Conversion of fraction III into its ethyl esters increased the incidence of the Shwartzman reaction in two experiments. Esterification appears to "unmask" a certain amount of the active factor. The specific lipid material or materials responsible for the development of the generalized Shwartzman reaction remains to be found.

Animals↗