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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Approaches to the diagnosis of viral pneumonias in the immunocompromised host: the importance of assaying cytopathogenic viral effects in bronchoalveolar lavage cells.

Pneumonopathic conditions in the immunocompromised host (IH) are frequent and often serious. Rapid diagnosis is essential and is made possible by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Sixty-two pneumonopathic episodes in 53 immunocompromised patients were examined by BAL, for viral cytopathogenic effects (CPE) in isolated cells, with appropriate viral culture techniques. Viral culture was positive in seventeen of the eighteen episodes in renal allograft recipients and AIDS patients as against eight of the fourty-four episodes in other causes of IH (p less than 0.001). CPE was found thirteen times; in seven cases it was characteristic of cytomegalovirus. Positive viral culture and CPE were shown simultaneously during thirteen episodes in eleven patients. Ten patients died (autopsies performed in three cases confirmed viral presence). Positive viral culture with absence of CPE was observed in twelve cases. There were only four fatalities in this group (the autopsies performed in three cases did not establish the presence of a virus in the pulmonary parenchyma). The percentage of lymphocytes was high in both groups of patients (18.6 +/- 2.8%). CPE is a simple and rapid examination for the diagnosis of viral pneumonopathology in the IH. Prognosis at present is gloomy; more complex examinations such as viral cultures and/or identification of the virus by immunofluorescence will be indicated only when effective antiviral agents become available.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1973

In vitro effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole, ICN 1229) on deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid viruses.

Virazole (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a highly soluble new synthetic nucleoside having significant, reproducible activity against a broad spectrum of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid viruses in vitro. The drug inhibited viral cytopathogenic effects in monolayers of cells infected for 3 days with type 3 adeno, types 1 and 2 herpes, myxoma, cytomegalo, vaccinia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, types 1A, 2, 8, 13, and 56 rhino, types 1 and 3 parainfluenza, vesicular stomatitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Semliki Forest, Newcastle disease, and measles viruses. Hemagglutinin production by influenza A(2), influenza B, and type 1 parainfluenza viruses in chicken embryo cells was reduced by Virazole treatment. Recoverable intra- and extracellular virus titers were reduced by the drug in experiments with type 1 herpes, vaccinia, type 3 parainfluenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Plaque formation by type 1 herpesvirus was also inhibited by exposure of the infected cells to Virazole. Pretreatment of cells with the compound, followed by its removal before addition of type 1 herpesvirus, severely lessened the antiviral activity; the compound was still moderately effective in reducing the viral effects on the cells when added as long as 22 hr after the virus. Parallel experiments, in which the antiviral activity of a number of known active drugs was compared, indicated Virazole to have at least a comparable degree of activity, and it was also active against a wider variety of viruses than any of these known active materials. The CCED(50) of Virazole to chicken embryo cells was approximately 1,000 mug/ml, although concentrations as low as 10 mug/ml caused slight (15%) inhibition in total cellular protein after 72 hr of incubation.

Amides↗
PubMed1989

Anticancer activities as well as antiviral and virus-enhancing properties of aqueous fruit extracts from fifty-six European plant species.

Several plant-derived drugs are used in medical oncology today. Since only a small part of the flora has been tested for any kind of bioactivity intensive further screening may be rewarding. Fifty-six plant extracts were studied attempting to explore the feasibility of an assay that screens cytotoxic, antiviral and virus-enhancing activities in the same test. We made use of the property of an avian influenza virus replicating in a human breast cancer cell line. During the first 3 days of the test the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy. From the 4th day on when viral cytopathogenic effect became manifest we were able to identify antiviral and virus-enhancing activity among some of those extracts not showing cytotoxicity during the first 3 days of incubation. Aqueous extracts from the fruits of 56 plant species belonging to 22 families were screened. Twelve species exhibited cytotoxic, eight antiviral, five virus-enhancing and 31 no activity. These results show that the replication of a myxovirus in a human tumor cell offers the possibility of screening cytotoxic, antiviral and virus-enhancing activity in the same assay.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1971

Use of disposable micro tissue culture plates for antiviral and interferon induction studies.

A reproducible test system requiring small amounts of test compound was developed for evaluating antiviral and interferon-inducing activity. In the antiviral experiments, KB cells were grown in disposable polystyrene microplates covered with a standard domestic plastic wrap. Viruses used in the system were types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus, vaccinia virus, type 3 adenovirus, myxoma virus, pseudorabies virus, type 3 parainfluenza virus, types 1A and 13 rhinovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackievirus B, and type 2 poliovirus. Inhibition of viral cytopathogenic effect was the primary criterion of evaluation of antiviral activity. Reduction in cell and supernatant fluid virus titers was used as a secondary means of evaluation. The microplate system was adaptable for determining prophylactic, therapeutic, and inactivating effects against viruses. Mouse L-929 cells were used for the interferon induction studies, with vesicular stomatitis virus utilized as the indicator of interferon activity. Known active compounds evaluated in this microplate system had activity similar to that seen in macro in vitro systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Lymphomatoid papulosis. Ultrastructural study with demonstration of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viruslike particles.

Transmission electron microscopic study of the bizarre infiltrating cells from a case of lymphomatoid papulosis reveals intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virus-like particles. These cells have large nuclei with multiple nucleoli, scant to moderate profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and a variable number of lysosomes. It is suggested that these abnormal cells are macrophages showing viral cytopathogenic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

In vitro and in vivo effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) on types 1 and 3 parainfulenza virus infections.

1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) had significant in vitro activity against type 1 parainfluenza (Sendai) and type 3 parainogenic (HA-1) viruses. Activity was manifested as inhibition of both viral cytopathogenic effect and of recoverable virus or viral hemagglutinin titer. The minimum Sendai virus inhibitory concentration was determined to be approximately 3.2 mug/ml. Previous studies had determined the minimum concentration inhibiting HA-1 virus was approximately 1-10 mug/ml. The effect of time of addition of ribavirin to virus-infected cells was determined; maximal activity was seen when the drug added just prior to either virus or within 4-8 h after each virus, although anti-Senadi viral effects were still apparent when ribavirin was added as late as 24 h after the virus. Ribavirin had no effect on adsorption of HA-1 or Sendai virus to cells. Lethal Sendai virus infections of mice were significantly inhibited by multiple intraperitoneal ribavirin treatment, starting either 4 h before or up to 24 h after virus inoculation. Therapy starting 48, 72 or 96 h after virus exposure had a moderate degree of efficacy. Treatment using an aerosol chamber also was of moderate effectiveness, although the procedure was considered traumatic to the animals. A nonlethal, principally upper respiratory tract infection of hamsters induced by the HA-1 virus was inhibited by ribavirin therapy. Treatment administered intraperitoneally, per os or by aerosol chamber resulted in reduced 23-day antibody titers to the virus, presumably because of reduction of virus in the animal. In a separate experiment, intraperitoneal ribavirin therapy resulted in a 1 log10 or less reduction in virus titer in nasal washings from HA-1 virus-infected hamsters, whereas, when the drug was administered intranasally in a dry powder aerosol spray, nasal virus titers were reduced up to 2 log10 and a moderate virus-induced lung consolidation was completely inhibited.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

Inhibition of the enteroviruses that cause acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) by benzimidazoles; enviroxime (LY 122772) and enviradone (LY 127123).

Enviradone (EvirD, (E)-1-[(1-methylethyl) sulfonyl]-6-(1-phenyl-1-propenyl)-1 H- benzimidazole-2-amine) and Enviroxime (EvirX, 2-amino-1-(isopropyl-sulfonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime) inhibited enterovirus 70 (EV70) and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) infection of conjunctival and laryngeal cells. On average, the continuous presence of 1-3 micrograms of EvirD or EvirX/ml in cell cultures acutely infected with EV70 or CA24v inhibited virus production (> 2 log10 reduction) and 100% of the viral cytopathogenic effect (CPE). The 50% CPE inhibitory dose (ID50) for EvirD and EvirX against 11 EV70 and 15 CA24v isolates ranged from 0.01 to 0.3 microgram and 0.01-0.65 microgram/ml, respectively. The mean ID50 for EvirD and EvirX against the 26 AHC viruses was 0.17 +/- 0.12 microgram and 0.13 +/- 0.14 microgram/ml, respectively. Pretreatment for 15 min with 3 micrograms EvirX/ml or for 1-2 h with 3 micrograms EvirD/ml protected conjunctival cells against viral CPE. The cells were resistant to infection for 1-2 h at 33 and 37 degrees C after removal of EvirD and EvirX. The addition of 10 micrograms EvirD/ml up to 6 h or 10 micrograms EvirX/ml 1-2 h after low multiplicity infection inhibited viral CPE. Ten-fold less EvirD inhibited EV70 when added to glioma cells 2 h before infection than when added 2 h after infection. Our results indicate that EvirX and EvirD inhibit AHC viruses in vitro at concentrations that are not cytotoxic and suggest that EvirX or EvirD may be prove useful against AHC.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of cross-absorbed sera in neutralization tests with viral titration by the cytopathogenic effect].

A new method for intratypic antigenic differentiation of poliovirus strains has been developed. The method is based on the use of cross-absorbed sera in neutralization tests where virus is titrated by the cytopathic effect. Qualitative differences between the antigenic structure of vaccine and "wild" strains as well as between some "wild" strains of the same serologic type have been found. The method may be used in practical laboratories.

Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of herpes simplex virus antigen.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for herpes simplex virus developed by Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc., was evaluated. In phase I experiments, 263 clinical specimens from genital lesions were extracted into serum-free medium and then tested by ELISA for herpes simplex virus antigen. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional viral culture. Of 83 specimens, 65 were positive by ELISA (sensitivity, 78.3%). In phase II experiments, 249 clinical specimens were tested for herpes simplex virus antigen in direct specimen and in cell cultures (MRC-5 and rabbit kidney) incubated for 2, 4, and 7 days. Of 63 specimens, 40 were positive by ELISA in the direct specimen (sensitivity, 63.5%), and by 7 days incubation, 100% of the cultures positive by viral cell culture were also positive by ELISA. The ELISA was reproducible, and when both the direct detection and amplification culture were used, the sensitivity of ELISA paralleled the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections by viral cytopathic effect.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1956

Electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with adenoviruses.

HeLa cells were infected with adenoviruses (types 1-4) and sectioned for electron microscopy after intervals of 20 to 48 hours. Clusters of virus-like particles were found within the nuclei of infected cultures but not in those of uninfected controls. The particles were often arranged in rows as if in crystalline formation. Maximal diameter of particles was approximately 65 mmicro, and internal bodies were demonstrated. Lesions of infected cells included target-like structures of the nuclear membrane, large nuclear vacuoles (type 2), and increased numbers of large irregular electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm 48 hours after infection. Examination of infected cultures by light microscopy, using the Feulgen reaction, showed intranuclear inclusion bodies and a cytopathogenic effect consisting of clumping of cells without pyknosis of nuclei. A lipide stain showed numerous cytoplasmic granules that were not identical with the large, irregular, electron-dense granules of the cytoplasm. Practically all the cells showed the viral cytopathogenic effect, but only a minority of cells were found to contain virus-like particles or intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1986

[Experiments to culture the bovine pestivirus in heterologous cell cultures].

Attempts were made to adapt a strain of the bovine pestivirus to cell cultures of swine kidney in a series of 15 passages. The adaptation of the virus was followed up through the production of a cytopathic effect, through comparative investigations, and by means of cytologic preparations. It was found that the cytopathic effect induced and the titer of the virus grew with increasing the number of the serial passages. Immunofluorescence and cytologic data showed the progressive development of the virus in cell cultures of swine kidney. It was also established that the time of incubation of the infected cultures to produce an overall cytopathic effect was shorter.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The role of interferon regulatory factors in the cardiac response to viral infection.

Reovirus-induced murine myocarditis provides an excellent model for the human disease. Cardiac tissue damage varies between reovirus strains, and is caused by a direct viral cytopathogenic effect. One determinant of virus-induced cardiac tissue damage is the cardiac interferon-beta (IFN-beta) response to viral infection. Nonmyocarditic reoviruses induce more IFN-beta and/or are more sensitive to the antiviral effects of IFN-beta in cardiac cells than myocarditis reoviruses. The roles of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in the cardiac response to viral infection are reviewed, and results suggest possible cardiac-specific variations in IRF-3 and IRF-1 function. In addition, data are presented indicating that the role of IRF-2 in regulation of IFN-beta expression is cell type-specific and differs between skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Together, results suggest that the heart may provide a unique environment for IRF function, critical for protection against virus-induced cardiac damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Isolation of dengue type 3 from mosquitoes in Rangoon.

A virus was isolated in suckling mice from Aedes aegypti collected from Rangoon area, during the month of July 1969. The virus was identified as a member of Group B arbovirus dengue type 3, by means of its ability to agglutinate goose erythrocyte at pH 6.6, haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests, and its growth characteristics in Aedes albopictus cell cultures. The isolated dengue type 3 virus differs slightly from the Indian dengue type 3 virus in its ability to produce haemagglutinin of high titer from the early mouse passage, variation in the pH for optimum haemagglutination and ability to produce cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures.

Aedes↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the Scott Selecticult-HSV kit with conventional culture and direct immunoperoxidase staining for detection of herpes simplex virus in cultures of clinical specimens.

In a comparative study, clinical specimens were cultured for herpes simplex virus (HSV). The presence of virus was noted by the appearance of characteristic cytopathic effect, as determined by standard direct immunofluorescence techniques, by using a direct immunoperoxidase stain for viral antigen, or by using the Selecticult-HSV (SC-HSV) stain for viral antigen. There was 100% correlation between the SC-HSV stain and immunofluorescence staining in recognizing HSV-infected cells (81 of 81 positive specimens). In comparison with observation of cytopathic effect, the SC-HSV system and conventional culture detected 93 and 78% of positive cultures at 48 h postinoculation and 76 and 32%, respectively, at 24 h. By 5 days postinoculation, SC-HSV detected 100% of the positive specimens. As compared with the direct immunoperoxidase stain, SC-HSV stain was slightly more sensitive and gave less background stain. HSV serotypes 1 and 2 were both detected by the SC-HSV stain. The Scott SC-HSV kit appears to be an effective system for the diagnosis of HSV infections.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Direct detection of influenza virus antigen in nasopharyngeal specimens by direct enzyme immunoassay in comparison with quantitating virus shedding.

We developed a direct enzyme immunoassay [EIA; Enzygnost Influenza A(Ag) and Enzygnost Influenza B(Ag)] for the direct detection of influenza A and B virus antigens in nasopharyngeal secretion specimens (NPS). The test is performed without sonification of specimens, and results are obtained within 4 h. A direct comparison between direct EIA and quantitation of virus shedding for influenza A and B virus antigen detection was carried out. A total of 210 NPS and 98 nasopharyngeal wash specimens (NPW) were investigated. We isolated influenza A viruses from 79 (37.6%) of 210 NPS; of these 79 cell-culture-positive NPS, 70 (88.6%) were also positive by direct EIA. Of 29 (13.8%) NPS from which influenza B virus was isolated, 24 (82.8%) NPS were positive by direct EIA. Virus shedding was determined quantitatively in 48 NPS from patients with influenza A and in 24 NPS from patients with influenza B. Only a crude correlation between optical density values and virus concentrations was observed. Detection of influenza virus antigens in NPS by direct EIA showed sensitivities of 89.7% for influenza A virus and 87.9% for influenza B virus and specificities of 99.3% for influenza A virus and 100% for influenza B virus. With direct EIA, all NPW were negative for influenza A virus, although virus was isolated from 21 (21.4%) NPW. Of 15 NPW from which influenza B virus was isolated, 7 showed positive results in direct EIA. In addition, direct EIA is suitable for detecting influenza A and B viruses in cell cultures before the appearance of any cytopathic effects and can be used as a cell culture confirmation test.

Antigens, Viral↗