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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Calcium stimulation of gastrin and gastric acid secretion: effect of small doses of calcium carbonate.

Oral calcium carbonate (0-5 g, pH 9-4) increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output with slight but insignificant change in serum calcium. A similar rise in serum calcium during an intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate failed to increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output. Both intragastric calcium actions were abolished by acidification of the calcium carbonate solution (pH 1-0). The increase in serum gastrin and gastric acid output after intragastric calcium carbonate was not affected, however, by a simultaneous intraduodenal acid load. Equivalent neutralising doses of magnesium hydroxide (pH 9-4) did not increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output above basal levels, whereas antral acidification with 20 ml 0-1 N HCl resulted in a slight decrease in serum gastrin. Intraduodenal calcium carbonate (pH 3-0) also increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output, whereas an equivalent volume of intraduodenal saline (pH 3-0) had no effect. These findings indicate that calcium increases serum gastrin by local stimulation of antral and duodenal mucosa. They also suggest that the action of calcium on gastric secretion is partly mediated by gastrin.

Calcium↗
PubMed1979

[Distribution of organic and inorganic carbon in tissues containing calcium carbonate by secondary ion emission microanalysis].

The differences of emissivity of secondary ions at masses 12 (C+ and C-), 24 (C2-) and 26 (C2H2- or CN-) of organic moitie and CO3Ca of semi thin sections of egg shell of quail allow the distinction between organic and inorganic carbon on images obtained with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy. There differences of emissivity do not correspond only to the difference of concentration but to the difference of ionic yield. The emissivity at mass 26 (C2H2- or CN-) is higher than those obtained at mass 24 (C2-) in glycoproteinic material (rich in Nitrogen) and lower in the embedding material (Araldite, poor in Nitrogen). This result indicates that the ion present at mass 26 could by CN- rather than C2H2-.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dialysate calcium reduction in CAPD patients treated with calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol.

The use of oral calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder is often complicated by hypercalcaemia, particularly with concomitant use of vitamin D analogues. We previously found that stepwise reduction of dialysate calcium effectively countered this complication in haemodialysis patients, and have now assessed the strategy in CAPD patients. Seventeen patients underwent conversion from aluminium hydroxide to calcium carbonate and were followed for 5 months, with subsequent addition of alfacalcidol for a further 5 months. Standard CAPD dialysate (1.75 mM calcium) was used, reducing to 1.45 mM and, if necessary, to 1.00 mM in patients who became hypercalcaemic. While receiving calcium carbonate alone, 12 of the 17 patients became hypercalcaemic, this responding in four to dialysate calcium reduction to 1.45 mM. In the remaining eight patients, further reduction to 1.00 mM was required and in two patients even this failed to control hypercalcaemia adequately, necessitating reversion to aluminium hydroxide. Phosphate control remained unchanged, as did calcium x phosphorus product. There were transient increases of blood ionised calcium, and decreases of parathyroid hormone, with progressive reduction of serum aluminium and alkaline phosphatase. The addition of alfacalcidol (0.25 microgram/day) led to hypercalcaemia in six subjects, successfully countered by dialysate calcium reduction in four. The results show that standard CAPD dialysate calcium at 1.75 mM is too high for the majority of calcium carbonate treated patients and that substantial reductions of the dialysate calcium concentration are required if calcium carbonate is to be used effectively.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1978

The effect of bile on the crystallisation of calcium carbonate, a constituent of gallstones.

When calcium and bicarbonate ions were mixed at room temperature (approximately 20 degrees C) to give concentrations of 4 mmol/1 and 21 mmol/1 respectively and the pH of the solution was kept at 8.3, vaterite, a form of calcium carbonate, was precipitated almost immediately as spheres of diameter 45 micron. The crystallisation of this material could be slowed down by adding to the crystallising medium small amounts of pyrophosphate or citrate which often inhibit crystal growth. High concentrations of sodium chloride (90 mmol/1) did not, however, affect the reaction. Very small amounts of gallbladder bile from patients with only cholesterol on the surface of their gallstones inhibited the crystallisation of calcium carbonate, and the size of the spheres was only 0.37 times those produced in water. The activity of the bile could be attributed to material with a molecular weight greater than 10 000. On the other hand, bile from patients having some calcium carbonate on the gallstone surface had less activity than comparable amounts of bile from patients with only cholesterol in this area. The active material may, therefore, play a part in preventing the deposition of calcium carbonate in gallstones.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1978

Effect of oral administration of calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide gel and dihydrotachysterol on renal acidosis.

The effects of oral administration of calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide gel, dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and sodium bicarbonate on metabolic acidosis and plasma calcium and phosphate were studied in 7 patients with chronic renal failure. Single administration of calcium carbonate alleviated the acidosis and increased the urinary bicarbonate excretion. These effects were potentiated when aluminum hydroxide gel was administered in combination with calcium carbonate. The plasma calcium was increased by this combination therapy. The effects of these two agents on acidosis and plasma calcium were further enhanced by the additional administration of DHT. Urinary bicarbonate excretion was less during the treatment with aluminum hydroxide gel and calcium carbonate than with aluminum hydroxide gel and sodium bicarbonate, when the excretions were compared at the similar concentrations of plasma bicarbonate. Aluminum hydroxide gel and DHT are likely to enhance the effect of calcium carbonate, which works as an alkalinizing salt on acidosis, probably through increasing calcium absorption in the intestine. And the three agents suppress the leak of bicarbonate into the urine contributing to the improvement of acidosis.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1992

Low-calcium dialysis fluid and oral calcium carbonate in CAPD. A method of controlling hyperphosphataemia whilst minimizing aluminium exposure and hypercalcaemia.

Oral calcium carbonate is an effective phosphate binder in dialysis patients. Its use minimizes aluminium intake, and by maintaining a high-normal serum ionized calcium, suppresses serum parathyroid hormone levels. However, the dose required to control hyperphosphataemia may cause hypercalcaemia. We performed prospective studies in 50 previously undialysed patients starting CAPD (28 study group, 22 control group). Calcium carbonate was the only phosphate binder used in the study group which utilized a low calcium PD fluid (calcium 1.25 mmol/l), whilst the control group used standard PD solution (calcium 1.75 mmol/l) with calcium carbonate plus aluminium hydroxide phosphate binders as clinically indicated. The study group was able to take larger doses of oral calcium carbonate with no increase in episodes of hypercalcaemia compared to the control group. There were no instances of hypocalcaemia in any patient using the low-calcium dialysis fluid. Phosphate control was better in the study group, despite the additional use of aluminium-containing phosphate binders by some patients in the control group. Serum aluminium levels in the study group were maintained at < 11.5 mumol/l, but increased significantly in the control group from 3 months onward. Mean serum parathyroid hormone in the study group declined significantly from baseline values over the first 6 months, and remained at the lower level. Bone histology showed a tendency towards improvement over the 12 months, in terms of osteoclast numbers and activity. We conclude that using dialysis fluid with a reduced calcium concentration in compliant, well-monitored patients is safe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

CAPD with low calcium dialysate and calcium carbonate: results of a 24-week study.

Twelve patients (median age 44.5 years) on CAPD, who had previously used a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.75 mmol/l (for a median time of 11.5 months) were started on a low calcium dialysate (LCD) with a calcium concentration of 1.25 mmol/l and followed up for 24 weeks. During the first eight weeks, no changes in the doses of oral phosphate binders were made and serum ionized calcium decreased from 1.30 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SE) mmol/l to 1.17 +/- 0.02 (p < 0.0001) and serum PTH (1-84) rose from 68 (median, range 16-397) ng/l to 147 (70-449, p = 0.005). After week 8, increasing doses of calcium carbonate were used to achieve target calcium levels of 1.20-1.30 mmol/l. No aluminum-containing binders were used. Calcium carbonate doses were increased from 2.3 (median, range 0.75-12) g/d to 6.8 (3.8-15.0, p = 0.0004) and serum phosphorus concentrations decreased from 2.00 mmol/l (median, range 1.25-2.67) at 8 weeks to 1.61 (1.18-2.39) at 24 weeks (p = 0.023). Serum intact PTH(1-84) values remained elevated despite the gradually increasing serum calcium concentrations. Hypercalcemia was recorded in 20/36 (56%) of blood samples during a period of four weeks before the start of LCD, and such episodes were observed in 15/89 (17%) of samples (p < 0.001) on LCD during the period when calcium carbonate doses were increased. It is concluded that on LCD 1) the number of episodes of hypercalcemia was markedly reduced, 2) higher calcium carbonate doses could be used, and thus 3) the control of serum phosphorus improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

[Criteria for evaluating calcium carbonate from the point of view of chlortetracycline biosynthesis].

Calcium carbonate is added to fermentation media in biosynthesis of tetracyclines for providing definite pH values and binding tetracycline into insoluble complexes. Seven different samples were studied with respect to their physical properties, such as the microscopic size of the particles, their form, capacity for agglomeration, specific volume, rate of the particle precipitation and chemical properties, such as purity, buffer capacity, effect on the medium pH before and after sterilization. The above properties were studied in comparison with activity chlortetracycline biosynthesis. Microfine calcium carbonate proved to be the best from the point of view of productivity of Str. aureofaciens. With its use the activity of the culture fluid increased by 20 per cent as compared to the other samples. The titration curve of the sample had the lowest bend.

Calcium Carbonate↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tests for determination of availability of calcium from calcium carbonate tablets.

In vitro tests of calcium (Ca) availability and the oral Ca load test were conducted on eight brands of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) tablets (products A-H) each providing 500 mg Ca. Data were collected over three experiments with nine to 11 healthy premenopausal women testing two to four products. Subjects followed a low Ca diet (less than 10 mmol/day). On test mornings, fasting subjects collected baseline urine for 2 hours (-2 to 0 hours), then ingested the tablet with water. Urine was collected from 0 to 2 hours and 2 to 4 hours; for products E-H, urine was collected for an additional 2 hours (4 to 6 hours). Blood was sampled at hours 0, 4 and 6 during testing of products E and F. Three in vitro tests were run: the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) dissolution test, USP disintegration test, and a disintegration test using vinegar. Ca excretion rose significantly at hours 2 to 4 (p less than 0.05) compared to baseline for seven products. Ca excretion either fell or remained constant between hours 4 and 6. Serum Ca rose and serum parathyroid hormone fell at hour 4, compared to fasting values, suggesting that 4 hours represents peak response time. In vivo availability, measured as the incremental increase in Ca excretion (mmol/mmol creatinine) in hours 2 to 4 compared to baseline, did not correlate significantly with results of the USP dissolution test but did with results of either the USP disintegration test or the vinegar test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Audit of the use of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in 100 patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We studied the effect of converting 100 established CAPD patients from aluminium- to calcium-based phosphate binders. After a follow-up of 1 year only 60% of patients remained on calcium carbonate. Hypercalcaemia was the major problem, with more than 40% of patients having a serum calcium in excess of 3.0 mmol/l. Several patients required hospitalization for symptomatic hypercalcaemia. Hypercalcaemia was more common in patients with normal serum parathyroid hormone concentrations (65 versus 25%, P less than 0.01). Serum phosphate control was better prior to commencing calcium carbonate when patients were treated with aluminium phosphate binders mean 1.71 +/- 0.15 mmol/l (SEM) than at the time of maximum serum calcium concentration, 1.81 +/- 0.25, P less than 0.05. This study does not confirm the findings of others, which have suggested that calcium carbonate is a safe and effective phosphate binder for patients with end-stage renal failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Use of vaginal concretions of calcium carbonate to detect ovulation in hamsters.

Concretions of calcium carbonate normally appear every third and fourth da of the 4-da hamster cycle da 1 = day of ovulation). We presently found that the 2-da relation between ovulation and concretion formation was maintained even after ovulation was delayed 1 or more da by centrally acting drugs or by exposing the hamsters to constant light. It is therefore possible to identify days of ovulation in vaginal washing records of both normal and treated hamsters by counting back 2 da from each sequence of concretions.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of calcium p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate and calcium carbonate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Since dietary calcium had been reported to reduce plasma lipids, the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3, 2 g/day) and the calcium salt of p-chlorphenozyisobutyrate (Ca-CPIB, 2 g/day), both singly and in combination, were studied in outpatients with primary hyperlipidaemia. Three groups of five patients were followed in a double-blind cross-over study, in which placebo and the drugs were given alternately during four-week periods. The main results were: 1) CaCO3 alone did not produce any significant changes in plasma lipids. 2) Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol in patients with type IIa and IIb by an average of 29 and 21%, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 50% in type IIb and by 48% in four out of five patients with type IV. 3) The combination of CaCO3 and Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol by 31 and 25% in types IIa and IIb, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 48-52% in types IIa and by 46% in four out of five patients with type IIb. 4) Three out of five patients with type IV had a rise of LDL-cholesterol while on Ca-CPIB alone; two of the patients had the rise while on the combination. 5) After treatment with Ca-CPIB, either singly or in combination, there was a statistically significant lowering of ESR and of plasma inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. No clinical side effects were noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of oral administration of calcium carbonate, Camalox and Novalucol on plasma gastrin concentration in duodenal ulcer patients.

In 6 patients having duodenal ulcer disease plasma gastrin concentrations were determined before and after the oral administration of 0.5--2 g of calcium carbonate, 2--4 tablets of Camalox and 2 tablets of Novalucol. No significant influence on basal plasma gastrin levels was noted indicating that antacids, whether they contain calcium carbonate or not, do not influence the basal plasma concentration of gastrin at occasional administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

The effects of calcium carbonate as the sole phosphate binder in combination with low calcium dialysate and calcitriol therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Alternative phosphate binders, such as CaCO3, have been shown to be effective in the control of phosphate (P) retention in hemodialysis patients (HDP). Additionally, both oral (POC) and iv (IVC) calcitriol are purported to be of benefit in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism. This investigation was undertaken to determine: (1) the effectiveness of CaCO3 as the sole P binder in combination with low (2.5 mEq/L) Ca dialysate; (2) the effects of discontinuing Al(OH)3 binders on both unstimulated and stimulated Al concentrations; and (3) the comparative parathyroid hormone (PTH) response to both POC and IVC in a large group of hemodialysis patients. One hundred ninety-four HDP completed part 1 of the study where CaCO3 was substituted for Al(OH)3 as the sole P binder for 6 months. A cohort of 49 HDP was given desferoximine (40 mg/kg) initially and 10 months after using CaCO3. In part 2, 54 HDP were given POC and 97 HDP were given IVC in dosages of 0.25 to 0.5 micrograms/day and 1.5 to 6.0 micrograms/wk, respectively, for an additional 6 months. In part 1, Ca and P were not different from baseline values observed with Al(OH)3 therapy. Ionized Ca increased (P < 0.05) and PTH decreased (P < 0.001) during CaCO3 therapy without vitamin D. In part 2, PTH declined 23% with IVC and was unchanged with POC in equivalent dosages (P < 0.05) at 3 months. By 6 months, PTH declined a total of 54% with IVC and was unchanged with POC. Ca, ionized Ca, P, and serum calcitriol were greater (P < 0.05) in the IVC group at 6 months. Serum Al concentrations for the entire 194 HDP fell 65% (P < 0.0001) over 12 months. In the 49 HDP cohort, serum Al fell 43.6% (P < 0.001) and stimulated Al concentrations decreased 68.7% (P < 0.0001) after 10 months. We conclude that: (1) CaCO3 is as effective as Al(OH)3 in controlling P, (2) a small decrease in PTH is observed with CaCO3 alone, (3) serologic evidence of Al excess is virtually eliminated, (4) PTH suppression with IVC is superior to that seen with POC in equivalent doses.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

Calcium carbonate in human gallstones and total CO2 in bile.

Measurement of total CO2 concentrations in bile from patients undergoing cholecystectomy because of gallstones has shown that the presence of calcium carbonate in the stones can be associated with a raised total CO2 concentration in the common duct bile. In bile from functioning and poorly-functioning gallbladders, total CO2 was nearly always related to pH irrespective of stone composition.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗