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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Human astrovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus infections in Pakistani children with diarrhea.

Fecal specimens from 517 infants and young children admitted to the Civil Karachi Hospital, Dow Medical College, Karachi city, Pakistan with acute gastroenteritis from 1990 to 1994 were collected and screened by RT-PCR for human astrovirus (AstV), norovirus (NV), and sapovirus (SV). The specific epidemiological data for illness caused by these viruses in Pakistan are not available. AstV, NV, and SV were detected in 58, 51, and 17 of 517 fecal specimens, and this represented 11.2, 9.9, and 3.2%, respectively. An outbreak of gastroenteritis attributable to AstV serotype 1 was identified during September and October 1990. Moreover, one specimen with a triple mixed infection between AstV (serotypes 1 and 3) and NV GII was found. NV and SV were subjected to molecular analysis by sequencing. One of the sequenced specimens positive for SV turned out to be similar to a strain tentatively called a genogroup IV. The result underscores the importance of these viruses in association with acute gastroenteritis in Karachi city, Pakistan.

Astroviridae Infections↗
PubMed2004

Diversity of enteric viruses detected in patients with gastroenteritis in a tertiary referral paediatric hospital.

The genetic diversity of enteric viruses co-circulating in a cohort of patients with viral gastroenteritis in a large tertiary paediatric hospital in London, UK, was determined. Multiple strains of noroviruses (NV), sapoviruses (SV) and astroviruses (HAsV) were detected in these patients, indicating the likelihood of multiple introductions from different sources, possible sub-clinical infections and simultaneous infection with different viruses in immunocompromised and other patients. Routine screening of immunocompromised patients and infection control procedures are important to prevent nosocomial infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Existence of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis among infants in a day care center in Japan.

A total of 921 fecal specimens collected from 44 infants in a day care center (DCC) in Tokyo, Japan during June 1999 to July 2000 were tested for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus by reverse-transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RT-multiplex PCR) and sequence analysis. Of 88 fecal specimens from infants with acute gastroenteritis, 51.1% (45) were found to be positive for diarrheal viruses. Astrovirus was the most prevalent (15.9%, 14 of 88), followed by norovirus GII (14.8%, 13 of 88), adenovirus (12.5%, 11 of 88), and sapovirus (2.3%, 2 of 88). Viral mixed infection accounted for 5.7% (5 of 88). Interestingly, 230 of 833 (27.6%) fecal specimens collected from asymptomatic infants were also infected with diarrheal viruses. Of these, astrovirus, norovirus GII, adenovirus and sapovirus were identified in 53, 46, 96 and 22 fecal specimens (23%, 20%, 41.7%, and 9.6%, respectively). Moreover, 13 of 833 (1.6%) normal specimens showed mixed viral infections. Surprisingly, no rotavirus (known as the most common causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in DCCs) was detected in those subjects. Another interesting feature was the demonstration of five separate outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis identified in a single DCC. Outbreak A was associated with both astrovirus serotype 1 and norovirus GII/3 (known as Toronto virus cluster); Outbreak B with adenovirus 12; Outbreak C with norovirus GII/4 (Lordsdale virus cluster); Outbreak D with sapovirus GIV and Outbreak E with astrovirus serotype 1. To our knowledge, this is the first proof of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Japanese infants in a single DCC. Our results confirm the presence as well as the importance of these viruses and warn of the threat they pose.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2006

Viral gastroenteritis in children hospitalised in Sicily, Italy.

The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute viral gastroenteritis in hospitalised Italian children. A total of 215 stool specimens were collected from January to December 2003 from patients hospitalised in Palermo for acute diarrhoea. Samples were tested for group A rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, enteropathogenic bacteria, and parasites. Rotaviruses, mostly belonging to types G1-G4, were detected in 25.1% of samples, astrovirus in 7%, adenovirus in 6%, norovirus in 18.6%, and bacterial agents in 17.2%. No parasitic infections were diagnosed. Mixed infections represented 9.8% of all cases. The mean and median ages of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were lower than those of children with other viruses (p = 0.029), with the highest median ages being found in astrovirus-infected patients. Vomiting and dehydration were more frequent among patients with viral infection (p < 0.01), and the severity score was significantly higher for children infected with astrovirus or group A rotavirus (p = 0.008). Rotavirus was the leading cause of prolonged hospitalisation (p = 0.005). In conclusion, viruses were confirmed in Italy as the most common cause of severe enteric illness in childhood, with rotavirus types G1-G4, which correspond to those included in the rotavirus vaccines being developed, playing the main role. Routine testing should be introduced for noroviruses, since they seem to represent an important cause of sporadic paediatric gastroenteritis.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of "Norwalk-like viruses" and astroviruses by liquid hybridization assay.

"Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) and human astroviruses are causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age-groups. The typing of these agents is generally done by nucleotide sequencing, blot hybridization, or enzyme immunoassay. These techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes require scarce reagents, which limits the typing of NLVs and astroviruses to a few reference laboratories. This report describes a liquid hybridization assay that uses broadly reactive probes whose sequences are based on data from specimens in collections available at CDC and GenBank. Two astrovirus genogroup-specific probes were designed and tested successfully on 26 wild strains from all serotypes. Fourteen GII and 16 GI representative NLV strains were typed without cross-hybridization by using P1B- and P2A-specific probes, described previously, and new P2B- and P1A-specific probes. Analysis of the specificity of the probes, the effect of the mismatches during hybridization, and the sensitivity of hybridization assay demonstrates this method to be a rapid and simple technique for molecular typing of NLVs and preliminary characterization of astroviruses.

Astroviridae Infections↗
PubMed2000

RT-PCR identification and typing of astroviruses and Norwalk-like viruses in hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis: evidence of nosocomial infections.

BACKGROUND: Astroviruses (HAstVs) and 'Norwalk-like viruses' (NLV) are frequent causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, though no data on the strains in circulation or their prevalence is available for France. OBJECTIVES: We applied molecular methods to detect HAstVs and NLVs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in fecal samples collected during a 2-year period from children and adults hospitalized with gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN: All samples negative for rotavirus and adenovirus by latex agglutination which contained small (25-40 nm) viral particles observed by electron microscopy (EM) were examined by RT-PCR. RT-PCR products were sequenced to characterize the HAstV and NLV strains present. RESULTS: A total of 75 samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, of which 15 were positive for HAstV and 24 for NLV. Several distinct strains of serotype 1 HAstV, the predominant serotype, circulated during the period. Nineteen of the 24 NLVs were of the G2 genogroup including Mexico-like (n=10), Bristol-like (n=8), and Hawaii-like viruses (n=1); two were genogroup 1. Overall, seven (47%) of the 15 HAstV infections and nine (37.5%) of the 24 NLV infections appeared to be nosocomially acquired based on the date of admission in hospital and the date of illness. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence of the importance of nosocomial infections caused by NLV and HAstV.

Astroviridae Infections↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and characteristics of severe rotavirus infections in Nicaraguan children.

We analyzed the prevalence of rotavirus in 296 children age between 3 and 36 months who were hospitalized in 1994 with severe gastro-enteritis at two health centres for diarrhoea treatment in León, Nicaragua. Enteric viruses were detected in 96 (32.4%) of the children and rotaviruses were the most common pathogens detected in 84 (28%). The majority of rotavirus infections occurred in children less than 1 year old and all strains isolated belonged to subgroup II and had 'long' RNA patterns. Molecular epidemiology of 55 rotavirus strains revealed that all had the same RNA migration pattern and serotyping of 37 strains by PCR technology revealed that all isolates belonged to serotype 3. A significant observation was that only one electropherotype of rotavirus circulated. No non-group A rotaviruses were found by RNA gel electrophoresis. Adenoviruses were found by ELISA in 14 of 265 (5%) children and were most frequently detected during the 1st year of life. Of 103 faecal samples analyzed by electron microscopy, four contained small round structured viruses.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2005

Proportion of sporadic gastroenteritis cases caused by rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and bacteria in Japan from January 2000 to December 2003.

Many kinds of virus and bacterium have been identified as pathogens that cause sporadic gastroenteritis (SG). Among the pathogens, rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NV; previously known as Norwalk-like virus), and adenovirus (AdV) types 40/41 have been considered as the prevalent viruses implicated in the aetiology of childhood gastroenteritis. In the present study, we attempted to estimate monthly proportions of SG cases caused by the viral agents (RV, NV, AdV and other viruses (OV)) and bacterial agents in the whole of Japan. The estimation was carried out by using time series data of the incidence of SG and the viral and bacterial agents of SG, which were collected by a nationwide surveillance system in Japan from January 2000 to December 2003. It was confirmed that, in the dominant period of RV and NV, the proportion of RV-associated SG and that of NV-associated SG indicate almost same level with each other: 46-69% during February-May for RV, and 41-75% during October-December for NV.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2003

[Incidence and prevalent types of Norwalk virus, Sapporo virus and human astrovirus in pediatric gastroenteritis in Hiroshima Prefecture].

The incidence and prevalent types of Norwalk virus (NV), Sapporo virus (SV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) in pediatric gastroenteritis in Hiroshima Prefecture were investigated in 7 cold seasons, between 1995/96 and 2001/02. The incidences of NV, SV, and HAstV were 23.6% ranging from 16.3 to 34.4, 2.5% ranging from 1.5 to 4.7, and 3.2% ranging from 1.5 to 6.0, respectively. The peak of the incidence of NV was found in November and December. No accumulation of monthly incidence in SV or HAstV was noted. Most NVs detected belonged to genogroup II. A probe type of G2F, according to Fukuda et al., was predominant in NV, followed by G2E and G2B. The probe types of LON and SAP, according to Vinje et al., were predominant in SV. Serotype 1 was predominant in HAstV.

Astroviridae Infections↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France.

Group A rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 were detected by enzyme immunoassay or reverse transcription-PCR in 61, 14, 6, and 3% of stool specimens from 414 children consulting for gastroenteritis between 1995 and 1998. These data highlight the importance of caliciviruses in infantile gastroenteritis. Among these, Norwalk-like viruses belonging to genogroup II were predominant.

Acute Disease↗