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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

[Theater nurse and midwife in Cameroon. Impressions and experiences in the grasslands (Northwest Cameroon) during a six-and-a-half month stay in a hospital situated at a height of 1800 m].

The author describes the circumstances of the hospital and out-of-hospital situation in the region she worked in, in focussing on the relevant practical features of the daily life of patients and staff. She deals among other things with the maternity ward (including the separate "camp" devoted to prenatal stays) and the operating theatre. As regards health activities outside the hospital, she mentions those of the existing health centres and of auxiliary personnel called first-aiders (whose job description is close to the one of the village health workers advocated by WHO and others). A health team, usually led by a physician, makes periodic visits to bush villages. The importance of the contacts thus created, for health work itself (including collaboration with traditional health practitioners) as well as for community development, is underlined.

Cameroon↗

PubMed1977

[On the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, in the South West Province of Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria as determined by examination of the intermediate crab hosts for infection with metacercariae (author's transl)].

During 1973-75 the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, was studied in South West-Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria, on the basis of parasitological examinations of the intermediate crab hosts Sudanonautes africanus, S. pelii, and S. aubryi, belonging to the family Potamonidae. 1000 freashwater crabs from 80 localities were examined for prevalence and intensity of infection with Paragonimus methacercariae. In Cameroon S. pelii was found to be a new intermediate host for P. uterobilateralis, and S. aubryi a new host for P. africanus. The morphology, behavior, and habitats of the crabs are summarized. In Eastern Nigeria only metacercariae of P. uterobilateralis were found. The main endemic area was located in the basin of the upper Imo River. Outside this area infected crabs were found only in and around Arochukwu, in the lower tributaries of the Cross River. This distribution differs from that given by Nwokolo (1974), which was based on the origin of clinical cases. These differences are discussed. In South West-Cameroon both Paragonimus species were found. The highest prevalence and intensity of metacercariae of P. africanus was seen in certain tributaries of the Mungo River in the area of Lower Bakossi. Proceeding northwards towards Mamfe, infections with P. africanus decreased steadily, whereas infections with P. uterobilateralis increased. On the upper reaches of the Cross River from the region around Mamfe and extending as far as the Nigerian fronter at Ekok, the crabs were infected exclusively with P. uterobilateralis. The unexplored mildle reaches of the Cross River may form a bridge between the endemic areas of this lung fluke in Nigeria and Cameroon.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility among ecological niche populations of Aspergillus flavus in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Aspergillus flavus is a ubiquitous fungus commonly found in a variety of ecological niches including soil, crops, the air, and humans. In humans, it is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and is linked to other illnesses through contamination of agricultural products with aflatoxins. As such, A. flavus threatens food safety, economic wellbeing, and human health, particularly in less developed regions and countries such as Cameroon. To mitigate these effects, farmers and clinicians rely on triazoles to reduce aflatoxin contamination and treat IA. However, a consequence of increasing triazole use is the emergence and spread of triazole resistance in both agriculture and clinics. To identify the prevalence of triazole resistance and the potential genetic relationships among triazole resistant and susceptible strains, this study investigated antifungal susceptibility to both clinical and agricultural triazoles and analyzed genetic variation among various ecological niche populations of A. flavus in Cameroon. Strain genotypes were obtained through analysis of six polymorphic microsatellite markers. Our analyses revealed that 30.3% (17/56) of the strains were resistant to at least one of the four triazoles, with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations found among crop-isolated strains. A Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance suggested limited ecological niche-based clustering of genotypes, consistent with frequent gene flow and dispersal among ecological niches. A multilocus linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed evidence of non-random recombination in A. flavus. Overall, this study elucidates the interplay between ecological pressures, antifungal resistance, and genetic differentiation, and invites alternative methods to control aflatoxin contamination in foods without the use of agricultural fungicides.

Aspergillus flavus↗

PubMed2026

Genomic epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli across humans, poultry and wastewater sectors in Douala, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: The global health threat of antimicrobial resistance involves the human, animal and environmental sectors. Data from Cameroon are scarce. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to define extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) rates and associated risk factors across the three sectors in Douala, Cameroon, and to define molecular characteristics of isolates. METHODS: From June 2022 to May 2023, we collected blood cultures from hospitalized patients, rectal swabs from healthy pregnant women, caeca from broiler chickens and environmental wastewater. Samples were screened for ESBL-Ec using CHROMAgar™ ESBL and cefotaxime-supplemented Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion following EUCAST guidelines. Whole-genome sequencing was carried out using Illumina technology. RESULTS: Of 628 samples, 374 yielded ESBL-Ec. Prevalence was 54.6% (131/240) in pregnant women, 70.4% (169/240) in chickens and 93.1% (67/72) in wastewater. The proportion of ESBL-Ec among E. coli-positive-blood cultures was 9.2% (7/76). Multi-family household living was independently associated with ESBL-Ec carriage among pregnant women (adjusted odds ratio = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.1, P = 0.03). High co-resistance (>70%) was observed for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Sequencing of 32 isolates revealed 45 distinct resistance genes, including blaCTX-M-15 (n = 13, 40.6%), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 11, 34.4%) and last-resort antibiotic resistance genes mcr-1 and bla OXA-181. High-risk sequence types included ST131 (pregnant women) and ST10 (chickens). Notably, ST48 was shared between pregnant women and chickens, and ST155 between pregnant women and wastewater. CONCLUSION: Cross-sectoral ESBL-Ec in Douala exhibits high genomic diversity and alarming resistance. The occurrence of last-resort genes requires immediate One Health surveillance and coordinated interventions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2025

A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne Jingmenviruses are becoming an increasing arbovirus concern due to the rising number of reported infections in humans and animals, as well as their wide geographic distribution. The involvement of other hematophagous arthropods as vectors of Jingmenviruses is still unknown. METHODS: Mosquitoes were sampled in two different biotopes in Cameroon (Yaoundé and Garoua) during the rainy and the dry seasons in 2022 and 2023. Metatranscriptomics Next Generation Sequencing was conducted using Illumina technology. Viral sequences detection revealed the presence of several contigs with high sequence identity to a human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) previously discovered in plasma from an individual from Yaoundé, Cameroon. A draft viral genome was constituted for each Jingmenvirus-positive samples. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were used to position mosquito-associated viruses within the diversity of Jingmenviruses. Statistical analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence of infected mosquitoes and the effect of different variables (region, season, year, mosquito species) on Jingmenvirus detection. RESULTS: HdJV was identified during the dry and the rainy seasons in 4 species of mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex wansoni from Yaoundé, and Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Garoua. The overall prevalence of HdJV-infected mosquitoes was estimated to 0.90% [0.41-1.69]; and the unique variable significantly associated with HdJV detection was the sampling area: Yaoundé showed the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95-4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01-0.79]). Mosquito-associated Jingmenviruses shared a high nucleotide identity (between 98.64-100% according to the segment) and clustered in the same clade in the phylogenetic analysis, that they belong to the same viral species circulating in different mosquito species. The viral genome shared between 96.4% and 98.9% nucleotide identity with a HdJV detected in the plasma of a patient suffering from febrile illness originating from the same area, suggesting the possible involvement of mosquitoes as vectors of arboviral Jingmenviruses in human infections. CONCLUSIONS: This finding provides new insights into the ecology and transmission dynamics of Jingmenviruses, highlighting mosquitoes as potential vectors, alongside ticks, in the zoonotic transmission of this virus group.

Jingmenvirus↗

PubMed1976

Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. III. A four year follow-up of 6 rain-forest and 6 Sudan-savanna villages.

After an interval of four years the same observers used the same standardized techniques to re-examine 1,016 people in 12 heavily infected rain-forest and savanna villages in Cameroon. The changes in the number of nodules and in the concentration of microfilariae in the skin and eye are described. These latter changes are correlated with the development and/or deterioration of eye lesions and visual impairment. In both the rainforest and the savanna there was a strong association between the development of eye lesions and a high concentration of microfilariae, not only in the eye but also in the skin, and more so at the shoulder than at the buttock. The importance of these findings for the prevention of blindness is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Studies on the flight range and dispersal of Simulium damnosum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the rain-forest of Cameroon.

Five marking/recapture experiments were carried out on Simulium damnosum in the rain-forest of the United Republic of Cameroon, in order to determine the regression in biting density at increasing distances from the marking point. Flies were captured unfed, marked with fluorescent dust, and then released on the bank of a large river. Recaptures were made over the six-seven days after marking, at seven stations situated from 200 m to 79 km along a large river, from the marking site. Marked flies, which showed fluorescent pigment when examined under an ultraviolet lamp, were recovered at all seven sites. The ratios of the number of recaptures per man-hour at each distant site to the recaptures per man-hour at the marking point were calculated to obtain values for the proportional biting density (Z). The value of Z declined in a logarithmic manner with increasing distance from the marking site, such that it fell to 0-1 at distances of 34-1 km on a large river, 5-5 km on a small river, and 1-5 km on a road leading away from a large river. The peak number of flies recaptured at the farthest sites along a large river (56 km and 79 km) occurred one day later than at the station nearest the marking point. The dispersal of marked flies which had fed on volunteers carrying Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae, was studied along a large river. Of three flies recaptured 24 km upstream from the marking point, one contained 10 infective larvae of O. volvulus.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

A household study of illness prevalence and health care preferences in a rural district of Cameroon.

This report gives the results of a health interview survey using a recall interval of one month, in Rural Cameroon carried out between 5 November 1973 and 7 March 1974 on a random selection of 1886 families with 9362 individuals. The disease prevalence in the study area (a positive illness rate of 27.8 percent for a four-week recall period) is analysed by age, sex and treatment preference. People under the age of 15 years suffered predominantly from respiratory (20 percent), digestive (29 percent) and parasitic (12.5 percent) diseases for which Western treatment was preferred (average of 65 percent). In adults musculoskeletal, digestive diseases and generalized body pains were responsible for 63.0 percent of diseases in the age-group 45 and over. The treatment choice was partly Western (50 percent) and partly traditional (20 percent). Traditional treatment was generally preferred for seizures (65 percent) and mental illnesses (87 percent) except for children under four years who received 50.6 percent treatment for seizures from traditional sources and 49.4 percent from Western sources.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

The use of a molluscicide in conjunction with chemotherapy to control Schistosoma haematobium at the Barombi Lake foci in Cameroon. II. Urinary examination methods, the use of niridazole to attack the parasite in man, and the effect on transmission from man to snail.

The use of niridazole, in conjunction with snail control, in an attempt to control the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium at 2 Cameroon crater-lake villages is described. Quantitative examinations of urines for S. haematobium eggs were made on the whole population before control began, at intervals during the maintenance of control, and again after control ceased. The methods and difficulties are described, and their accuracy is discussed. After each examination all accessible egg-passers were treated or re-treated with niridazole. The drug was well tolerated and effective. Most treated patients ceased to pass live eggs, and most of those who later became positive again were thought to represent reinfections rather than relapses. During the maintenance of snail control, niridazole treatment of the 'whole' community reduced the total load of S. haematobium eggs passed to less than 1 per cent of the pre-control figure; and repeated subsequent treatments maintained a level of the same order. Despite this, there remained at different times 0.6-50.9 per cent of persons passing small quantities of live eggs, and these were an important source of continuing transmission. The possibility that more than one strain of S. haematobium was involved is discussed. An index of transmission from man to snail is proposed and discussed in relation to determining the level of the "break-point" in transmission. Although combined niridazole/molluscicide control reduced transmission from man to snail by about 3 log cycles, the "break-point", which is thought to lie 4 or more log-cycles lower, was not reached. When control was stopped, transmission built up again, with the prevalence rate in man rising more rapidly than the intensity of infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

The use of a molluscicide in conjunction with chemotherapy to control Schistosoma haematobium at the Barombi Lake foci in Cameroon. III. Conclusions and costs.

Although Frescon successfully controlled snails on the margins of the Barombi lakes, and although the continuation of niridazole and Frescon control reduced transmission of S. haematobium very considerably, practical difficulties, which are discussed, rendered the twin goals of snail- and parasite-eradication impossible to achieve. The "break-point" in transmission of S. haematobium appears to lie so low as to be practically synonymous with total eradication. Control operations would thus have had to be maintained indefinitely in order to avoid a rapid return to the pre-control situation. The cost of the control element in this combined chemotherapeutic and molluscicidal research project, at 2 lacustrine foci of S. haematobium transmission in the United Republic of Cameroon, was 9 to 10 U.S. dollars per year per head of population protected. This sum is about three times the country's total estimated expenditure per head of population on all health and social services for the year 1974-1975. The high cost of such operations is only likely to be acceptable where schistosomiasis causes much ill-health and reduced economic productivity, and where tangible benefits may be expected from a reduction in the intensity of infections, short of eradication.

Bulinus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic study of dracunculosis in the Podokwos of the Mandara mountains (northern Cameroon)].

The purpose of the present work is the study of the epidemiological aspects of dracontiasis in an endemic area in Cameroon. The study was undertaken in the central Podokwo settlement in Mora subdivision. It is a mountainous area with a climate characterized by a long dry season, from October to mid-May, and a short rainy season. Two seasonal, streams run across the settlement. The water supply of the community is ensured throughout the year by two well built wells. During the rainy season, shallow unprotected wells are the water sources of about 80% of the inhabitants. Among the 944 subjects studied in our sample, 251 had the disease, corresponding to a prevalence of 26 6%. There is no significant difference between both sexes in the prevalence of the disease in our study. The age group 13-26 years is most affected. The worm load varies from 1 to 5, averagely 1.5. As to the localization of the worms in the body, in 92.7% of cases the worms is located in the lower limbs, the feet alone representing up to 46.8%. Less common sites of localization are the head, the breast, the external genitalia. The maximum rate of infestation is observed between August and September. Desinfection of wells with chemicals would be recommended during this period of time.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic study of the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mokolo (North Cameroon)].

Fifty-eight patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis are studied in the North of Cameroon. All of them are living in an area located not further than 30 miles away from Mokolo. Both sexes are equally concerned. Young adults are representing the age group the most frequently infected. The greatest number of cases is observed in August and September during the rainy season. Uncovered parts of the body, the face and the limbs, are mostly concerned. They are only one, or more often many different lesions, which are separated one from the next, and which are evoluting naturally towards cicatrization, leaving usually a cicatricial mark. Diagnosis is achieved by discovering the Leishman-bodies in the smears or in the skin sections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Cameroon swelling; infection by the filaria Loa loa].

Recurrent skin edemata due to an infestation with the filaria Loa loa are called Cameroon or Calabar swellings. These are tense elastic, circumscribed, indolent swellings, which are just slightly red coloured and disappear within 24 to 48 hours. Intervals of several weeks or months may occur. One should think of Loa loa disease seeing travellers return from Loa endemic areas (West Africa) with recurrent, transitory edema and eosinophilia. The stay in these areas may have been several years before! Treatment and prophylaxis: Diethylcarbamazine.

Cameroon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological study of onchocercosis in 5 villages of the valley of the Sanaga (Cameroon)].

The study carried out in five villages in the Sanaga Valley of Cameroon was concerned with the prevalence of the disease, the level of infection and an evaluation of the effect of the parasites on the health of the people. Entomological data were also collected. The study was concerned with the onchocerciasis found in the forest area where the disease is hyperendemic. The males are infected moreoften than the females. Among the adults the skin and lymphatic lesions are extremly important. It was found that as the visual acuity diminishes with age, from age forty many for the people are blind. The villages most affected are those situated near the Sanaga rapids where there is a concentration of the breeding sites of the vectors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of a strain of Mokola virus in Cameroon (author's transl)].

A strain of Mokola virus has been isolated in Cameroon from a shrew (Crocidura sp.). In Nigeria, where the virus was isolated for the first time, two human cases with one death were reported. The possibility of transmission of this virus by the bite of an arthropod is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Serum carotenoids and vitamin A in melanodermic and albino subjects in Cameroon].

Vitamin A nutritional status as assessed by carotenoid and vitamin A assays in sera collected in various parts of Cameroon prooved to be of good value. Palm oil rich diets lead to high seric carotenoid concentrations and tissular accumulation which is particularly visible on the palms and soles of melanodermic and albinos subjects.

Albinism↗

PubMed1978

Cancer in Cameroon: a relative frequency study.

Some 1,390 male and 1,418 female cancer cases examined histologically in Cameroon--1969-1973--were analysed. The relatively most frequent cancers were: Males: skin 30%, malignant lymphomas 13%, primary liver cancer 11%. Females: skin 20%, uterine cervix 16%, breast 10%. Kaposi's sarcoma comprised 31% of all male skin cancer with a high male-female ratio (157/14). Tumours of the lung and intestinal tract were rare. Ethnic differences were noted with regard to cancer of the liver, skin, buccal cavity, lung and bladder. Possible sources of bias are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Vascular lesions in testes associated with male infertility in Cameroon. Possible relationship to parasitic disease.

Testicular biopsies in 40 of 41 infertile males with severe oligospermia in Cameroon presented massive subendothelial "fibrinoid" deposits in the small and medium sized vessels. Fibrinogen, complement and IgM were demonstrated in these deposits by immunofluorescence. Evidence strongly suggestive of parasitic testicular involvement was also observed in 2 cases. It is postulated that the "fibrinoid" deposits are the result of repeated formation and deposition of circulating immune complexes by reaction of antibodies with antigens. These antigens could be of various origins and in the cases described here they could be derived from living or dying parasites in the region. The accumulation and incorporation of the "fibrinoid" deposits may lead to vascular stenosis resulting in chronic ischaemia, tubular atrophy and fibrosis, and finally oligospermia.

Adult↗