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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1994

False positive legionella serology in campylobacter infection: campylobacter serotypes, duration of antibody response and elimination of cross-reactions in the indirect fluorescent antibody test.

Sera from 83 patients with campylobacter gastroenteritis were examined for the presence of legionella antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Twenty-one patients (25%) had positive titres (> or = 16) including 11 patients with titres of > or = 128. Legionella seropositivity persisted in 5 of 9 patients (55%) studied for 6-9 months. Campylobacter isolates were serotyped by the Penner scheme. Isolates associated with legionella seropositivity included Penner types 1, 2 and 4, the common endemic serotypes in England. Campylobacter blocking fluids were prepared from a range of Penner reference strains. The blocking fluid prepared from Penner type 11 was the most efficient at inhibiting the false-positive legionella titres. Using this absorption step legionella titres were inhibited from 24 of 26 patients (92%) with campylobacter but not from 8 patients with culture-proven legionnaires' disease. We recommend that this method is incorporated into routine diagnostic legionella serology in order to eliminate false-positive reactions due to campylobacter.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The surveillance and control of campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the most commonly reported bacterial causes of enteritis in man in the United Kingdom. The reported incidence of campylobacter infection varies with place and time. Its epidemiology differs from that of salmonella: campylobacters do not multiply on food, secondary spread is rare, and infections peak at the end of May (salmonellas peak in July). Known sources of infection include poultry, milk, water, pets and other domestic animals. Campylobacters are widespread in the environment, and in domestic and wild birds and mammals. About 10% of infections reported in the UK are acquired abroad. The application of preventive measures can be effective in reducing the incidence of infection and its not inconsiderable financial burden.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

An observational clinic-based study of diarrheal illness in deployed United States military personnel in Thailand: presentation and outcome of Campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter is a leading cause of traveler's diarrhea in Thailand. Since resistance to quinolones is high among Campylobacter isolates, empiric therapy with quinolones for traveler's diarrhea may be ineffective in this region. We conducted an observational study among 169 U.S. military personnel with acute diarrhea and compared their microbiologic findings to those of 77 asymptomatic personnel deployed to Thailand in May 1998. Of 146 pathogenic bacterial isolates, the most common were nontyphoidal Salmonella (n = 31), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (n = 24), and C. jejuni/coli (n = 23). Campylobacter was strongly associated with disease (odds ratio = 5.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.3-37.3), with a more severe clinical presentation, and with a reduced functional ability at presentation (P = 0.02). In vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in 96% of the Campylobacter isolates. Sub-optimal treatment response to ciprofloxacin was observed in 17% of the cases of Campylobacter infection versus 6% due to other causes. These results highlight the importance of Campylobacter as a cause of severe traveler's diarrhea in Thailand and illustrates the ongoing problem with antibiotic-resistant strains and associated treatment problems.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Guillain-Barre syndrome and Campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter infection of the gastrointestinal tract has been observed as an antecedent illness in some patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS); these patients have been reported to have poor prognosis. We investigated 29 patients with GBS, admitted to our hospital from January 1996 to December 1999 for recent Campylobacter enteritis by culture of their stool specimens. Campylobacter upsaliensis and C. jejuni were isolated from stools of one patient each with acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) respectively. The patient with C. upsaliensis infection was a 7 year-old male child who developed features of AMAN, 7 days after onset of diarrhea. He recovered gradually within 24 days with residual deficit in the form of foot drop. This deficit has persisted for last three and half years. The other patient with C. jejuni infection was a 9 year-old boy, who developed AIDP after 9 days of acute diarrhea. This patient recovered completely within 28 days of illness without any deficit. None of the patients had relapse of GBS. The present findings indicate the need of planned systematic studies to explore the role of C. upsaliensis and other campylobacters as agents of antecedent diarrhea in patients of GBS with different clinical presentations and prognosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The seasonality of human campylobacter infection and Campylobacter isolates from fresh, retail chicken in Wales.

Seasonal peaks in both human campylobacter infections and poultry isolates have been observed in several European countries but remain unexplained. We compared weekly data on human campylobacter infections with thermophilic Campylobacter isolation rates from fresh, retail chicken samples (n = 514) purchased weekly in Wales between January and December 2002. Human isolates (n = 2631) peaked between weeks 22 and 25 (early June) and chicken isolates (n = 364) between weeks 24 and 26 (late June). In the absence of a temporal association, we postulate that the seasonal rise in humans is not caused by a rise in isolation rates in poultry but that both are more likely to be associated with a common, but as yet unidentified, environmental source.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Chronic effects of Campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and chronic sequelae, such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), are known to follow uncomplicated infections. While little is known about reactive arthritis following Campylobacter infection, our knowledge on the pathogenesis of Campylobacter-induced GBS is expanding rapidly and is summarized in this review.

Campylobacter Infections↗

PubMed1980

A milk-borne outbreak of Campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the stools of 148 patients with symptoms and 57 symptomless subjects, and from a milk sock filter, following an outbreak of enteritis associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk. The incubation period ranged from 2-11 days with a peak at 5 days. There were no secondary cases. The attack rate was around 50%. Cases occurred in all age groups but were maximal in the 1-10 age group. Recovery from symptoms was complete in the majority in less than 1 week. No long term excretors were identified. There were no differences between culture positive individuals, with or without symptoms, in age or sex distribution or duration of excretion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The immune system response to Campylobacter infection.

Campylobacter may be one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis (GE) in children. It has recently been suggested that it is one of the bacterial pathogens most likely to infect immune-compromised children, and it may facilitate colonization of enteric pathogens. The immune system response was studied in 12 children with Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni (CBJ) infections. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgM, and IgG were analyzed using a Beckman auto-analyzer. Sera specific Ab to CBJ were tested with CBJ specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes was performed to three lectins: Con A, PWM, and PHA. The lymphocyte blast transformation to Campylobacter was studied using the Campylobacter antigen. T-cell subsets were studied using the monoclonal antibodies Leu 2, 3, and 4 (Becton Dickinson). Chemotaxis was measured in modified Boyden chambers; chemotactic stimulants were the Formyl Met Leu Phe, Campylobacter antigen virion, and E. coli 0111 B. Immunoglobulins were normal in nine cases and abnormal in two children previously diagnosed as agammaglobulinemic and one diagnosed as hypoagammaglobulinemic. Specific serum Ab level was significantly higher in the CBJ group, except in the agammaglobulinemic group. Stimulation indices to mitogens and monoclonal subset were in the normal range. The blastogenic transformation to CBJ Ag was decreased compared to normal lectins, and positive and high compared to controls. The chemotactic activity to campylobacter Ag was decreased in comparison to other stimulants. Most CBJ infections are self-limiting due to a normal immune response and collaboration of all cellular limbs. When, however, the immune response is disturbed, we may find a prolonged and complicated course of CBJ.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1989

[Campylobacter infection and Campylobacter excretion in turkeys].

Five turkey poults at an age of 27 days were infected with Campylobacter jejuni strain. Additional five poults were infected by contact. Turkeys infected by contact and artificially were necropsied 1 and 3 months later, respectively. The histological examination of the liver revealed degenerative changes in contact birds and a proliferation of the connective tissue and bile-ducts in two of the oral infected poults. Campylobacter spp. were excreted daily during the first two weeks and afterwards with interruptions of several days. The excretion lasted until the end of the experiment between day 86 and 98. The excretion period, which is prolonged compared with that of chickens may be of particular importance under aspects of epizootiology and food hygiene.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Prolonged diarrhea due to ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter infection.

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter causes >1 million infections annually in the United States. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are used to treat Campylobacter infections in adults. Although human infections with ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter have become increasingly common, the human health consequences of such infections are not well described. METHODS: A case-control study of persons with sporadic Campylobacter infection was conducted within 7 FoodNet sites during 1998-1999. The E-test system (AB Biodisk) was used to test for antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; ciprofloxacin resistance was defined as a ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration of > or =4 microg/mL. We conducted a case-comparison study of interviewed persons who had an isolate tested. RESULTS: Of 858 isolates tested, 94 (11%) were ciprofloxacin resistant. Among 290 persons with Campylobacter infection who did not take antidiarrheal medications, persons with ciprofloxacin-resistant infection had a longer mean duration of diarrhea than did persons with ciprofloxacin-susceptible infection (9 vs. 7 days [P=.04]). This difference was even more pronounced among the 63 persons who did not take antidiarrheal medications or antimicrobial agents (12 vs. 6 days [P=.04]). In a multivariable analysis-of-variance model, the persons with ciprofloxacin-resistant infection had a longer mean duration of diarrhea than did the persons with ciprofloxacin-susceptible infection (P=.01); this effect was independent of foreign travel. The association between ciprofloxacin resistance and prolonged diarrhea is consistent across a variety of analytical approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection have a longer duration of diarrhea than do persons with ciprofloxacin-susceptible Campylobacter infection. Additional efforts are needed to preserve the efficacy of fluoroquinolones.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

A trial of biosecurity as a means to control Campylobacter infection of broiler chickens.

We ran a controlled intervention trial to assess whether the risk of a broiler flock becoming infected with Campylobacter could be reduced by biosecurity measures. These were a standard method of cleansing and disinfecting the poultry house prior to stocking, and a standard hygiene protocol followed by all personnel who entered the study house during the flock's life. Thirty-nine flocks were allocated to intervention or control groups in a ratio of 1:2. Intervention flocks were asked to follow the specified biosecurity measures; all flocks were monitored weekly for Campylobacter infection. Analysis of infection at 42 days of age and over the life of the flock showed that the risk of thermophilic Campylobacter infection of broilers was reduced by over 50% in intervention flocks. Parts of the intervention identified as significant in the univariable analysis included twice weekly replenishment of boot dip disinfectant; potential independent risk factors identified included the location of ventilation fans and daily sanitisation of the water supply. The non-random allocation of 10 flocks to the control group may have introduced some study bias (the effect of which is discussed in the paper).

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1983

[Campylobacter infection in children].

Enteritis by Campylobacter jejuni/coli is by far the most frequent clinical entity of campylobacter-infection. It may be compared to salmonella-enteritis as for its epidemiologic importance. The course of the disease may be dramatic, but can be successfully treated as soon as the pathogen is known. In prematures and newborn babies infections with Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus are life-threatening and early diagnosis is of life-saving importance. Five observations of campylobacter-enteritis in children aged 2, 8, and 10 years are reported. They were characterized by high fever frequent loose, watery stools with blood, leucocytosis or leucopenia and elevated BSR. All children became asymptomatic with symptomatic treatment, without specific antibacterial therapy. The importance of campylobacter-infections, their diagnosis and course of disease in children are discussed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Association between environmental risk factors and campylobacter infections in Sweden.

Campylobacter sp. is the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in Sweden and the incidence has been increasing. Case-control studies to identify risk factors have been conducted in several countries, but much remains unexplained. The geographical distribution of campylobacter infections varies substantially, and many environmental factors may influence the observed pattern. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) offer an opportunity to use routinely available surveillance data to explore associations between potential environmental risk factors showing a geographical pattern and disease incidence, complementing traditional approaches for investigating risk factors for disease. We investigated associations between campylobacter incidence and environmental factors related to water and livestock in Sweden. Poisson regression was used to estimate the strength of the associations. Positive associations were found between campylobacter incidence and average water-pipe length per person, ruminant density, and a negative association with the percentage of the population receiving water from a public water supply. This indicates that drinking water and contamination from livestock may be important factors in explaining sporadic human campylobacteriosis in Sweden, and that contamination occurring in the water distribution system might be more important than previously considered.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Campylobacter infections in animals and children in Haryana, India.

To study the prevalence of infections with Campylobacter spp in Haryana, India, a stool sample was collected using a rectal swab from 30 buffaloes, 62 cattle, 95 pigs and 94 children and was bacteriologically cultured. The subjects were either apparently healthy or had diarrhoea. The organisms were isolated in a medium containing reducing agents and antibiotics, and culture plates were incubated in a candle jar at 42 degrees C. 63% of all thermophilic Campylobacter were cultured from rectal swabs taken from young livestock and children with diarrhoea. Of 32 isolates fully identified, 23 were C. jejuni, 8 were C. coli and 1 was C. laridis. The C. jejuni isolates belonged to the Lior's biotype II.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

A study of risk factors for Campylobacter infection in late spring.

A case-control study was carried out to investigate possible reasons for the large increase in the number of cases of infection caused by Campylobacter species reported in the Regional Epidemiology Section of Manchester Public Health Laboratory in late spring each year. The hypothesis tested was that a risk factor peculiar to campylobacter infection is responsible for this phenomenon. Interviews about a wide variety of risk factors were conducted with 29 patients suffering from campylobacter enteritis and 41 out of a control group of 42 with acute diarrhoeal illness from other causes. The only statistically significant association with campylobacter infection was having had milk bottle tops pecked by birds, while previously recognised associated factors such as outdoor activities, pet ownership and consumption of chicken showed no significant association. Interviewees identified the birds responsible as magpies.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Domestically acquired Campylobacter infections in Finland.

Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 533) from domestic cases diagnosed in Finland during a 3-month peak period were studied. The highest rate was observed among those 70-74 years of age. Domestic C. jejuni isolates were especially frequent in the eastern districts. Six serotypes covered 61% of all C. jejuni isolates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Neurologic involvement in campylobacter infections. 5 cases].

Campylobacter are a newly recognized class of human infectious agents. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is a cause of sepsis in immunocompromized hosts. Secondary neurological determinations, meningitis and meningoencephalitis appear to be rare. We report 2 cases, and 8 previously reported cases are reviewed. Campylobacter jejuni appears to be a common bacterial pathogen causing a syndrome of enteritis. Since 1982 it has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). In one serological retrospective study, Campylobacter jejuni was the most common single pathogen identifiable in association with GBS, and these cases were significantly more severe. We report 3 cases with weakness and amyotrophy of distal limbs. Only 10 other cases have been found in the literature. Diarrhoea antedated the neurological illness by 4 to 21 days. In 4 syndromes of Miller-Fisher the prognosis was good. However electrophysiological axonal loss was reported in 6 GBS with poor functional prognosis. The pathogenic role of bacterial toxins and humoral immune response are discussed. Cross-reactivity between Campylobacter jejuni and human sciatic nerve proteins has not been demonstrated using sera from patients with GBS and serological evidence of Campylobacter enteritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Campylobacter infection associated with raw milk. An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni and thermotolerant Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus.

Raw milk is identified with increasing numbers of outbreaks of gastroenteritis and is an important vehicle for transmission of Campylobacter infection. Unlike Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus has not been associated with common-source outbreaks of gastroenteritis. This report describes an outbreak of gastroenteritis involving C jejuni and a thermotolerant strain of C fetus subsp fetus associated with raw milk. Fifteen (39%) of 38 persons who attended a banquet in Wisconsin in June 1982 developed acute gastroenteritis. Stool specimens were obtained from nine ill guests; four yielded C jejuni and three yielded C fetus subsp fetus. The C fetus subsp fetus isolates were identified fortuitously, in part because of unusual thermotolerance (growth at 42 degrees C), permitting isolation at temperature appropriate for C jejuni. Survey results implicated raw milk as the source of the outbreak. Findings provide evidence of a potentially emergent milkborne pathogen contributing to the risk of raw milk consumption and suggest that current diagnostic laboratory techniques may fail to identify significant foodborne agents.

Adolescent↗