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PubMed1978

Gram-negative endocarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus.

Campylobacter fetus is a rare cause of endocarditis that is difficult to diagnose because of the fastidiousness of the organism. The source of infection is unknown and it may involve a normal or previously damaged aortic valve. The onset is insidious, and if there is a prior history of recent onset of fever, thrombophlebitis, and diarrhea, infection caused by this organism should be considered. Echocardiography may be useful. The organism is sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including the combination of penicillin and streptomycin. The prognosis and survival are good.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Comparative efficacy of ten commercial Campylobacter fetus vaccines in the pregnant guinea pig: challenge with Campylobacter fetus serotype A.

Efficacy of ten commercial Campylobacter fetus vaccines was tested in pregnant guinea pigs and compared with that of an experimental vaccine prepared from the challenge-exposure strain. If the first lot of vaccine failed to protect 50% of the guinea pigs, one or two additional lots of that vaccine were purchased and retested. Three vaccines for cattle, evaluated, as the most effective of those tested, protected 62%, 72%, and 89% of the guinea pigs from abortion; the experimental vaccine protected 98%. The two vaccines for sheep protected 50% and 61% of the guinea pigs from abortion. With the other five vaccines produced for immunizing cattle, protection was from 0% to 36%, with the exception of one lot of a vaccine that protected 74%. Blood infection was found at necropsy in only 6% of the guinea pigs given vaccines that protected 50% or more from abortion, but was found in 66% of those given vaccines that protected less than 50%. Similarly, tissue infection was found at necropsy in only 18% of the guinea pigs given vaccines that protected more than 50%, but was found in 91% of those given vaccines that protected less than 50% from abortion. Oil-emulsion adjuvants appeared to enhance protection from abortion and infection. Nodules persisted at the injection site in most of the guinea pigs immunized with vaccines containing oil-emulsion adjuvants, but rarely persisted in guinea pigs given aqueous-phase adjuvant vaccines. Comparison of efficacy of the vaccines in guinea pigs with efficacy in sheep and cattle remains to be made.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1977

Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from recent cases of human vibriosis.

Campylobacter fetus was isolated from five recent cases of human vibriosis, of which two were adults and three were children. One adult presented with pericarditis and the other with recurrent pyrexia. Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis which resembled cattle strains serologically, was isolated under CO2 or anaerobic conditions from blood cultures of these patients. Two of the three children had kwashiorkor and the third was only 8 days old. Isolates identified as Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni were cultured from blood of these patients, two of whom had diarrhoea. Three patients succumbed, despite adequate antibiotic therapy. The epidemiology of the disease is discussed and it is suggested that infection may have been from the patients' own flora.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Campylobacter fetus infection in human subjects: association with raw milk.

Within a three week period, four cases of Campylobacter fetus infection were identified in a hospital in Los Angeles County. Three of the four patients had drunk large quantities of an identical brand of commercially available certified raw milk. Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was isolated from the blood of these three patients. The fourth patient, who did not drink raw milk, had Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis isolated from his blood. A telephone survey comparing cases and controls for possible risk factors associated with Campylobacter fetus infection confirmed the association with raw milk (P = 0.003). In a serologic survey, evidence suggested that Campylobacter fetus infection was associated with raw milk consumption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Improved media for growth and aerotolerance of Campylobacter fetus.

The microaerophilic nature of Campylobacter fetus has complicated its recovery from human and animal sources. In this study, modifications of brucella agar and broth were tested for enhancement of growth and aerotolerance of 64 strains of C. fetus, representing each subspecies. Brucella agar supplemented with 0.025% each FeSO4 7H2O, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate, supported growth of 98, 77, and 63% of the strains at 6% O2, 17% O2, and 21% O2, respectively. Unsupplemented brucella agar supported growth of 94, 48, and 20% of the strains. Brucella broth supplemented with 0.2% FeSO4.7H2O, 0.025% sodium metabisulfite, and 0.05% sodium pyruvate supported growth of 98% of the strains at 21% O2, compared to 75% with unsupplemented brucella broth. With both the supplemented agar and broth, growth responses occurred 1 to 2 days earlier than usual. Growth and aerotolerance of three strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. bubulus were not enhanced by the supplements.

Campylobacter↗

PubMed1979

Campylobacter fetus sepsis with mycotic aortic aneurysm.

Campylobacter fetus is a fastidious, curved, Gram-negative bacillus that has been increasingly associated with human disease. To our knowledge, we are reporting the first documented case of C fetus sepsis associated with an aortic mycotic aneurysm. Typical of previously reported cases of infections caused by this organism, this case involved a debilitated patient who was seen initially with a subacute febrile illness associated with bacteremia, but who died suddenly when the unsuspected aneurysm ruptured. The isolate was presumptively identified by its growth characteristics, motility, curved shape, and the presence of a single polar flagellum.

Aneurysm, Infected↗

PubMed1979

Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni to twenty antimicrobiol agents.

One hundred recent clinical isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni were tested by an agar dilution technique for susceptibility to each of 20 antimicrobial agents. Doxycycline and gentamicin were the most active of the drugs examined, inhibiting all strains at concentrations achievable in serum. Although the median minimal inhibitory concentration of erythromycin was low, 8% of the isolates were highly resistant. All isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni were relatively resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Some strains were highly resistant to metronidazole and tinidazole.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2026

Lineage-associated differences in adenine methylation patterns of mammalian-associated Campylobacter fetus isolates: a possible role for epigenetic factors in host tropism and pathogenesis.

Mammalian Campylobacter fetus (CF) is divided into two subspecies, C. fetus fetus (CFF) and C. fetus venerealis (CFV), the latter being bovine-adapted and responsible for the notifiable disease bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC). Differentiation between CF subspecies has traditionally been undertaken by a few biochemical tests, but these are complicated by the existence of a biotype, C. fetus venerealis intermedius (CFVi), which shares attributes of both CFF and CFV. Molecular methods targeting specific genes have gained acceptance for more accurate subtype identification and align well with whole-genome analysis. However, limited genomic diversity between subtypes has confounded efforts to understand the genetic basis for differential host tropism and pathogenesis of these organisms. A previous study of a small cohort of C. fetus isolates suggested that dam gene coding variations might correlate with CF subtype. Accordingly, this study examines a cohort of 331 C. fetus genomes, representative of all seven phylogenetic groups for their complement of adenine methylases and the genomic motifs they target in representative isolates. All CF isolates retained a cfeM1 gene, the presence of which correlates with RAATTY methylation, while seven other adenine methylase genes exhibited distinct cladal distributions. Notably, a cjeM1 gene appears to target the CCAN7TAG/CTAN7TGG motif in CFV and CFVi isolates only. Given the increasing recognition of the impact of adenine methylation on bacterial-host interactions, further exploration of the role of adenine methylation in C. fetus pathogenesis could reveal mechanisms contributing to BGC and thus aid in its eradication.IMPORTANCECampylobacter fetus remains an important zoonotic pathogen, for which a better understanding of its host tropism and pathogenesis is sought. However, the limited genomic variation observed between subtypes has to date confounded efforts in this regard. This study suggests that an alternative approach that examines epigenetic differences between subtypes, specifically adenine methylation patterns, may reveal mechanisms critical to the pathologies of these organisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Major outer membrane protein of Campylobacter fetus: physical and immunological characterization.

The outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter fetus have been isolated by extraction of cell envelopes both in Triton X-100 and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Each method yielded a major protein component, which migrated identically in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and proved comparable in electrophoretic and molecular weight characteristics to the analagous protein from Escherichia coli. In addition, the surface of SDS-extracted C. fetus cells displayed a subunit structure similar to that observed in E. coli. The major envelope protein isolated with SDS appeared antigenically identical with one of the proteins isolated with Trition-EDTA on the basis of immunodiffusion reactions with specific antisera. Antibodies directed to the major envelope protein were not reactive in agglutination, immobilization, bactericidal, or opsonization reactions. Strains of C. fetus belonging to each of the three O serotypes possessed major envelope proteins comparable in SDS-PAGE but distinguished antigencally in a fashion paralleling the O serotype classification.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1976

Spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis due to Campylobacter fetus.

An unusual case of spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis associated with Campylobacter fetus is reported. This microaerophilic gram-negative bacillus has been increasingly associated with human disease recently, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. The infection is characteristically relapsing in nature and requires protracted antimicrobial therapy.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1979

Acute colitis and bacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus.

An acute febrile illness with dysentery and colitis developed in a 26-year-old man following a wilderness outing. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was subsequently grown on blood cultures drawn during the acute illness and 9 days later when the patient was asymptomatic. Proctosigmoidoscopic and histopathologic evidence of acute colitis was present on admission and resolved on follow-up examination. Campylobacter fetus spp. jejuni infection should be considered in the etiology of acute infectious colitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Campylobacter fetus infections in children.

There has been a gradual accumulation of reported Campylobacter fetus human infections since the first description in 1947. The taxonomy of these fastidious and morphologically confusing organisms has been recently revised and, in the past few years, through the use of selective culture medium for stool isolation C fetus has been implicated as a frequent paghogen in children. There are three relatively distinct patterns of human C fetus infection. The first, most frequent, pattern of disease is enteritis which is usually uncomplicated and due to C fetus subsp jejuni. A second form of disease consists of focal infections, often associated with vasculitis and/or chronic bacteremia. These infections, due to C fetus subsp intestinalis, are seen most often in older, debilitated, or chronically ill men. The third pattern, perinatal infections causing abortion, prematurity, and neonatal meningitis, is the least frequent, but these infections are usually fetal to the fetus or infant and are also due to C fetus subsp intestinalis.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus) infection in dairy herds in South-West Scotland.

Infertility and abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus is described in a series of 12 herds in South West Scotland during the period May 1974 to December 1976. Herd studies show that 44 bulls were involved and that there were 34 bull and 18 cow movements for breeding purposes. The need to include C fetus infection in the differential diagnosis of herd infertility is emphasised.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1978

Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus to twenty-two antimicrobial agents.

In vitro susceptibility of 11 recent clinical isolates of Campylobacter fetus to 22 antimicrobial agents was determined by an agar dilution technique. Unlike most obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, C. fetus isolates tested were relatively resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins, but exquisitely susceptible to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. All strains were also inhibited at concentrations achievable in serum by clindamycin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and with rare exceptions, ampicillin. They were variably susceptible to lincomycin and erythromycin and highly resistant to vancomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1978

Microcapsule of Campylobacter fetus: chemical and physical characterization.

The antiphagocytic antigen (antigen [a]) comprising the microcapsule of a strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis has been purified from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate fractionation and free-flow electrophoresis. Antigen [a] is a glycoprotein containing about 4% carbohydrate consisting of hexose, pentose, and methylpentose. The composition of the protein was typical of bacterial extramural structural proteins in its low content of basic, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids. The protein had a high content of aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, and alanine. Antigen [a] had an Rf of 0.33 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a molecular weight calculated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of approximately 98,000. In contrast to its free form in culture supernatants, antigen [a] in vesicles derived from sheared cells appeared to exist in a complex with lipopolysaccharide. This complex could be dissociated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plus Triton X-100. A mutant strain that lacked a microcapsule, when incubated with soluble antigen [a] in a calcium medium, became agglutinable by monospecific [a] antiserum and showed an additional structural layer similar in appearance to the microcapsule on its cell wall. Points of similarity are emphasized between antigen [a] of C. fetus and the outer structural protein of the taxonomically related Spirillum serpens.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1976

Antibody-mediated immobilization of Campylobacter fetus: inhibition by a somatic antigen.

Immobilization tests were conducted on a wild-type strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis and on a mutant lacking an antiphagocytic cell surface component. Highly effective immobilization of the mutant, both as single cells and clumps of cells, was produced with an antiserum containing antibodies specific for the flagellar hook and filament and for the O antigen. Damage to flagellar hooks after reaction with this antiserum was observed only with cells of the mutant. Single-cell immobilization of the mutant was also produced with an antiserum specific for a heat-stable somatic antigen which was distinct from the O antigen and was exposed on the cell surface only of the mutant. Minimal immobilization of the wild strain was brought about by either of these antisera. It was shown also that O antibodies had no effect on the motility of either the wild strain or mutant. These findings indicate that antibody-mediated immobilization may be brought about by effects on the flagellar hook or cell body, as well as on the flagellar filament. Furthermore, the protection from immobilization afforded the bacterium by the antiphagocytic surface structure suggests a dual function for this virulence factor in the infected animal.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Isolation of Campylobacter fetus in two herds of sheep in Sweden (author's transl)].

In two herds of sheep with numerous abortions Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis was isolated from fetuses, fetal membranes, and faecal specimens. In herd A, with good hygiene, 12 ewes out of 250 aborted. In herd B, with poor hygiene, 54 out of 171 ewes aborted and 14 of them died; for a further 9 ewes the lambs died postnatally. The clinical course in both herds shows that proper supervision and possibilities of prompt isolation of aborting ewes can substantially reduce the spread of infection within the herd. The isolated strains of C. fetus subsp. intestinalis were catalase-positive, did not grow in deep culture on 0.5% semisolid agar, reduced nitrate, did not grow in 3,5% NaCl, but grew in 1% ox bile and 1% glycine. All the strains were negative with respect to H2S production on TSI but positive on lead-acetate strips. In serological tests, positive agglutination titres were demonstrated only in aborting ewes from herd B. Positive titres were also demonstrated in a ram from the same herd.

Abortion, Septic↗

PubMed1978

Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni to twenty-nine antimicrobial agents.

The activity of 29 antimicrobial agents was tested against 95 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni isolated from human stools. Furazolidone and gentamycin were the most active agents. The tetracyclines, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were very active against most of the strains, but with each antibiotic a few resistant strains were found. The penicillins were relatively inactive, and the cephalosporins tested were only active against occasional strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗