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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

An overview of current and anticipated methods for cancer prevention.

Cancer prevention techniques include legislative regulation, chemoprevention, adherence to a "healthful" lifestyle, and specialized medical intervention. Attempts at cancer prevention have possibly avoided a dramatic increase in cancer incidence and mortality due to increasing dependence on the products of the chemical industry in many areas of our present civilization, but this is difficult to establish. There is little direct evidence that cancer prevention has led to any major reduction in cancer incidence or mortality.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1991

Community-based cancer prevention--the Stockholm Cancer Prevention Program.

The Stockholm Cancer Prevention Program (SCPP) is among the first comprehensive community intervention programs in the world aimed at reducing cancer incidence and mortality. The program began in 1987 in an urban area with more than 1.6 million inhabitants. In its work, SCPP utilizes a community-based approach focusing on (1) reduction in tobacco consumption, (2) reduction in dietary fat consumption and increase in dietary fiber consumption, and (3) changing sunbathing behavior in order to reduce the incidence of malignant melanoma. The overall philosophy of the program is to initiate activities capable of affecting the life style of the Stockholm population in these directions. SCPP intends to influence behavior through individual face-to-face contact. The tool for this contact is collaboration with independent organizations which are already active in the target communities. Food supply to the general public will be influenced through food producers, wholesalers, retailers, and caterers. Tobacco use, food habits, and sunbathing habits will be influenced via occupational health services; public health services including primary care, schools and municipal social services; voluntary organizations; and mass media. A model for possible ways of evaluating the program has been designed.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1991

What healthy women think, feel and do about cancer, prevention and breast cancer screening in Italy.

In preparation for a major campaign to encourage participation in a breast screening programme for all women between 50-70 years old in Florence, Italy, an in-depth study of 200 women's attitudes and practices regarding cancer and its prevention was undertaken. 72% participated in semistructured interviews, and inclination to participate was analysed in terms of Yes (39%), Uncertain (36%), and No (20%) (5% were unspecified). Age (P = 0.03), area of birth (P = 0.01), education level of husband (P = 0.04) and prior Pap smear (P = 0.00) or mammography (P = 0.00) were among the variables statistically associated with inclination to participate. While the women shared more or less common images of cancer, concern for health, and belief in the importance of God and destiny, those less inclined to participate felt less personally vulnerable, had less faith in medicine's ability to cure or prevent cancer, were more distant from the medical system and culture in general and regarded information about health or illness more as unnecessary or dangerous than beneficial. Understanding and consideration of both "popular" and "medical" cultures need to be encouraged.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

A clinical cancer prevention curriculum in a comprehensive cancer center.

Interns, residents, and medical students who spend one month at a comprehensive cancer center are presented with a strategy to incorporate cancer preventive services into their outpatient practices. This is accomplished through didactic lectures in clinical epidemiology. Terms that are essential to an understanding of disease occurrence are defined including incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate. Odds and probability are explored with the introduction of the odds ratio and the identification of risk factors. Primary and secondary cancer prevention are defined, and parameters related to cancer screening are introduced (sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, and positive predictive value). Risk factors for malignancy are identified where they are known and can be modified. Primary prevention strategies are reviewed by site along with data that support or refute recommendations for site-specific screening. Medical conditions and risk factor profiles that define high-risk groups are reviewed. Trainees are given copies of the US Preventive Services Task Force screening recommendations and a clinical handbook. The impact of this information on clinical practice patterns remains to be evaluated.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer Prevention Study II. The American Cancer Society Prospective Study.

Over the past 40 years, the American Cancer Society has led in large-scale, prospective studies of behavioral and environmental risk factors in association with cancer development. Through results of its 1952 study, cigarette smokers were found to have a 10-fold higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. Cancer Prevention Study I (1959-1972) extended these results and also showed the relationship between age smoking began, depth of inhalation, smoking cessation, air pollution, body weight, etc., on all causes of death as well as specific cancer sites. Cancer Prevention Study II began in 1982 and after six years of follow-up has confirmed many earlier findings, and additionally has found: aspirin may be protective against colon cancer; persons reporting themselves to be heavy exercisers had higher standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for lung, colorectal, and pancreas cancer than moderate exercisers; more women who were long-term users of artificial sweeteners reported gaining weight during the past year than nonusers; diesel fume exposure elevated the risk of lung cancer among men ages 40-79; pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of multiple myeloma; and based on CPS II mortality rates, an estimated 250 million of the 1.25 billion persons living in developed countries will die because they smoke.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of N-4-(hydroxycarbophenyl) retinamide as a cancer prevention agent and as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent.

In this review, a retinoid analogue (N-4-hydroxycarbophenyl) retinamide (R11) has been evaluated for its pharmacological and clinical properties. R11 has been studied both as a cancer prevention agent, as well as, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. R11 alone and in combination with other agents can be used for the treatment of cervical dysplasia or leukemia. This review will examine novel strategies and mechanisms of action for retinoids in the treatment and prevention of cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cancer prevention education in United States medical schools. Cancer Education Survey II: cancer education in United States medical schools.

The Cancer Education Survey collected data from 126 of 128 US Medical Schools on the current status of cancer-related educational activities for undergraduate medical students. The study was conducted by a Supervisory Committee of the American Association for Cancer Education, with funding from the American Cancer Society. The survey obtained data concerning institutional characteristics in support of undergraduate medical student cancer education, ie, administrative structures, current cancer-related curricula, sources of financial support, and anticipated changes in these characteristics. Institutions were also queried on specific topics of cancer prevention, detection, and diagnosis that might be taught as identifiable areas of instruction for medical students. Three-fourths of the institutions had a lecture on the principles of cancer screening, and, among those, nearly three-fourths classified it as a part of a required course or rotation. Detection of common cancers is taught in virtually all institutions. The least likely cancer prevention lecture topics are related to prevention and cessation of smoking, a well-verified cancer risk. Also, no consistent pattern emerges that might indicate that association with a cancer center imparts to a medical school a greater emphasis on delivery of cancer prevention topics.

American Cancer Society↗
PubMed1991

Planning the analysis of a breast cancer prevention trial.

The analysis of cancer prevention trials necessitates specialized procedures. Differences in the analysis plan between cancer prevention and therapy trials are emphasized. Discussion is focused upon (a) how trial conduct influences the analysis, (b) how noncompliance affects the analysis and the considerations this raises during the design and conduct of the trial, (c) how delays in the effect of the intervention impinges upon the analysis, and (d) statistical methods available to carry out the analysis. The analysis of a cancer prevention trial represents a final step in the evaluation of the study intervention and requires an adaptive planning procedure.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

The role of molecular epidemiology in cancer prevention.

Risk of cancer is determined by the complex interaction between "environmental" exposures and genetic and nutritional factors that modulate response to carcinogenic insults. Here, the term "environmental" encompasses lifestyle, occupation, and the ambient environment. As a promising approach in cancer prevention, a number of biologic markers are currently being evaluated in terms of their ability to identify harmful exposures and populations at risk in time to effectively intervene. These biomarkers are reflective of the molecular dose or early effect of carcinogens (such as DNA or protein adducts, gene or chromosomal alterations and oncogene activation) or they provide information on potential susceptibility (such as the genetically or nutritionally determined handling of carcinogens). Techniques as diverse as immunoassays, 32P-postlabelling and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) are being deployed to measure DNA and protein adducts in cells and tissues from persons with occupational, community or lifestyle-related exposure to chemical carcinogens. Signal changes in target oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are also being investigated in heavily exposed, "healthy" populations and in lung cancer cases and controls using current molecular biologic techniques. Inherited predisposition to lung cancer is being evaluated through such assays as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), glutathione activity and restriction fragment length polymorphism. A review of recent studies using a panoply of biomarkers provides a departure point for recommendations for future, integrated molecular epidemiologic studies of cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Defining and targeting an audience for cancer-prevention messages.

The target audience for cancer-prevention messages is not the cancer patient. Cancer-prevention messages should be designed for and directed toward groups of people who have been determined to be at risk for the disease. Potential audiences may vary widely in size and nature, depending on the specific cancer, its cause, and its etiology. The prevention of specific disease, eg, lung cancer, typically demands some behavior on the part of the recipient of a cancer-prevention message. Thus, members of a target audience may be asked to stop smoking or to refrain from starting. Each potential target audience is likely to be unique and cannot always be reached with typical mass-media campaigns. Messages designed to be effective for such special audiences may be required if a significant impact on behavior is to be obtained. This article attempts to identify potential audiences for cancer-prevention messages and develops the nature of the media to be used, the sources to be employed, and the arguments to be developed in such a campaign. Characteristics (eg, sex, race, age, marital status, and socioeconomic status) are used as examples of variables that may dictate the nature of cancer-prevention campaigns.

Health Education↗
PubMed1991

Effects of carotenoid administration on bladder cancer prevention.

Bladder cancer was induced in male B6D2F1 strain mice by the administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Mice supplemented with beta-carotene for 5 weeks before receiving the carcinogen and maintained on beta-carotene for an additional 26 weeks developed significantly fewer tumors than did unsupplemented mice. Mice receiving canthaxanthin for the same time period showed no protection against the development of bladder cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Current attitudes and practice of American Society of Clinical Oncology-member clinical oncologists regarding cancer prevention and control.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: A nationwide needs assessment survey including a validated Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Attitude Inventory of 1,500 randomly selected American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-member clinical oncologists was conducted via a 67-item, mailed questionnaire to assess practice and attitudes regarding cancer prevention and control. RESULTS: Responses of 729 physicians from 48 states representing medical (57%), radiation (17%), surgical (16%), and pediatric oncology (6%), and hematology/other (4%) fields were obtained. Except for ambivalence regarding an important role for diet in cancer causation, cancer prevention and control recommendations were widely endorsed despite skepticism about their impact on reducing deaths from cancer. Surprisingly, a significantly (P less than .001) more favorable attitude for cancer prevention and control issues was found in physicians with greater than 20 years practice compared with younger oncology colleagues, as measured by a 22-item Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Attitude Inventory. Among all physicians, participation in cancer therapy trials exceeded that in cancer prevention and control trials (91% v 27%, P less than .01). Formal instruction during postgraduate training in cancer screening (34%) or prevention (23%) was received by few oncologists; nonetheless, 69% considered themselves a resource for cancer prevention and control issues in their practice communities. Of potential barriers to cancer prevention and control activity, only lack of patients without cancer (53%) and difficulty in including such activity economically into clinical practice (65%) were majority selections. Importantly, 64% agreed they could "motivate their patients to change lifestyle to reduce cancer risk." CONCLUSION: Clinical oncologists may represent a potential resource for implementation of cancer prevention and control objectives if economically feasible models for their use in practice settings can be identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Plasma signals of lung tumor promotion for molecular cancer prevention.

Predicting lung cancer risk would enhance prevention trials. Although the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial demonstrated reduced lung cancer incidence with interleukin (IL)-1β inhibition, the high number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent lung cancer limits its use in unselected populations. Using machine learning, we identified a 14-protein plasma signature predicting lung cancer more than 5 years before diagnosis. The signature, validated across eight cohorts, was elevated in current smokers and individuals exposed to particulate matter (PM) and linked to lung myeloid and alveolar cells. In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-driven lung adenocarcinoma, diverse epithelial lineages converged on a keratin8+/claudin4+ alveolar transitional state (KAC), whose transcriptional programs correlated with signature emergence. Components of the signature were induced by PM, oncogenic EGFR, or IL-1β, whereas IL-1β inhibition restrained PM-driven KAC expansion and early tumorigenesis. In CANTOS, the signature identified individuals who seemed to benefit more from anti-IL-1β therapy, lowering the NNT threshold and nominating circulating signals of tumor promotion for prevention.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Promoting dietary change in the Stockholm Cancer Prevention Program.

The Stockholm Cancer Prevention Program (SCPP) is a community-based program aimed at reducing cancer incidence and mortality by reducing risk factors related to life-style: dietary habits, tobacco use, and sunbathing. The program, which came about as a result of a political initiative and commitment, has as its dietary objectives to reduce fat intake to 30% of energy and to increase fiber intake to 30 g/day. SCPP strives to achieve these goals by simultaneously affecting food supply and food demand. To date, the program collaborates with 12 municipalities and several large occupational health services and restaurant chains. It has developed cook books for caterers and the general public and has organized food fairs targeting policymakers and those working with food, education, or health promotion. SCPP emphasizes collaboration across sectors of society and has initiated contests for students studying food service technology and for retailers with the aim of promoting dietary change. The intervention is based on the principles and strategies of community organization.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Retinoids and cancer prevention.

As indicated above, in some cases the effects of retinoids appear to be species-specific. Although retinyl acetate and 4-HPR are ineffective in preventing mammary cancer induced by DMBA or occurring spontaneously in mice, these retinoids prevent carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats. In contrast, retinoids have modest chemopreventive activity for bladder cancer in various strains of both mice and rats and may have some therapeutic and preventive effects in human bladder. Retinyl palmitate is reported to reduce the incidence of esophageal lesions in hamsters; however, retinyl acetate may increase the incidence of esophageal tumors in rats. Although 13-cis-RA reduces the incidence of spontaneous thymic lymphomas in AKR mice and C57Bl/10W mice exposed to X rays and has some therapeutic effect on myelodysplastic syndromes in humans, 4-HPR may enhance leukemic progression in patients with this syndrome. For treatment of this syndrome, selection of the proper retinoid appears to be important. Topically applied retinyl palmitate reduces the incidence of cervical cancer in hamsters, and topically applied RA has a therapeutic effect on cervical dysplasia in humans. Retinamides have a modest chemopreventive effect against pancreatic cancer in rats dosed with azaserine; these compounds are reported both to increase and to decrease the incidence of pancreatic cancer in hamsters. Retinoids may, or may not, be carcinogen-specific in different species. Some are effective in preventing mammary cancer in rats, regardless of which carcinogen is used. Applied to mouse skin, retinoids are active with either DMBA or BP as the carcinogen and 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as the promoter. Nevertheless, retinoids are not effective in preventing skin papillomas and carcinomas caused by UV light. There is no comparable system for humans, although retinoids demonstrate activity against basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and actinic keratoses on the skin of humans. Fewer bladder tumors develop in rats dosed with HO-BBN when they are put on diets containing certain retinoids, but those dosed with FANFT are not affected. Similarly, retinyl acetate is reported to be active against liver tumors induced by 3'-MeDAB but not against those induced by aflatoxin B1. In contrast, forestomach carcinomas induced in hamsters by either DMBA or BP are prevented by retinyl palmitate. The route of administration of retinoids may also be important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗