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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Geographical variations and recent trends in cancer mortality in Northern Ireland (1979-88).

Cancer mortality in the 35-74 year age-range for selected sites during the period 1979-88 was investigated for the 26 district council areas of Northern Ireland. Trends in rates during the period were also studied and compared with trends in an earlier period, and with trends reported from the rest of the United Kingdom. Statistically significant differences between the age-standardised death rates in the 26 areas were observed for stomach cancer (women only), pancreatic cancer (women only), lung cancer (men and women) and for all cancers (men and women). Some evidence of spatial aggregation of rates was apparent for ovarian cancer even though rates in the 26 areas did not differ significantly. The patterns are illustrated with maps and some difficulties of interpretation are discussed. Mortality rates for oesophageal cancer increased during the period in both sexes while rates for stomach cancer decreased. Colon cancer rates increased significantly only in men, while an increase in lung cancer rates was confined to women. The mortality from all cancers increased significantly during the period by 0.8% per annum in men and 0.9% per annum in women. These trends were found to be broadly comparable with those reported elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Diet and colorectal cancer with special reference to fiber intake.

In this nested case-control study, 8,006 American Japanese men were examined and interviewed with a dietary questionnaire from 1965 to 1968. After a follow-up period of over 16 years, 102 colon and 60 rectal cancer incident cases were identified. Dietary data from these patients and from 361 cancer-free controls were analyzed for intake of dietary fiber (DF), vitamins, minerals, macronutrients, and selected food groups. We found a significant (p = 0.042) negative association of DF and colon cancer risk among low fat intake men (less than 61 g/d). In this subgroup, the men consuming less than 7.5 g/d of DF had an adjusted relative risk (RR) for colon cancer of 2.28 (95% CI 0.93-5.60), compared to those consuming greater than or equal to 14.8 g/d of DF. We also observed (among the complete group of subjects) a significant (p = 0.011) negative association between vitamin C intake and the risk of colon cancer. Men in the lowest quintile of vitamin C intake (less than 37 mg/d) had an adjusted colon cancer RR of 1.87 (95% CI 1.03-3.37), compared to men in the highest quintile (greater than or equal to 160 mg/d). We view these dietary associations with colon cancer risk with caution. There were no other significant associations of dietary variables with colon cancer risk. Also, there were no significant associations between intake levels of DF, micronutrients, or food groups and rectal cancer risk.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1989

[Pesticides and cancer in a Quebec rural farming population: a geographical interpretation].

Data on the use of pesticides in agriculture and three types of cancer among the rural farm population were compiled for 34 drainage basins of the province of Québec for 1982 and 1983. The basins were divided following three categories of exposure (low, intermediate, high) on the basis of the level of pesticides sales. Results at the scale of the three categories show that among women living in rural farm areas, the relative risk (RR) for cancers of the lymphatic tissues is of 1.62 when highly exposed basins were compared to low exposed basins (95% Confidence Interval = 1.16; 2.25), and of 1.63 (95% CI = 1.08; 2.45) when they were compared to basins with intermediate exposure. For women of 35-64 age group, RR values are respectively of 3.15 (95% CI = 1.67; 5.93) in the first case, and 3.73 (95% CI = 1.54; 9.01) in the second case. By another way, at the level of the 34 drainage basins, correlation analysis have shown statistically significant positive associations between several variables representing pesticides utilization in agriculture and geographic variations of some cancers, according to sex and age groups, especially for the following: men, cancer of the brain (1-14 and 15-34 age groups), cancers of the lymphatic tissues (34-64) and leukaemia (1-14); for women, cancer of the brain (35-64), the lymphatic tissues (35-64, 65 and more, all ages) and leukaemia (15-34, 35-64, 65 and more and all ages). After that, principal components analysis has been performed using variables representing pesticides utilization and socio-economic status by basin. Height factors have been produced, including two socio-economic and six pesticides-factors. Factor scores have been introduced in multiple regression analysis to see the role of each factor in the explanation of spatial distribution of those cancers who had been identified in the correlation analysis before. Results have shown that in most of the cases, only pesticides-factors have significant relationship with those cancers. Socio-economic factors play a significant role only for the following cancers: men, lymphatic tissues, 65 years old and more; women, cancer of the brain all ages, leukaemia 1-14 and 65 years old and more. However, these results must be interpreted with caution for the goal of the study is to describe potential relationships.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Trends in oral cancer by subsite in New Zealand.

A significant increase in incidence rates for all subsites of oral cancer in men and all but cancer of the salivary glands in women has occurred in New Zealand over the past 35 years. However, only male mortality rates of cancers of the nasopharynx and pharynx (excluding the nasopharynx) have significantly increased during this time period. Significant birth-cohort effects existed in the trends in incidence and mortality for cancers of the tongue, mouth, pharynx (excluding the nasopharynx), and nasopharynx among men. For cancers of the mouth and pharynx (excluding the nasopharynx) an increased risk for men born 1912-1932 existed, while an increased risk of cancer of the tongue occurred for men born 1922 onwards. For nasopharyngeal cancer, men born around 1912 and those born from about 1932 onwards were found to have an increased risk. For women, no consistent trends by birth-cohort were found for any oral subsite of cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Natural history of changes in prostate specific antigen in early stage prostate cancer.

Until recently, the only information on the growth rate of prostate tumors has been derived from cross-sectional histological labeling studies, autopsy data and clinical studies of patients managed expectantly. However, serial measurements of prostate specific antigen (PSA) may now allow studies of the natural history of the earliest stages of prostate cancer. Frozen sera samples from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging have been used to compare the patterns of change in PSA levels in men with and without prostate cancer up to 25 years before the diagnosis of cancer. Men with no prostatic disease exhibited a slow linear increase in PSA levels, whereas benign prostatic hyperplasia cases showed a gradual acceleration in the rate of change in PSA. In contrast, cancer cases exhibited an early linear phase followed by an exponential phase of increase in PSA levels before diagnosis. On average, the exponential phase of PSA increases began 7 to 9 years before the tumors were detected clinically. Thus, there is a significant window of opportunity for early detection of prostate cancer. The changes in PSA observed in men with and without prostate cancer are consistent with available information on prostatic growth and the long natural history of prostate cancer. A better understanding of the various factors that affect serum PSA levels may allow more effective use of PSA measurements to detect early stage tumors and predict the biological potential of a tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Mortality from lung cancer and respiratory disease among pottery workers exposed to silica and talc.

A cohort mortality study of white men employed for at least one year between 1939 and 1966 at three plants of a single United States company was conducted to evaluate the risk of lung cancer and nonmalignant respiratory disease among workers exposed to silica dust and nonfibrous (nonasbestiform) talc in the manufacture of ceramic plumbing fixtures. Follow-up of 2,055 men through January 1, 1981, indicated a substantial excess of nonmalignant respiratory disease among those with high levels of exposure to silica dust (standardized mortality ratio = 2.26). The risk of nonmalignant respiratory disease rose with the number of years exposed, was not further enhanced by talc exposure, and appeared to be appreciably lower among those exposed in more recent time periods. For lung cancer, men exposed to high levels of silica dust with no talc exposure had a nonsignificant standardized mortality ratio of 1.37. However, those exposed to nonfibrous talc in addition to high levels of silica had a significant 2.5-fold excess risk of lung cancer. Among this group, the lung cancer standardized mortality ratio rose with increasing years of talc exposure to 3.64 among those exposed for 15 or more years. Although the role of silica as a cofactor cannot be ruled out, these data suggest that nonfibrous talc exposure is associated with excess lung cancer risk.

Drug Synergism↗
PubMed1992

Carcinoma of the male breast.

The natural history and current management of carcinoma of the breast in men is reviewed. Articles published from 1942 to 1992 on the natural history, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of carcinoma of the breast in men were identified using CANCERLINE and MEDLINE. Carcinoma of the breast affects approximately 1000 men per year in the United States; 300 men per year will die of metastatic disease. The mean age at diagnosis is 59 years. The causes of breast cancer in men are unknown. The most common clinical manifestation of breast cancer in men is a painless, firm subareolar mass or a mass in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Diagnosis can be confirmed by fine-needle aspiration or surgical biopsy. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the predominant histologic type. Treatment is similar to that of women with breast cancer. Men with axillary nodal metastasis should receive adjuvant systemic combination chemotherapy or tamoxifen, or both, after primary surgical treatment. Because most men with carcinoma of the breast have estrogen- and progesterone-receptor-positive tumors, distant metastatic disease should be treated initially with hormonal therapies. The epidemiology, prognostic factors, survival by stage, pattern of metastasis, and response to treatment in men are similar to those in women with breast carcinoma. The data suggest, however, that breast cancers in men are more likely to respond to hormonal manipulation.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

[Prostate carcinoma--a current review].

Carcinoma of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. The natural history and the biological aggressiveness are primarily determined by tumor volume. At the time of diagnosis, only one third of all tumors are pathologically confined to the prostate and eligible for curative therapy. Early detection by the general practitioner with prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination should be the primary goal. Currently, diagnosis is best established by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. For the treatment of localized prostate cancer, men who undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy have been shown to have superior long-term results when compared to those who have received radiation therapy. With an improved understanding of the prostatic anatomy and nerve-sparing surgical techniques, morbidity from impotence and incontinence are minimal. In advanced carcinoma, 70 to 80% of men initially respond well to androgen withdrawal. Unfortunately, androgen-independent cells will continue to multiply, leading to tumor progression and death. Until effective chemotherapeutic agents are developed, we can only achieve palliation in advanced disease.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1989

[Cancer of the larynx in women].

A group of 143 women with larynx cancer operated upon in ENT Clinic of Medical Academy in Poznań during the years 1946-87 was described. The statistical analysis was performed as regards to age, localization, clinical stage, surgery, five years survival, occupation and tobacco smoking. The results were compared with those of 2184 larynx cancer men treated in the same time. Women constituted 6.1% surgically treated population. The number of women with larynx cancer continually increased. The age 21-40 prevailed. The glottic part of the larynx was the most affected. The percentage of women in II clinical stadium was higher. Five years survival rate was the same in both groups. Any type of occupation in the women group prevailed. Women like men were strong tobacco smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Results of surgical treatment in patients aged 80 years and over].

Surgical treatments were performed in 31 patients over 80-year-old with lung cancer. Men were 25 and women were 6, the eldest patient was 92-year-old male. Pneumonectomy was carried out in 3, lobectomy in 19, carinal resection in 1, Segmentectomy in 4, and partial resection of lung in 2. Histologies of resected specimen in 31 included 11 epidermoid carcinoma, 15 adenocarcinoma and 5 other cell types. There was no patients died within 30 days postoperatively. The cumulative 5 year-survival rate was 53.9%.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Cancer registry data: actuarial survival estimation in lung cancer patients.

Using the Kaplan-Meier method, actuarial survival data were estimated in cancer patients registered in the Cancer Registry of Health Institute of Uranium Industry during 1976-1983, and in those followed up for 3 years and longer after the initiation of their treatment. Due to the specificity of this registry, a more detailed analysis was feasible in 639 lung cancer men. The estimated probabilities of survival over 5 and 10 years respectively, were: In all lung cancers 0.10 and 0.08, in all Stage I and II lung cancers 0.24 and 0.20, of them in epidermoid carcinomas 0.31 and 0.25, in radically operated tumors 0.51 and 0.43, of them in epidermoid carcinomas 0.54 and 0.45 respectively. The results confirmed the principal importance of early diagnosis of bronchogenic cancer, especially of epidermoid carcinoma, at a resectable stage.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1979

[Breast cancer in males].

Until 1971 13 cases of breast cancer in men were observed in our service. In the world literature it accounts for 1% of all cancer of the breast; in our series we have found 4% of all breast cancer. Men present themselves for treatment later and with more advanced local signs than women. In our series, the greatest number of cases occurs near the seventies in men, which is about twenty years later than in women. The etiology is remained unknown, but Klinefelter's disease seems to be a risk for breast cancer. If there are no metastasis, we prefer in our service the surgical treatment as unique treatment. If possible the operation of Patey is realised, but sometimes we have to do a simple mastectomy only as a safe alternative for poor risk patient. In case of metastatic breast cancer the adjuvant treatment was X-ray therapy, chemotherapy and in some of our cases hormonotherapy. We do not have any experience with suppressive hormonal therapy such as orchiectomy or adrenalectomy. Most of the authors think that prognosis of breast cancer in males is worse than in women; the constant central localization of the tumour may be an explanation for that. The fate of women with central lesions is as poor as in males.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Serum cholesterol and colon cancer incidence in Hawaiian Japanese men.

A prospective study of cancer and coronary heart disease (CHD) in 8,006 Hawaiian Japanese men, aged 45-68 years, showed that serum cholesterol levels below 180 mg/dl predicted low rates of CHD and high rates of colon cancer. Men with colon cancer had lower mean serum cholesterol levels than did other members of the cohort, including those with cancer at other sites. The lowest serum cholesterol levels were obtained from men who died as a result of colon cancer. The lack of such an association with other cancers and the persistence of this inverse association in colon cancer patients diagnosed 5-9.9 years after examination suggest that the low serum cholesterol was not due to preexisting disease. Right colon tumors showed the strongest inverse association with serum cholesterol. The differences between CHD and colon cancer in respect to serum cholesterol indicate that different subsets of the westernized Japanese population are affected.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public awareness of prostate cancer and the prostate-specific antigen test.

Prostate cancer and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing have been the focus of significant media attention. This study examines the public's knowledge of prostate cancer, knowledge of the PSA test, and among men, the use of the test. The data are from the 1993 Kentucky Health Survey, an annual probability-based statewide telephone survey of adult (18 years of age and older) Kentucky residents (n = 661). Although 92% of the sample reported hearing of prostate cancer, the respondents were basically uninformed about the outcomes of prostate cancer. Men 50 years of age and older were no more informed than was the rest of the sample about prostate cancer or PSA testing. However, 94% of the men who had the test recommended by their physician had undergone the test. These findings indicate that adults remain poorly informed about prostate cancer and possible case-finding strategies. If the American Cancer Society's (ACS) early detection recommendations are to succeed, attention should focus on improving the public's awareness of currently available methods for early detection of prostate cancer.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed1990

Maternal factors of testicular cancer: a case-control study in Japan.

A case-control study was undertaken in Japan to clarify maternal or prenatal factors associated with testicular cancer. Information was obtained from 37 mothers of testicular cancer patients, recruited from the discharge records of nine hospitals in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. Thirty-seven mothers forming a control group were then surveyed at five public health centers. Each control was selected by individually matching the sex and birth year to a testicular cancer case. Univariate analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the variables surveyed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, however, showed that case mothers had significantly fewer live-births than control mothers when the following four variables were adjusted (adjusted relative risk per live-birth = 0.43, P = 0.025): age at indexed birth, duration of breast-feeding for indexed child, birth order, experience of induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Therapeutic uses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs.

Since the discovery and synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in 1971, numerous long-acting agonistic and antagonistic analogs have been synthesized. Agonistic analogs were found to desensitize pituitary GnRH receptors with chronic use, resulting in decreased gonadotropin secretion and a hypogonadal state. These analogs are being investigated as potential contraceptives and in the treatment of several conditions in which decreased gonadal steroid production is desired. Substantial progress has been made in these areas. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with data regarding the potential clinical utility of this class of peptides.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗