[A case of anaplastic ductal carcinoma (giant cell carcinoma of osteoclastoid type) with portal vein and main pancreatic ductal invasion].
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Carcinoma, Giant Cell↗
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Bilateral diffuse malignant melanoma of the uvea associated with large cell carcinoma, giant cell type, of the lung. Case report of a newly described syndrome.
A new syndrome consisting of bilateral diffuse malignant uveal melanoma and simultaneous occurrence of another systemic malignant neoplasm was described in 6 patients in 1982. The present study reports a seventh case. Our patient was younger than the patients previously reported. He had large cell carcinoma of the right lung. The bilateral intraocular neoplasm was characterized as a diffuse malignant uveal melanoma of the mixed cell type by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. All parts of the tumor contained S-100 protein. In addition to the two primary neoplasms, the patient had a combination of Ota's and Ito's naevi on the left side.
Carcinoma, Small Cell↗
[Large cell carcinoma and variant (giant cell carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma)].
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Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma.
Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma is one of the most highly malignant neoplasms of the lung. Eighteen patients with this tumor are presented. Histologically the neoplasm is composed of a preponderance of multinucleated giant cells, round cells, and spindle cells. Some of the most differentiated tumors show adenocarcinomatous foci and ultrastructural features of secretory epithelium favoring its classification as a variant of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The giant cells of this neoplasm can be differentiated from those encountered in undifferentiated large cell carcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma by the abundant cytoplasm, the presence of more nuclei and nucleoli, and the significant degree of phagocytosis. The clinical picture and roentgenographic findings present no pathognomonic features.
Adult↗
Giant cell tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tree: a clinicopathologic study of 4 cases and comparison with anaplastic spindle and giant cell carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells.
We report four previously undescribed primary giant cell tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tree and morphologically compare them with 10 anaplastic spindle and giant cell carcinomas with osteoclast-like giant cells of the gallbladder. Two giant cell tumors were located in the distal common bile duct; one in the cystic duct and one in the gallbladder. The 3 patients with bile duct tumors were male, and the only patient with a gallbladder tumor was a female. The age of the patients ranged from 45 to 60 years with an average of 55 years. The patients with bile duct tumors presented with biliary obstruction, and the patient with a gallbladder tumor presented with symptoms of cholelithiasis and a gallbladder mass. Histologically, the tumors were similar to giant cell tumors of bone. They consisted of a mixture of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. The mononuclear cells showed no atypical features, and their nuclei were similar to those of the multinucleated giant cells. CD163 immunoreactivity was restricted to the mononuclear cells, whereas CD68 and HAM 56 labeled only the multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. The mononuclear cells were EMA-positive but did not express cytokeratins. Follow-up showed that 3 patients were alive and disease-free 3.7 to 7 years after surgery. The anaplastic spindle and giant cell carcinomas contained a fewer number of osteoclast-like giant cells, and their mononuclear cells showed considerable variation in size and shape, marked cytologic atypia, and numerous mitotic figures. They were focally cytokeratin positive (AE1/AE3; CAM 5.2) and did not label with CD163, CD68, and HAM 56. The benign osteoclast-like giant cells showed immunoreactivity for CD68 and HAM 56 but were negative for CD163 and cytokeratins. Giant cell tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tree are benign true histiocytic neoplasms that should be distinguished from the highly lethal anaplastic spindle and giant cell carcinomas with osteoclast-like giant cells by detailed cytologic analysis and immunohistochemical stains for CD163, CD68, HAM 56, and cytokeratins.
Adenocarcinoma↗
A high-grade malignancy bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma with features of giant cell carcinoma.
A high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma associated with giant cell carcinoma of the bronchus was found in a 41-year-old man. Light and electron microscopic examinations showed glandular and squamous elements. The histology of the giant cell carcinoma was similar to those of previously reported giant cell carcinomas. It was assumed that the giant cell carcinoma in the present case is the result of transformation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma originating in the bronchial gland.
Adult↗
Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy for stage IV pulmonary giant cell carcinoma.
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma is one of the rare histological subtypes with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid or sarcomatous elements. The prognosis of patients with this tumor tends to be poor, because surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy are not usually effective. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a patient with pulmonary giant cell carcinoma with stage IV disease in whom aggressive multi-modality therapy resulted in a long-term survival. A 51-year-old male underwent an emergent operation with a partial resection of small intestinal metastases due to bleeding from the tumor. The patient also underwent a left pneumonectomy due to hemothorax as a result of the rapid growth of the primary tumor. Thereafter, two different regimens of chemotherapy and a partial resection for other site of small intestinal metastases and a splenectomy for splenic metastases were performed. The patient is presently doing well without any evidence of recurrence for 3 years after the initial operation. CONCLUSION: This is a first report of a rare case with stage IV pulmonary giant cell carcinoma who has survived long-term after undergoing aggressive surgical treatment and chemotherapy.
Journal Article↗
[Primary lung neoplasm of rare incidence: giant cell carcinoma].
Primary giant-cell carcinoma of the lung is an infrequent observation. It is distinguished clinically solely its fairly rapid development but otherwise it does not seem to have any predilection for localization, age or sex. Histologically, differential diagnosis with othe tumours such as angiosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, chorioepithelioma and others is of interest. Three cases of primary giant-cell carcinoma of the lung are reported and the various clinical and anatomopathological aspects discussed.
Autopsy↗
[Clinico-pathological study of giant cell carcinoma of the lung].
Giant cell carcinoma of the lung is not so commonly found compared to other types of lung carcinoma. Six cases of giant cell carcinoma were experienced in our hospital for these 15 years. Five cases were resected, in 3 of these combined partial resection of surrounding thoracic organs (chest wall, pericardium and other pulmonary lobe) was performed. The mean age of these patients was 56. Most of these tumors were located at the peripheral zone including of intermediate zone in the lung and foci of adenocarcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma were found in 3 cases. We thought the tissue origin of pulmonary giant cell carcinoma might be in the area of bronchial or bronchiloar epithelium. All cases died within a year. Because of its very poor prognosis we would like to emphasize giant cell carcinoma should be distinguished clinically from the usual type of large cell anaplastic carcinoma or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Giant cell carcinoma of the lung: comparative studies of the same cancer cells by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Surface ultrastructures of giant cell carcinoma cells were studied utilizing a technique developed by the authors which permits observation of the same cells by both light and scanning electron microscopy. Although some general similarity was shown to exist between giant cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells, the following distinguishing features of giant cell carcinoma cells were demonstrated: (1) absence of keratinization, (2) full, bulging cellular edges and (3) presence of deep invaginations or small hollows. The features which distinguished giant cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma cells were: (1) presence of many flattened cells, (2) folded cell surface, (3) absence of tight clusters of cancer cells and (4) few microvilli. Furthermore, the characteristic granularity observed in small cell carcinoma was not observed in giant cell carcinoma cells. Characteristically, cells of giant cell carcinoma are extremely large and flattened, engulf numerous leukocytes and have a bulging cellular edge.
Biopsy, Needle↗
Giant cell carcinoma of the lung.
BACKGROUND: Giant cell carcinoma of the lung has been described as an aggressive tumor characterized by extensive local and distant disease and extremely short survival. In 1981, the World Health Organization defined giant cell carcinoma as a variant of large cell carcinoma. Before then giant cell lung cancer was a descriptive term, but it was not considered a separate entity. METHODS: The authors retrospectively studied 16 cases of giant cell carcinoma of the lung. RESULTS: These cases had a prognosis that was not appreciably different from that for lung cancer of other non-small cell histologic types. Of those patients with pathologic Stage I or II at resection, five of nine are alive and disease-free from 20 to 116 months and one has died without evidence of disease at 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this series and a review of the literature, there appears to be an increased incidence of both clinical and subclinical gastrointestinal tract involvement in patients with this histology, compared with patients with other non-small cell histologic types. The authors conclude that patients with giant cell carcinoma of the lung have a prognosis similar to that of patients with other non-small cell histologic types, and that clinicians should be aware of the increased incidence of gastrointestinal tract involvement in this disease.
Adult↗
Selective effect of O-alkyl lysophospholipids on the growth of a human lung giant cell carcinoma cell line.
Various alkyl ether lipids were synthesized and their effects on the proliferation of human lung carcinoma cells were examined. The proliferation of Lu-65, a giant cell carcinoma cell line, was significantly decreased with 1 microgram/ml (3-tetradecyloxy-2-methoxy) propyl-2-trimethylammonioethyl phosphate, while the proliferation of Lu-99, another giant cell carcinoma cell line, was unaffected even by treatment with 5 micrograms/ml of the alkyl lysophosphocholine. Adenocarcinoma PC-9 and small cell carcinoma H-69 cells were also fairly resistant to the alkyl ether lipid. Among the alkyl ether lipids tested, 3-nonadecyloxy-2-methoxypropyl 2-trimethylammonioethyl phosphate was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Lu-65 cells. However, the pyridinioethyl derivative had higher selectivity for the growth of Lu-65 cells than the choline derivative. The sensitivity of Lu-65 cells to the alkyl lysophospholipids was similar to that of human myeloid leukemia cells including HL-60. However, the sensitivities of Lu-65 cells to the other types of alkyl ether lipids were much lower than those of HL-60 cells. These results indicate that Lu-65 cells are selectively sensitive to alkyl lysophospholipids.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Pathology and survival in operable cases of giant-cell carcinoma of the lung.
Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung is usually rapidly fatal and nearly all of the published cases have been described on the basis of postmortem findings. The surgical specimens from three resected giant-cell carcinomas are described and the subsequent courses of the patients are summarized. A further nine surgically treated cases have been found in the literature. Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung is thought to be an anaplastic variant of adenocarcinoma and its aggressive behaviour is a reflection of its degree of anaplasia. Despite the aggressive behaviour of this type of cancer, patients may survive for many years if the tumour is resected.
Adult↗
[Establishment of highly metastatic human tumor cell line in nude mice].
A total of 22 adult nude mice (7 approximately 17 weeks old) of BALB/cA origin were inoculated subcutaneously (SC) with human tumor cell lines derived from rhabdomyosarcoma and lung carcinomas, including squamous cell carcinoma, bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma and 2 types of adenocarcinoma. 12 neoplasms (54.5%) was confirmed at the initial transplantation and 7 serially transplantable tumors were established in 201 nude mice. Metastatic behavior of 7 human tumor cell lines grown in nude mice was judged histologically after sacrifice and SC transplanted tumors could either be highly metastatic (giant cell carcinoma), moderately metastatic (adenocarcinoma PAb), poorly metastatic (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma PAa) or non-metastatic (small cell carcinoma and bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma). The tumor from SC inoculated giant cell carcinoma (PG) could produce regional and/or distant lymph node metastases (12/12) and lung metastases (9/12) in BALB/cA nude mice maintained under semi-barrier system conditions. Six NIH nude mice developed metastatic tumor nodules both in the lymph node and lung (6/6) under the same condition. The highly metastasizing property of PG transplanted tumors remained after passage for as many as 18 times. The limitations of nude mice as an in vivo model for the study of tumor biology are discussed, eg. malignant neoplasms rarely metastasize when transplanted into nude mice. The use of such model (PG) could lead to a better understanding of the biology of metastasis, thus contributing to the development of new approaches to the therapy of metastasis.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Differential expression and response of growth factors in metastatic variants of human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma cell line].
OBJECTIVE: To study the difference in expression and response of certain growth factors between the two metastatic variants PGbE1 and PGLH7 of human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma, and the action of these growth factors on the metastasis of tumor cells. METHODS: RT-PCT was conducted to detect the expression of TGF alpha, TGF beta 1, IL-6, IL-8, bFGF and ANG, and the expression of receptors EGFR, IL-6R and IL-8R; 3H-TdR incorporation assay was used to determine the effects of recombinant TGF alpha, TGF beta 1 and IL-6 on the proliferation of the two cells. RESULTS: TGF alpha, EGFR, IL-6 and IL-6R were expressed at a higher level in PGbE1 cells than in PGLH7 cells. No significant differences were found in the expression of TGF beta 1, bFGF, IL-8, IL-8R and ANG between the two cells. Recombinant TGF alpha and IL-6 stimulated the proliferation of both cells, while TGF beta 1 had dual effects. CONCLUSION: TGF alpha, TGF beta 1, bFGF, IL-6, IL-8 and ANG may be involved in the autocrine regulation of the growth and proliferation of pulmonary giant cell carcinoma, TGF alpha and IL-6 may play an important role in the metastasis of the tumor cells.
Carcinoma, Giant Cell↗
Clinicopathological features of giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas.
BACKGROUND: Giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas (GCCP) as a tumor of high malignancy, large size, and inflammatory reaction occupies 2.1%-12.8% of all cases of pancreatic malignancies. This study was to analyze cases of GCCP collected in 8 years at our hospital in an attempt to describe some features of GCCP in Chinese people. METHODS: The clinicopathological features of 19 patients who had been pathologically diagnosed as having GCCP from 1021 patients with pancreatic malignancies collected by Pancreatic Disease Research Group (PDRG) of Changhai Hospital were retrospectively analyzed compared with those of 96 patients with common pancreatic carcinoma (PC) who were randomly selected from 1002 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. The differences of location, clinical symptoms, imagings, laboratory test, operation and the prognosis of these two groups were defined. RESULTS: Tumors in the head of the pancreas were found in 8 patients (42.1%), and those in the body or tail of the pancreas in 11 (57.9%). The initial symptom was abdominal pain in most patients (57.9%). Abdominal pain (73.7%), dyspepsia (63.2%), weight loss (36.8%) but jaundice were common at the time of diagnosis. The abnormal rates of routine laboratory tests in the GCCP group were lower than those in the common PC group. The assay of tumor markers between the groups of GCCP and common PC was approximately the same. The sensitivity and accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were considerably high. Large carcinoma in stage IV was seen in 9 patients or 47.4% of the GCCP group, a rate higher than that in the common PC group. Osteoid formation was found microscopically in some patients, and poorly differentiated tumor cells were found in most patients. The 1-year survival rate was 17.6%, which was lower than that in the common PC group. CONCLUSION: The clinicopathological features of GCCP are different from those of common PC. Imaging tests can be used together with the assay of tumor markers to diagnose GCCP as early as possible and to improve the prognosis of GCCP patients.
Adult↗
Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma: pathological entity or morphological phenotype?
AIMS: To evaluate the morphological spectrum and clinical significance of giant cell carcinoma and to assess the frequency of tumour giant cell production in a consecutive series of primary (non-giant cell) lung tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-six cases of giant cell carcinoma of the lung were collated from two centres over a 12-year period. Giant cell carcinoma was found to be associated with areas of clear cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma and showed trophoblastic differentiation (syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin immunopositivity) in 57%, 34% and 26% cases, respectively. 'Pure' giant cell carcinoma was identified in five (11%) cases. Eleven of the tumours contained diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff positive material and were separately designated as giant cell adenocarcinomas. Areas of squamous cell and neuroendocrine differentiation (as determined by chromogranin A and Leu-7 immunopositivity) were not found. The median survival for giant cell carcinoma (excluding the giant cell adenocarcinomas) was 18 months. Median survival was not adversely affected by the extent of tumour giant cell formation or by the presence of trophoblastic differentiation. Of 200 consecutive non-small cell lung carcinomas, tumour giant cells constituting < 10% of the tumour were identified in 32% of adenocarcinomas and 26% of squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of tumour giant cells in lung carcinoma does not, in itself, indicate a more aggressive tumour type, Giant cell carcinoma of the lung does not appear to be a distinct entity but a morphological phenotype expressed by a heterogenous group of tumours. We support and advocate the use of an encompassing term such as 'pleomorphic' or 'anaplastic' carcinoma for those tumours showing no specific differentiation pattern but which express diverse morphological features such as giant cell formation, clear or spindle cell change.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Inhibitory effect of anti-type IV collagenase intrabody on invasiveness of human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma PG cells in vitro].
OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibitory effects of endoplasmic reticulum-retained intrabody on the secretion of type IV collagenase and the invasion of human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma PG cells in vitro. METHODS: Two expression plasmids were constructed, pcDNA3.1-CP.scFv and pcDNA3.1-ER.scFv encoding cytoplasm-retained and endoplasmic reticulum-retained single chain antibodies against the type IV collagenase, respectively. The intracellular antibody genes were transfected into the human pulmonary giant cell carcinoma PG cells. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of pcDNA3.1-CP.scFv and pcDNA3.1-ER.scFv. Gelatin zymography was performed to detect seretion of type IV collagenase in PG cells and Matrigel assay was employed for determination of the cell invasiveness. RESULTS: Both of cytoplasm-retained and endoplasmic reticulum-retained introbodies, CP.scFv and ER.scFv, were expressed in PG cells. ER.scFv, significantly inhibited the secretion of type IV collegenase. As shown, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 were inhibited by 85.7% and by 51.2%, respectively. However, CP.scFv did not show such inhibitory effect. The ER.scFv encoding gene-transfected PG cells were much less invasive than parental or vector control cells, the inhibition rate was 76.3% (P < 0.05), whereas CP.scFv encoding gene-transfected PG cells showed no reduction in invasiveness. CONCLUSION: Those findings demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained intracellular antibody technology may selectively abrogate the activity of type IV collagenase in the protein trafficking and secretory pathway and effectively inhibit tumor cell invasion in vitro. Anti-type IV collagenase intrabody may be further used in cancer gene therapy.
Carcinoma, Giant Cell↗