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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function as predictors of 10-year mortality from respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in the Whitehall Study.

Relationships between various measures of respiratory impairment and 10-year mortality from chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease and all causes have been investigated in 17,717 male London civil servants aged 40-64 years. Controlling for age and smoking habits, chronic phlegm production was significantly associated with all-causes and respiratory disease mortality. These associations did not persist after controlling for breathlessness or FEV1 percent predicted. Breathlessness was significantly associated with mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and all causes. The associations persisted after controlling for age, smoking habits, employment grade, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, plasma cholesterol level, diabetes, ECG changes, myocardial ischemia, and FEV1 percent predicted. Anti-hypertensive medication, myocardial ischemia and breathlessness showed the strongest associations with cardiovascular disease mortality. FEV1 less than 65% predicted was significantly associated with mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and all causes; for the latter two, the rate ratios were not as high as those for breathlessness.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes in men and women.

The independent contributions of baseline major and minor electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities to subsequent 11.5 year risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes were explored among 9,643 white men and 7,990 white women aged 40 to 64 years without definite prior coronary heart disease in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. At baseline, prevalence rates of major ECG abnormalities were higher in women than in men, with age-adjusted rates of 12.9 and 9.6% (p less than 0.01), respectively. Minor ECG abnormalities were more common in men than in women (7.3 versus 4.5%, p less than 0.01). Both major and minor ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes. The strength of these associations was greater in men than in women. When baseline age, diastolic pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarettes smoked per day, diabetes and use of antihypertensive medication were taken into account, major abnormalities continued to be significantly related to each cause of death in both genders with much larger adjusted absolute excess risk and relative risk for men than for women. In multivariate analyses, minor ECG abnormalities contributed independently to risk of death in men, but not clearly so in women. The results indicate the independent association between ECG abnormalities and mortality from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes, with greater relative significance in middle-aged United States men than women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial occurrence in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular involvement in genetic disorders (2).

Current knowledge and assumptions about inheritance of cardiovascular diseases are reported in this review. They are examined from two different points of view. In the first section (familial cardiovascular diseases) discussion centered on main cardiovascular diseases with a definite clinical and pathophysiological feature in which familial occurrence has been extensively demonstrated. The genetic aspects of the primary cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, long QT syndromes and abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, cardiovascular malformations, coronary artery disease, essential hypertension and rheumatic fever were examined. In this section discussion will be confined to the inherited multisystem disorders involving the cardiovascular system that most frequently occur in clinical practice. Currently known cardiovascular findings in relationship to chromosomal aberrations, connective tissue disorders, metabolic and enzymatic disorders, neuromuscular disorders and other rarer syndromes will be reported.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of blood pressure to 25-year mortality due to coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in young adult men: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on blood pressure (BP) in young adults and long-term mortality. Moreover, screening and hypertension treatment guidelines have been based mainly on findings for middle-aged and older populations. This study assesses relationships of BP measured in young adult men to long-term mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and all causes. METHODS: This cohort from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry included 10 874 men aged 18 to 39 years at baseline (1967-1973), not receiving antihypertensive drugs, and without CHD or diabetes. Relationship of baseline BP to 25-year CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality was assessed. RESULTS: Age-adjusted association of systolic BP to CHD mortality was continuous and graded. Multivariate-adjusted CHD hazard ratios (HRs) for 1 SD higher systolic BP (15 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (10 mm Hg) were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.44) and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.01-1.35), respectively. Compared with the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure stratum with normal BP (and lowest mortality rates), the large strata with high-normal BP and stage 1 hypertension had 25-year absolute risks for death of 63 and 72 per 1000, respectively, and absolute excess risks of 10 and 20 per 1000, respectively; accounted for 59.8% of all excess CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality; and were estimated to have life expectancy shortened by 2.2 and 4.1 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In young adult men, BP above normal was significantly related to increased long-term mortality due to CHD, CVD, and all causes. Population-wide primary prevention, early detection, and control of higher BP are indicated from young adulthood on.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults.

BACKGROUND: Mortality resulting from coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes in persons with diabetes and pre-existing CVD is high; however, these risks compared with those with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are unclear. We examined the impact of MetS on CHD, CVD, and overall mortality among US adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective cohort study, 6255 subjects 30 to 75 years of age (54% female) (representative of 64 million adults in the United States) from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were followed for a mean+/-SD of 13.3+/-3.8 years. MetS was defined by modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. From sample-weighted multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression, compared with those with neither MetS nor prior CVD, age-, gender-, and risk factor-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD mortality were 2.02 (95% CI, 1.42 to 2.89) for those with MetS and 4.19 (95% CI, 3.04 to 5.79) for those with pre-existing CVD. For CVD mortality, HRs were 1.82 (95% CI, 1.40 to 2.37) and 3.14 (95% CI, 2.49 to 3.96), respectively; for overall mortality, HRs were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.19 to 1.66) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.60 to 2.17), respectively. In persons with MetS but without diabetes, risks of CHD and CVD mortality remained elevated. Diabetes predicted all mortality end points. Those with even 1 to 2 MetS risk factors were at increased risk for mortality from CHD and CVD. Moreover, MetS more strongly predicts CHD, CVD, and total mortality than its individual components. CONCLUSIONS: CHD, CVD, and total mortality are significantly higher in US adults with than in those without MetS.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Prediction of stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total death based on results of annual health checkups].

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to predict mortality rate from the findings of annual health checkups for men and women. METHOD: The subjects were 31,053 men and 61,224 women who were living in Ibaraki prefecture (Japan), aged 40 to 79 years, without history of any stroke and coronary heart disease, and who participated in annual health checkups in 1993. They were followed until the end of 2001, with a systemic review of resident registration and death certificates. The Cox's proportional hazards model with step-down procedure was used to estimate predictive model. RESULTS: During the 8.0 years follow-up, there were 5260 deaths (710 from stroke, 389 from coronary heart disease and 2,322 from cancer). The predictive factors for all causes were advanced age, high systolic blood pressure, medication for hypertension, low serum HDL cholesterol, high or low serum creatinine, high AST or ALT, diabetes, low body mass index, current smoking, heavy drinking, and urinary protein among men. The predictive factors for cardiovascular disease were advanced age, high systolic blood pressure, medication for hypertension, low or high serum total cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, high serum creatinine, diabetes, low body mass index, current smoker, and urinary protein, and those for cancer were advanced age, medication for hypertension, low serum HDL cholesterol, low serum creatinine, high AST or ALT, diabetes, low body mass index, current smoking, heavy drinking and urinary protein. Furthermore, those for stroke were advanced age, high systolic blood pressure, medication for hypertension, low serum HDL cholesterol, high serum creatinine, high AST or ALT, low body mass index, current smoking, while for coronary heart disease they were advanced age, high systolic blood pressure, high serum total cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, current smoking, and urinary protein among men. For women, similar predictive factors were obtained, although some of them did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: We could construct predictive models for 5-year mortality rate from results of annual health checkups. These findings should prove useful for computerized health education on the prevention of stroke, coronary heart disease, and cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Noncontraceptive effects of hormonal contraceptives: bone mass, sexually transmitted disease and pelvic inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, menstrual function, and future fertility.

Noncontraceptive actions of oral contraceptives (OCs) include hormonal effects on bone mass, sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, the cardiovascular system, menstrual function, and future fertility. Information about the effects of OCs on bone mass is limited and contradictory. Two recent studies failed to show a positive effect of OC use on bone mass or density compared with the three cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study that showed favorable effects. A recently completed study of 156 healthy females indicated a significant correlation between OC use and the rate of change in total body bone-mineral content. One study involving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate suggests bone density decreases with long-term use of the drug. The use of OCs does not reduce the risk of gonococcal or chlamydial infection of the lower tract and in fact may enhance spread of lower tract infection. However, OCs may exert a protective effect against some types of pelvic inflammatory disease. Regarding transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, the results of recent studies are conflicting. Research related to newer OC formulations containing 35 micrograms or less of ethinyl estradiol suggests that the risk of a negative cardiovascular effect is substantially reduced. All forms of hormonal contraception alter menstrual function to some degree, but most patterns improve with duration of use. No evidence exists that hormonal contraception permanently affects fertility, although fertility restoration may be delayed with some agents.

Bone Density↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease--using the ANNA Standards and Practice Guidelines to improve care. Part 1: the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: the risk factors and complications that contribute to cardiovascular disease.

Recent National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Guidelines for cardiovascular disease recommend that patients with chronic kidney disease be considered at highest risk for development of cardiovascular disease and that cardiac risk factor reduction begin with diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease include both traditional and nontraditional renal-related cardiac risk factors. The ANNA Nephrology Nursing Standards of Practice and Guidelines for Care can provide the foundation for planning care to patients with CKD and not only slow the progression of CKD but reduce exposure to cardiac risk factors. This article, on the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease and the risk factors and complications that contribute to cardiovascular disease, is the first in a series of three articles on the risk factors and complications related to chronic kidney disease and its impact on cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and age-related cataracts: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations of cardiovascular disease and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors with the prevalence of age-related cataract. METHODS: We conducted a population-based prevalence study of adults aged 43 to 86 years (n = 4,926) in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. An ocular examination including lens photographs, medical history, height and weight measurement, blood testing, and photograph grading was performed according to standard protocols. RESULTS: Age and sex influenced most of the relationships between risk variables and cataract. Many relationships apparent in univariate analyses were not significant when controlling for confounders. In multivariate models, higher glycated hemoglobin was significantly and consistently associated with increased risk of nuclear cataract in women. For cortical cataract, higher serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with decreased risk in women. For posterior subcapsular cataract, men with higher ratios of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were at increased risk. History of cardiovascular disease was not associated with cataracts in persons with or without diabetes after controlling for additional risk indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Some risk factors for cardiovascular disease were associated with increased frequency of age-related lens opacities. Age and sex influenced these relationships but did not entirely explain them. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine antecedent-consequent relationships that may suggest causal associations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial occurrence in cardiovascular diseases. Familial cardiovascular diseases (1).

Current knowledge and assumptions about inherited cardiovascular diseases are reported in this review. They are examined from two different points of view. In the first section (familial cardiovascular diseases) discussion will center on the main cardiovascular diseases that have a definite clinical and pathophysiological feature in which familial occurrence has been extensively demonstrated. The genetic aspects of the primary cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, long QT syndromes and abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, cardiovascular malformations, coronary artery disease, essential hypertension and rheumatic fever will be examined. In the second section (cardiovascular involvement in genetic disorders) discussion will be confined to the inherited multisystem disorders involving the cardiovascular system that most frequently occur in clinical practice. Currently known cardiovascular findings in relationship to chromosomal aberrations, connective tissue disorders, metabolic and enzymatic disorders, neuromuscular disorders and other rarer syndromes will be reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and the 5-year incidence of age-related cataract and progression of lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the relationships of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors to cumulative incidence of age-related cataract and to progression of lens opacities over a 5-year interval. METHODS: A follow-up examination of the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort was performed 5 years after the baseline evaluation. Ages at the census prior to baseline ranged from 43 to 84 years of age. Protocols for examination, lens photography, and grading were the same for both examinations. RESULTS: Age at baseline was the most significant characteristic associated with incidence of nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract in those without diabetes (P < .001) for all cataracts. The positive association of age with cataract was found for nuclear and cortical cataract in the worse eye (P < or = .04) but not posterior subcapsular cataract in those with diabetes. Progression of nuclear sclerosis was common, occurring in about 70% of subjects when considering either eye. Incident cortical and posterior subcapsular cataracts (P < or = .001 for worse eye for each lesion) and progression of cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities were more common in those with diabetes (P < or = .001 for either eye for each lesion). Increased glycated hemoglobin level was associated with increased risk of nuclear and cortical cataracts in those with diabetes. Relationships of risk factors to posterior subcapsular cataracts, especially among those with diabetes, were often in the expected direction but lacked significance possibly due to small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus is associated with incidence over 5 years of cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract and with progression of more minor cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. These changes may be related to level of glycemia. Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors have little effect on incidence of any age-related cataract.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inadequate treatment of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients: a commentary.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Despite its significant impact on health outcomes, which would imply a need for aggressive intervention, both CVD and CVD risk factors are inadequately treated in this patient population. The reasons for this inadequate treatment are unclear. This article reviews the contribution of traditional risk factors to the burden of CVD in ESRD patients, outlines the evidence regarding undertreatment of CVD and traditional CVD risk factors, and identifies potential factors that may be responsible for inadequate cardiovascular care in ESRD patients.

Alberta↗