PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Carps”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2 and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1 and C2 and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2 in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1 and C2 in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1 and C1 loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isozymes in androgenetic and gynogenetic white amur, gynogenetic carp, and carp-amur hybrids.

Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Hemoglobin, plasma general proteins, and plasma isoenzymes were studied by electrophoresis to determine inheritance patterns. Electrophoretic bands indicated that gynogenetic white amur had no paternal inheritance from carp and that adrogenetic white amur also were pure white amur. Gynogeneiss in carp was confirmed by the absence of paternal inheritance. Hemoglobins, general proteins, and esterases distinguished the two species. Within a species there were no differences in proteins between gynogenetic, adrogenetic and normal fish. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) differed between carp and white amur and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis because expression of LDH alleles from white amur was inhibited by the carp genome. Alkaline phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility in the two species.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

[Structural and immunochemical studies of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin. V. Tryptic fragments of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin M].

Carp IgM, isolated from normal serum is more sensitive to trypsinization compared to a human myeloma protein IgMGo. Under the same conditions (treatment with trypsin at 56 degrees C for 30 min) carp IgM was degraded to small, mostly dialysable peptides to a larger extent than IgMGo. In both cases the fragmentation resulted in immunoelectrophoretically pure Fab mu and Fc mu fragments. The Fab mu fragments of human IgM (yield: 20% of used IgM material) had a molecular weight of 54,000, the Fc mu fragments (yield: 30%) were a heterogenous mixture as far as molecular sizes concerned with values of about 300,000. For the corresponding fragments of carp IgM we could analyze a molecular weight of about 43,000 for Fab mu (yield: 8%) and for Fc mu (yield 10%) three fractions of 160,000, 130,000 and 90,000. The reductive subunits of Fc mu fragments showed different molecular weights: 39,000 for IgMGo and 45,000 for carp IgM. The anti-fragment antisera prepared in rabbits were monospecific as demonstrated by immunodiffusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Structural and immunochemical studies on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulins. IV. In vitro reassociation of carp immunoglobulin].

Mildly reduced high molecular immunoglobulin and antibody of carp with tetrameric structure, carbohydrate content of 6 to 7% and absence of J-chain can reassociate to native molecules. The disulphide bonds between subunits and polypeptide chains are sensitive and can be completly splitted by treatment with only 1 mM DTE. One half of the immunoglobulins retained their high molecular structure as expression of strong non-covalent bonds between subunits of the tetrameric molecule. The other half of immunoglobulins dissociate into HL-halfmolecules. We suppose that carps possess 2 "typs of immunoglobulins" which differ in the tendency to aggregate to high molecular immunoglobulins.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Molecular adaptability of carp myosin: a study of some physico-chemical properties and their comparison with those of rabbit myosin.

During thermal inactivation, the addition of as low as M urea resulted in the reduction of delta G identical to barrier of the inactivation of carp myosin Ca2+-ATPase, whereas that of rabbit myosin remained unaffected. In the absence of urea, a four-hour incubation of carp myosin was accompanied by the release of light chains at 30 degrees C, a value 10 degrees C lower than that for rabbit myosin. Electron micrographs revealed that carp myosin forms artificial thick filaments, which were uniform in size and may differ in a few details from those of rabbit. Not only that helical content of carp myosin was about 4% less than those of rabbit myosin, but it showed more sensitivity to thermal and urea denaturation; and its reversibility upon subsequent cooling or removal of urea was rather poor. The loss in helicity of myosins by urea was a concentration- and temperature-dependent biphasic reaction, with the most obvious effect observed on carp myosin. That carp myosin has increased tendency of unfolding in urea solutions was confirmed by viscosity data and the exposure of thiols also. Even in the absence of urea more SH groups of carp myosin were incorporated by DTNB, and more epsilon-amino groups reacted with NQS. Carp myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface amino groups, whereas no precipitation effect was noted in case of rabbit myosin. Neither amino-acid composition nor some parameters derived from it, such as average hydrophobicity polarity index and number of polar side chains, revealed any difference pertinent to the relative stability of the two myosins. On the contrary, the contractile efficiency of carp myosin in the near physiological range was high and thus inversely related with the thermostability. This relationship along with the above evidence has been regarded to demonstrate the adaptability of carp myosin through a loose molecular conformation, which has probably been achieved by the addition of weak interactions in the course of evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog and the carp.

Effects of various gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory spithelia were examined in the olfactory bulb of the bullfrog and the carp. 1. The olfactory epithelia of the two animals responded to the salty, bitter- and acid-tasting substances, but not to the sweet ones. 2. The olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog responded immediately to sodium solutions of high concentrations (the "initial response"), but the response to those of low concentrations showed long latency (the "delayed response"). In the carp, the "initial response" was found, while the "delayed response" was not in most cases. A "negative" delayed response was found only infrequently. 3. Responses only to high alkali or acid solutions were found in the two animals. 4. When 0.05 M NaCl was added to HCl solutions, an enhancing effect was found in the bullfrog, while a reducing effect occurred in the carp. On the contrary, when 0.05 M NaCl was added to NaOH solutions, an enhancing effect occurred in the carp, while no consistent result was founding the bullfrog. 5. Many amino acids were effective stimuli in the bullfrog, but only betaine and 1-aspartic acid were found effective in the carp. 6. Changes in temperatures beyond 35 degrees C or under 10 degrees C elicited responses. Mechanical stimuli were effective in the carp, but not in the bullfrog. 7. The "water response" was found in the bullfrog, but not in the carp. 8. Sensitivities of the olfactory epithelia of the two animals were compared and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Multi-omics analysis reveals stage-associated differences in gut immunity and microbiota between juvenile and adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

In vertebrates, the development of intestinal immunity is closely associated with dynamic changes in the gut microbiota. However, stage-associated differences in intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities remain poorly characterized in teleost fish. In this study, transcriptomic analysis combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to characterize intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities in juvenile and adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Transcriptomic profiling revealed marked developmental differences in intestinal immune function. Juvenile carp exhibited a predominantly innate immune phenotype, characterized by elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and lysozyme-related genes. This immune profile was accompanied by enhanced mucosal barrier function and a relatively pro-inflammatory intestinal environment. In contrast, adult carp displayed increased expression of genes associated with adaptive immunity, suggesting that adult common carp exhibit relatively stronger adaptive immune characteristics than juvenile fish. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated significant stage-dependent differences in microbial diversity and community composition. Juvenile fish were enriched with bacterial taxa potentially associated with innate immune activation, whereas adult fish harbored distinct microbial communities linked to intestinal homeostasis and barrier maintenance. Furthermore, correlation analyses identified significant associations between specific microbial taxa and innate immune-related gene expression, suggesting a close association between gut microbiota composition and intestinal immune characteristics in juvenile and adult common carp. Collectively, these findings reveal stage-associated differences in intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities between juvenile and adult common carp, thereby providing insights into intestinal immune characteristics at different developmental stages in teleost fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Structural states and transitions of carp hemoglobin.

The wide ligand affinity range previously observed for carp hemoglobin is bounded at both extremes by regions of constant affinity. Within these regions, pH, organic phosphates, and the extent of ligand binding have no effect on the measured affinity and the cooperativity of ligand binding is greatly reduced or absent. The rates of CO recombination to fully and partially unliganded carp hemoglobin, under various organic phosphate and pH conditions, are shown to reflect this behavior. Constant kinetic rates are seen to directly correspond to the regions of constant affinity. Therefore, these are taken to be single protein conformations, one of high and one of low ligand affinity. In the simplest view, these conformations represent the R and T states of a two-state model, and most of the properties of carp hemoglobin are explained quite well within this framework. Increases in either hydrogen or phosphate ion concentrations favor the stabilization of the low affinity structure of even fully liganded carp hemoglobin. We have studied the structural transition from high to low affinity by monitoring the absorption spectra of carp hemoglobins at constant pH as a function of organic phosphate concentration. We find that different spectra are induced in both carp methemoglobin and cyanomethemoglobin by inositol hexaphosphate addition. Furthermore, the dependence of the magnitude of the spectral changes on pH and organic phosphate concentration is the close agreement with that predicted from studies of the ligand binding properties of the molecule.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of 16 MAPK genes in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and the differences of their mRNA expression between Qiandao Lake and Taihu Lake.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a serine-threonine protein kinase, is involved in a variety of stress-induced responses and also plays an important regulatory role in cell metabolism. In the study the open reading frames (ORFs) of 16 MAPK genes in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were obtained and verified, with the evaluations of their taxonomy, structures, conserved motifs, and evolutionary linkages. And the expression patterns of these genes in the silver carp from Qiandao Lake and Taihu Lake were explored for better understanding the response of MAPK genes to different water environment. MAPK genes of silver carp were divided into three subfamilies, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily, p38 subfamily and C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) subfamily. All these genes possessed similar structures and conserved motifs of MAPK family. Realtime qPCR revealed that the expression patterns of 10 MAPK genes (ScMAPK1, ScMAPK3, ScMAPK4, ScMAPK7, ScMAPK15, ScMAPK8a, ScMAPK8b, ScMAPK9, ScMAPK10 and ScMAPK11) in head kidney, spleen and gill of silver carp in Taihu Lake and Qiandao Lake were different. These findings provide a basis for further research on the function of MAPK in silver carp.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Thermoacclimatory changes in the ionic microenvironment of haemoglobin in the stenothermal rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and eurythermal carp (Cyprinus carpio).

1. Haematological characteristics (erythrocyte number, haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content) and plasma and packed red blood cell water and electrolyte (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) levels were determined in summer and winter populations of rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C, and for carp held at 2, 16 and 30 degrees C. Erythrocyte electrolyte concentrations and ion:haemoglobin ratios were calculated from these data. 2. Modest increases in red cell abundance and reductions in mean erythrocytic volume were the most obvious haematological changes accompanying acclimation to higher temperatures. Haemoglobin levels in carp also tended to increase with temperature. 3. In winter trout plasma sodium and potassium were elevated following acclimation to increased temperature. No significant cges in plasma composition were observed in summer fish. Carp held at higher temperatures were characterized by increases in plasma chloride and calcium and reductions in sodium and magnesium levels. 4. Red cell potassium and magnesium and K+:Hb and Mg2+:Hb ratios tended to be higher in winter than in summer trout, with the converse being true of chloride and calcium and Cl-:Hb and Ca2+:Hb. Only potassium and K+:Hb were significantly altered following acclimation; rising at higher temperatures. In carp, potassium and K+:Hb were relatively thermostable, but sodium and chloride and Na+:Hb and Cl-:Hb increased with temperature while magnesium and Mg2+:Hb decreased. Changes in the ionic composition of carp red cells support the suggestion that cellular pH is reduced in the warm-acclimated animal. 5. These variations may be of adaptive value. Increases in chloride and hydrogen ion commonly reduce haemoglobin=oxygen affinity, and should facilitate oxygen unloading at the tissue level. Reductions in cellular magnesium, by maximizing organophosphate modulator levels, should produce much the same effect. 6. In both species reductions in mean erythrocytic volume took place at higher temperatures despite increases in cellular ion content which exceeded those of plasma. It is probable that reductions in cellular volume, which should favour branchial oxygen loading, were achieved by export of some as yet unidentified solute or solutes.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1977

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of carp methemoglobin.

The g anisotropy of the EPR spectra of carp azidomethemoglobin is found to be pH-dependent, whereas, the spectra of human azidomethemoglobin are not. The two hemoglobins have the same g values at alkaline pH values. Crystal field analysis yielded values of 2.25 and 3.31, respectively, for the rhombic distortion, V/lambda, and the tetragonal distortion, delta/lambda. The spin orbit coupling constant is lambda. At pH 4.0 the values of V/lambda and delta/lambda for carp azidomethemoglobin became 1.95 and 4.76, respectively, whereas those for the human hemoglobin are virtually unchanged. The results are interpreted to mean an increase of out-ofplane displacement of the iron atom and stabilization of the T form of carp azidomethemoglobin by high proton concentration. At pH 6.0 and lower, the EPR spectra of carp azidomethemoglobin showed the presence of about 1.5% of high spin species, the amount is not affected by excess of either inositol hexaphosphate or sodium azide. The EPR spectra of aquo- and fluoroderivatives of carp methemoglobin were not affected by pH changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): a comparative study of their occurrence in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, with the description of Trichodina perforata sp.N.

In the course of a long-term study of protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), a total of 27 protozoan species were discovered in Czechoslovakia and 26 species on the Bulgarian territory. Their list is supplemented with remarks on their pathogenicity, frequency of occurrence and morphology. There is no essential difference in the constituents of protozoan parasitofauna of carp between the two territories studied; a very similar fauna of protozoans can be anticipated on carp in other European regions. A new species, Trichodina perforata sp.n. is described from carps on Bulgarian territory; it is absent in Czechoslovakia. It is characterized by very thin, obliquely set thorns of denticles and by perforations in denticel blades. Throughout the area of the present distribution of the carp, records of its protozoan parasites include a total of 76 determined species, 6 parasites determined only to the generic level and 8 facultatively parasitic ciliates. Attention is drawn to several pathogenic species, which constitute a potential threat to carpiculture in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Polymorphism of transferrin in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): genetic determination, isolation, and partial characterization.

Seven transferrin variants (A,B,C,D,E,F, and G) have been found in carp sera (Cyprinus carpio L.). Genetic analysis involves five variants and agrees with the hypothesis of simple codominant autosomal inheritance at one transferrin (Tf) locus in spite of the fact that the carp is a tetraploid in relation to other species of the same family. Carp populations from three regions were studied which differed in gene frequencies. Individual populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polymorphism of carp transferrins can be used for the identification of offspring of single parent pairs, stocked in one pond. Transferrins have been isolated and characterized. Homozygous phenotypes comprised four iron-binding components differing in electrophoretic mobility. This heterogeneity is not caused by sialic acid, which is absent. Amino acid composition, content of hexoses (1 mole/mole of protein) and hexosamines (1 mole/mole of protein), molecualr weight (70,000), and the isoelectric point (5.0) have been determined. No N-terminal amino acid could be detected.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase: purification and some properties.

1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from the white muscle tissue of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was purified. 2. The mol. wt of the enzyme was 145,000. Its subunit mol. wt was ca. 35,000. 3. The enzyme exhibited neutral pH optimum, activation by monovalent cations, and temperature-dependent allosteric AMP inhibition. 4. Carp muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase was 10- to 30-fold more sensitive to AMP inhibition than the carp liver enzyme. 5. The carp muscle enzyme was less sensitive to AMP inhibition than the muscle enzyme from a homeothermic mammal. These results are interpreted as an example of temperature-adaptation of an enzyme regulatory property.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗