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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Activation of CDC 25 phosphatase and CDC 2 kinase involved in GL331-induced apoptosis.

CDC 25 is a dual phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation and, thus, activation of CDC 2 kinase in G2. Abnormal activation of cyclin B-associated CDC 2 kinase has been implicated in apoptosis induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel (Taxol) and etoposide (VP-16). In this study, we found that the CDC 2 kinase could be transiently activated when nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW01 cells were treated for 3 h with a new anticancer agent, GL331. GL331 treatment also induced a concomitant increase in CDC 25A phosphatase activity and a reduced level of Tyr-15-phosphorylated CDC 2 in NPC-TW01 cells. Furthermore, subsequent apoptotic DNA fragmentation induced by GL331 could be interrupted by treatment of the cells with the cyclin B1-specific antisense oligonucleotides, suggesting that abnormal activation of cyclin B1-associated CDC 2 kinase and CDC 25A phosphatase was involved in GL331-induced apoptosis. Raf-1 has been shown to associate with CDC 25A and, thus, to stimulate its phosphatase activity. Our results revealed that GL331 could facilitate the association of CDC 25A with Raf-1, resulting in the cascade of CDC 25A phosphatase activation and CDC 2 kinase activation, as well as related signaling pathways, and ultimately causing apoptosis in cancer cells.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1994

Assignment of human-derived CDC group 1 coryneform bacteria and CDC group 1-like coryneform bacteria to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces neuii subsp. neuii sp. nov., subsp. nov., and Actinomyces neuii subsp. anitratus subsp. nov.

Almost the entire 16S rRNA gene sequences of some strains of CDC group 1 and group 1-like coryneform bacteria, isolated from human sources, were determined. Comparative analysis of the rRNA sequence data revealed that both groups of coryneforms belong to the genus Actinomyces. On the basis of the present molecular findings and previous biochemical studies, we propose a new Actinomyces species, Actinomyces neuii sp. nov., containing Actinomyces neuii subsp. neuii subsp. nov. for CDC group 1 coryneform bacteria and Actinomyces neuii subsp. anitratus subsp. nov. for CDC group 1-like coryneform bacteria.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1984

Coupling between phosphatidylinositol metabolism and cdc 28 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the possible mechanism of cdc 28 gene action.

It was shown that the decrease in phosphatidylinositol (PI) content in cdc 28 G1-cells was due to a defect in inositol transport. This decrease in inositol transport was linked to microtubular function which was evident by the effect of a microtubular disrupting agent (colcemid) on inositol transport in stationary phase A364A cells. The involvement of PI in yeast G1 phase was further substantiated by the observation that o-phenanthroline, which blocks yeast cells in G1 phase, could inhibit inositol transport and PI levels as well. It is proposed that the regulation of PI metabolism is mediated by the gene cdc 28 and that microtubules may play a major role in the mechanism of action of this gene product.

Demecolcine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infections with Chryseomonas luteola (CDC group Ve-1) and Flavimonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2) in neurosurgical patients.

During a 20-month period at Temple University Hospital, three cases of infection with bacteria of the Ve group--Chryseomonas luteola (CDC group Ve-1) and Flavimonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2)--were seen in neurosurgical patients. Two of the patients, including one with what is thought to be the first reported case of meningitis due to C. luteola, had complications caused by prosthetic material. A review of the literature revealed 14 well-described cases of infection with C. luteola or F. oryzihabitans, the majority of which were cases of bacteremia or peritonitis in patients undergoing dialysis. The presence of foreign material and the use of corticosteroids may predispose to and influence the course of disease. As prosthetic material becomes even more widely used, the incidence of infection with bacteria of the Ve group will likely increase and the manifestations of the infections will probably become more varied.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Postoperative infant septicemia caused by Pseudomonas luteola (CDC group Ve-1) and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2).

Pseudomonas luteola (CDC group Ve-1) and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2) were both isolated from the same blood culture of a 5-month-old infant, 8 days after open-heart surgery. He quickly responded to appropriate antibiotics. Carbon substrate assimilation tests and fatty acid analysis clearly differentiated these two rarely pathogenic organisms.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

A new cdc gene required for S phase entry of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a protein similar to the cdc 10+ and SWI4 gene products.

We have isolated a new cell division cycle gene (res1+) required for entry into S phase, as a multicopy dual suppressor of the pat1 and cdc10 mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The res1+ gene specifies a 72 kDa protein with two copies of the cdc10/SWI6 motif. A disruptant of res1+ grows poorly at 30 degrees C with severe heat- and cold-sensitivities, and completely arrests in G1 at 36 degrees C and 23 degrees C. The arrested disruptant retains a full conjugation ability. In addition to the cdc10/SWI6 motif, Res1 and SWI4 proteins share a remarkable homology in their amino-terminal region, whereas Cdc10 and SWI6 do so in their carboxy-terminal region. Moreover, the amino-terminal region is essential for the function of Res1 as it is for the function of SWI4. Furthermore, analogous to the relationship of SWI4 to SWI6, the res1+ gene effectively rescues cdc10 mutants, but the cdc10+ gene cannot rescue the res1- phenotype. Thus, striking similarities exist in both structural and functional relationships between Res1 and SWI4, and between Cdc10 and SWI6. In view of the fact that SWI4 and SWI6 form a transcription factor complex and activate promoters containing the SWI4/SWI6 dependent cell-cycle box, Res1 might be a putative association partner of Cdc10 which appears to be involved at least in the activation of promoters containing a MluI cell-cycle box.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Infections with Chryseomonas luteola (CDC group Ve-1) and flavimonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2).

We have described 15 cases of infection due to Chryseomonas luteola and Flavimonas oryzihabitans isolated between May 1990 and May 1994. These infections were often associated with the presence of a foreign body, especially central venous access and joint prosthesis. The high frequency of isolating C. luteola and F. oryzihabitans probably expresses the awareness of the clinicians and the laboratory to the importance of these bacteria, especially in patients with the presence of a foreign material.

Abscess↗
PubMed1979

A probe into nuclear events during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: studies of folded chromosomes in cdc mutants which arrest in G1.

The sedimentation behavior of folded chromosomes from cell-division-cycle (cdc) mutants which arrest in G1 was examined. At the restrictive temperature the folded genome of cdc 7, which arrests after spindle pole body (SPB) separation and spindle formation, cosediments with a standard g1 structure, indicating that by the cdc 7 step the g1 form of the folded genome has been assembled. In the mutant, cdc 4, which arrests before SPB separation but after SPB duplication, a standard g1 structure is not formed. cdc 4 cells, however, are able to enter G0 at the restrictive temperature, and the corresponding go structure is stable. These results indicate that the cdc 4 gene product may be involved in the development of folded genome conformation which leads to the g1 structure. Since the cdc 4 gene product is required for SPB separation, the g1 structure may be defined by an association between chromosomes and spindle components. The folded chromosomes of the "start" mutants cdc 25 and cdc 28 are unstable at the restrictive temperature. In contrast to cdc 4, neither cdc 25 nor cdc 28 are able to enter the G0 stage in a normal manner, i.e., the g0 structure is unstable at the restrictive temperature. The inference is that both the cdc 25 and cdc 28 gene products are required for the functional integrity of the folded genome at both a stage early in G1 and in the pathway to G0.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current CDC efforts to prevent and control human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS in the United States through information and education.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is estimated to have infected more than a million people in the United States and millions more in other countries. Even though there is no vaccine or effective treatment, HIV infection can be prevented through behavioral change. As the lead Public Health Service Agency for disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has designed and implemented information and education activities with the ultimate goal of preventing HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. The target populations include the general public, school- and college-aged populations, persons infected or at increased risk of infection, minorities, and health workers. Because AIDS will be with us for a long time, CDC views educating the public as a long-term undertaking. The agency has initiated an intensive continuing national public information campaign, an informational brochure to be distributed to every U.S. household, a national AIDS information toll-free hotline, and a clearinghouse system that will maintain a comprehensive inventory of AIDS information resources and services. CDC also supports public information and education efforts by State and local health agencies. To reach school- and college-age youth, CDC, in consultation with governmental and national private sector organizations, developed guidelines for effective school health education to assist school health personnel in determining the scope and content of AIDS education. CDC also works with State and local education agencies to help carry out and evaluate educational efforts to prevent the spread of HIV among school- and college-age youth. The populations with the highest priority for AIDS information and education efforts are those who are at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting the AIDS virus because they use illicit intravenous drugs and share needles, engage in anal intercourse, have many sexual partners, practice prostitution, or engage in sex with those who practice these behaviors. Another high-priority population, because they can infect their offspring,is reproductive age women engaging in high-risk behavior and women infected with HIV who become pregnant. CDC programs targeted to these groups include community health education and risk reduction interventions, counseling and testing for HIV infection, AIDS community demonstration projects, perinatal AIDS prevention projects,and programs focused on preventing AIDS in minority populations. CDC is developing a variety of educational approaches for health workers in clinical settings because they are an important channel for providing accurate AIDS information, helping to assess risk, and counseling to actively reduce risk for the patient, sex partners of the patient, friends, and family members of the patient. CDC has conducted research and provided information and training on the use of HIV laboratory tests. CDC has also developed numerous scientific and technical guidelines and recommendations in consultation with practitioners, public health officials, and others and disseminated these through the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. In addition,CDC has provided information about the risk of HIV transmission in the workplace and about methods of prevention. CDC will continue to evaluate these activities and support research in education and related interventions that may be necessary to prevent infection by the HIV virus. By providing educational support for behavior changes that decrease HIV transmission, we can contribute to AIDS prevention in the 1990s.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Cellular fatty acid composition and phenotypic and cultural characterization of CDC fermentative coryneform groups 3 and 5.

Seventy strains of fermentative, asporogenous, gram-positive coccobacilli or short rods form two closely related groups which have been designated CDC fermentative coryneform groups 3 (32 strains, xylose fermenters) and 5 (38 strains, xylose nonfermenters). The two taxa are otherwise similar to each other phenotypically and culturally and by a distinctive Staphylococcus-like odor and by cellular fatty acid (CFA) composition. CDC group 3 and CDC group 5 strains have been isolated from clinical sources (blood, abscesses, and wounds but not urine or respiratory specimens) in Canada and the United States and among referrals from Belgium, Sweden, and Spain. Coryneform CDC group 3 strains were phenotypically similar to CDC coryneform group A-3 but were distinguishable by their inability to reduce nitrate and by their lack of motility. Coryneform CDC group 5 isolates were phenotypically somewhat similar to Actinomyces viscosus and Rothia dentocariosa, except that none of this group reduced nitrate. Both CDC groups could be differentiated from these similar bacteria by the ability to decarboxylate lysine and ornithine. The CFA compositions of CDC group 3 and 5 strains were similar to each other, were distinctive from those of other coryneforms, and were of the branched-chain type. API CORYNE codes were consistent for both CDC group 3 and CDC group 5 bacteria, suggesting that this method could be useful as an identification method.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1995

Carbon and energetic uncoupling are associated with block of division at different stages of the cell cycle in several cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Cell proliferation arrest at 37 degrees C (restrictive temperature) of the cell division cycle (cdc) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, cdc35, cdc19, cdc21, and cdc17 was correlated with carbon and energy uncoupling. At 37 degrees C, cdc mutants diverted to biomass synthesis only 3 to 4% and 8 to 24% of the fluxes of carbon consumed and ATP obtained by catabolism, respectively, compared with 48 and 34% in the wild-type strain A364A. At the permissive temperature (25 degrees C), the wild type showed similar carbon and energy coupling indexes as at 37 degrees C. However, carbon and energy coupling indexes were two- to sevenfold higher at 25 degrees than at 37 degrees C in cdc mutants; e.g., at 25 degrees C two- to sevenfold higher amounts of carbon and ATP were directed to biomass production than at 37 degrees C. The wild-type strain exhibited a purely oxidative glucose catabolism at 37 degrees C (RQ approximately 1.0), while the cell proliferation arrest of cdc mutants at the same temperature was characterized by fermentative metabolism. At 37 degrees C, cdc mutants directed 50 to 60% of the carbon to ethanol production; 3 to 12% of the carbon was recovered as glycerol in cdc mutants as well as in the wild type. The proliferation arrest of the cell division cycle mutant cdc28 correlated with a significant decrease in the incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA, RNA, and proteins. In the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline, the wild-type strain underwent cell proliferation arrest and also exhibited metabolic uncoupling with bioenergetic and catabolic behavior similar to that of the cdc mutants at 37 degrees C. Experimental evidence obtained with cdc19, whose defective gene product is pyruvate kinase, suggests that the primary defect of cdc mutants correlates with a metabolically, highly uncoupled yeast cell. The results presented point to the existence of strong carbon and energy uncoupling together with cell division arrest exhibited by cdc mutants at the restrictive temperature. The degree of uncoupling appears to be tuned, at least in part, by the increase in flux of sugar catabolism through the ethanol fermentative pathway.

Carbon↗
PubMed1993

Cell cycle arrest of cdc mutants and specificity of the RAD9 checkpoint.

In eucaryotes a cell cycle control called a checkpoint ensures that mitosis occurs only after chromosomes are completely replicated and any damage is repaired. The function of this checkpoint in budding yeast requires the RAD9 gene. Here we examine the role of the RAD9 gene in the arrest of the 12 cell division cycle (cdc) mutants, temperature-sensitive lethal mutants that arrest in specific phases of the cell cycle at a restrictive temperature. We found that in four cdc mutants the cdc rad9 cells failed to arrest after a shift to the restrictive temperature, rather they continued cell division and died rapidly, whereas the cdc RAD cells arrested and remained viable. The cell cycle and genetic phenotypes of the 12 cdc RAD mutants indicate the function of the RAD9 checkpoint is phase-specific and signal-specific. First, the four cdc RAD mutants that required RAD9 each arrested in the late S/G2 phase after a shift to the restrictive temperature when DNA replication was complete or nearly complete, and second, each leaves DNA lesions when the CDC gene product is limiting for cell division. Three of the four CDC genes are known to encode DNA replication enzymes. We found that the RAD17 gene is also essential for the function of the RAD9 checkpoint because it is required for phase-specific arrest of the same four cdc mutants. We also show that both X- or UV-irradiated cells require the RAD9 and RAD17 genes for delay in the G2 phase. Together, these results indicate that the RAD9 checkpoint is apparently activated only by DNA lesions and arrests cell division only in the late S/G2 phase.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1997

The failure of CDC screening questionnaire to efficiently detect elevated lead levels in a rural population of children.

BACKGROUND: In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lowered the level for lead toxicity from 25 micrograms/dL to 10 micrograms/dL and published guidelines recommending that all children be tested for blood lead level at 12 months of age and again, if possible, at 24 months. The guidelines also called for periodic universal screening of children between the ages of 6 and 72 months using the CDC's lead screening questionnaire. However, blindly following these recommendations may result in unnecessary patient discomfort, wasted time, and extra expense. According to the CDC guidelines, deviation from this practice requires the determination of the local prevalence of lead poisoning. The purpose of this study was to measure the local prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) and to assess the utility of the CDC's lead screening questionnaire in a rural setting. METHODS: Three hundred seventy-six children living on the Navajo Reservation in Arizona were studied. A consecutive series evaluation at well-child visits between the ages of 6 and 72 months was conducted using the CDC lead screening questionnaire and blood lead levels measured by anodic voltammetry. RESULTS: Of 376 children, 368 had their blood levels tested. Eight children tested positively with an EBLL of > or = 10 micrograms/dL for a prevalence of 2.2%. Three hundred twenty-three completed questionnaires; 83 (25.7%) of these children had false-positive results. The sensitivity and specificity of the CDC lead screening questionnaire were 42.9% and 73.7%, respectively. The positive predictive value of the questionnaire was 3.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In this rural population of children, the prevalence of lead poisoning was low, and the CDC lead screening questionnaire failed to efficiently identify those children with lead toxicity. Screening such a population using the CDC guidelines will result in unnecessary discomfort for children and will squander limited resources of time and money. Physicians who care for children should know the local prevalence of EBLL in order to effectively follow the CDC's recommendations for lead screening.

Arizona↗
PubMed1990

Mitotic transmission of artificial chromosomes in cdc mutants of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell division cycle (CDC) genes have been identified whose products are required for the execution of different steps in the cell cycle. In this study, the fidelity of transmission of a 14-kb circular minichromosome and a 155-kb linear chromosome fragment was examined in cell divisions where specific CDC products were temporarily inactivated with either inhibitors, or temperature sensitive mutations in the appropriate CDC gene. All of the cdc mutants previously shown to induce loss of endogenous linear chromosomes also induced loss of a circular minichromosome and a large linear chromosome fragment in our study (either 1:0 or 2:0 loss events). Therefore, the efficient transmission of these artificial chromosomes depends upon the same trans factors that are required for the efficient transmission of endogenous chromosomes. In a subset of cdc mutants (cdc6, cdc7 and cdc16), the rate of minichromosome loss was significantly greater than the rate of loss of the linear chromosome fragment, suggesting that a structural feature of the minichromosome (nucleotide content, length or topology) makes the minichromosome hypersensitive to the level of function of these CDC gene products. In another subset of cdc mutants (cdc7 and cdc17), the relative rate of 1:0 events to 2:0 events differed for the minichromosome and chromosome fragment, suggesting that the type of chromosome loss event observed in these mutants was dependent upon chromosome structure. Finally, we show that 2:0 events for the minichromosome can occur by both a RAD52 dependent and RAD52 independent mechanism. These results are discussed in the context of the molecular functions of the CDC products.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1995

Identification of some clinical strains of CDC coryneform group A-3 and A-4 bacteria as Cellulomonas species and proposal of Cellulomonas hominis sp. nov. for some group A-3 strains.

CDC coryneform group A-3 and A-4 bacteria were defined by Hollis and Weaver in 1981, but their taxonomic position is still unclear. By using biochemical and chemotaxonomical methods, four clinical strains belonging to CDC coryneform groups A-3 (n = 2) and A-4 (n = 2) were studied and could be assigned to the genus Cellulomonas, resulting in the first description of Cellulomonas strains isolated from clinical specimens. CDC coryneform group A-3 and A-4 strains were compared with the type strains of the seven species constituting the genus Cellulomonas at present as well as with the closely related species Oerskovia turbata, Oerskovia xanthineolytica, and Jonesia denitrificans, but their biochemical patterns were not compatible with the patterns of any of those species. Almost the entire sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of one representative strain of both CDC taxa were determined, and comparative sequence analysis confirmed the placement of the CDC coryneform group A-3 and A-4 strains studied in the Cellulomonas-Oerskovia subbranch of the actinomycetes. Both CDC taxa exhibited > 99% base pair homology within their 16S rDNAs. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular data, we formally propose a new species, Cellulomonas hominis sp. nov., for the CDC coryneform group A-3 bacteria examined. The type strain is DSM 9581. The precise taxonomic status of the CDC coryneform group A-4 strains studied remains to be established by quantitative DNA-DNA hybridizations.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1990

Neisseria elongata subsp. nitroreducens subsp. nov., formerly CDC group M-6, a gram-negative bacterium associated with endocarditis.

CDC group M-6 is the vernacular name given to a gram-negative, oxidase-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacterium. This organism is biochemically similar to Kingella denitrificans and displays a cellular fatty acid profile consistent with CDC groups M-5 and EF-4 and with Neisseria elongata. Of the 95 M-6 strains referred to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for identification, 32 (64%) of the first 50 were from the throat or sputum and only 3 (6%) were from blood; only 5 (11%) of the next 45 isolates were from the upper respiratory tract and 23 (51%) were from blood, with many of these (15 or 65%) being associated with endocarditis. The major characteristics of CDC group M-6 include reduction of nitrate and nitrite with no gas formation; positive reaction for oxidase; negative reactions for catalase, urease, indole, and motility; and no acid production from carbohydrates. Guanine-plus-cytosine content determined spectrophotometrically by thermal denaturation was 55 to 58 mol % for six M-6 strains tested: 56 mol % for the N. elongata subsp. elongata type strain and for the N. elongata subsp. glycolytica type strain. By the hydroxyapatite method, DNAs from 24 M-6 strains showed an average of 78% relatedness to M-6 reference strain B1019 in reactions at 60 degrees C and 73% relatedness in reactions at 75 degrees C. M-6 strain B1019 was 79% related to the N. elongata type strain at 60 degrees C and 71% related at 75 degrees C; it was 75% related to the type strain N. elongata subsp. glycolytica at 60 degrees C and was 66% related at 75 degrees C. DNAs from CDC group EF-4, K. denitrificans, and CDC group M-5 were all less than 14% related to CDC group M-6 at 75 degrees C. The DNA relatedness data showed conclusively that all the M-6 strains belong in the species N. elongata. M-6 is different from N. elongata subsp. elongata in that M-6 reduces nitrate and sometimes weakly acidifies D-glucose, and it is different from N. elongata subsp. glycolytica in that it reduces nitrate and is negative for glucose and catalase. Because of the apparent clinical significance of M-6 compared with the clinical significance of N. elongata subsp. elongata and N. elongata subsp. glycolytica and the ease in distinguishing it biochemically, we propose M-6 as a third subspecies of N.elongata, N. elongata subsp. nitroreducens subsp. nov.

Adult↗