Studies on soluble elements and solubility of dental cement (1)--solubilities of zinc phosphate cement, carboxylate cement and silicate cement in the distilled water.
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Acrylic Resins↗
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[Comparative analysis of materials for dentino-pulp protection: varnishes, liners, ZOE cements, zinc oxyphosphate cements, zinc polycarboxylate cements, calcium hydroxide cements].
The Authors review the principal materials used for pulp and dentine protection. Them they examine the main characteristics of each materials about different clinical situations.
Calcium Hydroxide↗
Effects of cement, cement space, marginal design, seating aid materials, and seating force on crown cementation.
An evaluation of the effects of a die spacer, the seating force, the marginal design, seating aid materials, and the cement type during cementation was conducted. Two stainless steel dies were used: one with a 1 mm shoulder and the other with a shoulder and a 65-degree bevel. Ten stone dies were produced from each metal die and half were painted with four layers of die spacer. The crowns were waxed on the dies and cast in a nonprecious alloy, and the seating of crowns was measured with a micrometer before and after cementation. Comparisons were made between zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements under two seating forces of 5 and 30 lb using an orangewood stick or E-Z-bite seating aid. ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls test revealed that the use of a die spacer, a heavier force of 30 lb, and glass ionomer cement significantly improved crown seating. The beveled preparation led to superior crown seating when the heavier force or glass ionomer cement was used. The orangewood stick and bite device had a similar effect on crown seating.
Cementation↗
[Influence of types and surface treatment of dental alloy and film thickness of cements on bond strength of dental luting cements].
The goal of this study was to test the influence of the type and oxidation treatment of dental casting alloys on the tensile bond strength of luting cements. Also, the influence of film thickness of luting cements on the tensile bond strength of different dental casting alloys was examined. Four different luting cements (zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer and adhesive resin cements) and four different dental casting alloys (Au-Ag-Cu, Ag-Pd, hardened Ag-Pd and Ni-Cr alloys) were used. Cylindrical alloy rods for the tensile bond strength test were casted, and then, top surfaces of the rods were cemented with each luting cement to the bottom surfaces of other rods, using the film thickness adjustment apparatus. The film thickness of luting cement was adjusted to 20, 30, 50, 75 or 100 microns. The tensile bond strengths of each cement to different casting alloys at each film thickness were measured one day after the rods had been cemented. The tensile bond strength of the zinc phosphate cement could not be determined in this study due to the separation of the alloy rods cemented with the zinc phosphate cement in water before the tensile test. The tensile bond strength to the adhesive resin cement to any alloy showed the greatest strength; however, that of the glass ionomer cement to any alloy was the lowest strength among the cements examined. The Ni-Cr alloy had the highest bond strength of any luting cement, compared to other alloys. The tensile bond strengths of luting cements significantly decreased with the increase in film thickness of cement layer. The adhesive resin cement had the greatest bond strength, and the glass ionomer cement was the lowest bond strength at any film thickness. The oxidation treatment significantly increased the bond strength of the adhesive resin cement to both Au-Ag-Cu and Ag-Pd alloys. The tensile bond strength of the adhesive resin cement was most dependent upon the film thickness of cement layer, and that of the polycarboxylate cement was least dependent upon the film thickness of cement layer among the cements examined. In addition, the oxidation treatment for precious alloys could be a factor contributing to the increase in the bond strength of the adhesive resin cement.
Adhesiveness↗
[Experimental study on the influence of various dental luting cements on the crown elevation during cementation].
Cementing manipulation is an important final step in adapting crown prosthesis to various oral environments. Preventing elevation of full cast crowns during cementation and improving adaptability of the margin after cementation are especially critical. The purpose of this article is twofold: 1) To clarify the relationship between the viscosity of dental cement and the extent of crown elevation, with special attention to viscosity changes occurring in various cement materials during the hardening process. 2) To study the effects on cemented-crown elevation of the space created between the abutment tooth and the crown, which may be partly related to dental cement behavior during cementation. A total of 4 cement materials was used: Elite Cement 100 as a zinc-phosphate cement, Super Bond C & B and Chemiace as MMA-resin cements containing 4-META, and Panavia EX as a phosphoricester cement. Viscosity was measured by means of MR-3 Soliquidmeter with a cone and plate system (Reheology Engineering). A brass material was processed to experimental crowns cemented to abutment teeth of brass. Crown elevation was measured by comparator (Measurescope Model II, Nikon). In addition, effects of the resistance of dental cement during cementation on crown elevation were studied for the sake of a comprehensive understanding of the elevation phenomenon. 1. Changes in dental-cement viscosity during the hardening process 1) Elite Cement 100 demonstrated the highest initial steady flow coefficient of viscosity. It was followed by Super Bond C & B, Chemiace, and Panavia EX, in that order. The t-test revealed significant differences among these cement materials (significance taken to be 1%). 2) As experimental temperature increased, the viscosity of all tested cement materials increased with progressive hardening. 3) With the passing of time, changes in torque, which represents a change pattern in viscosity, indicated that the tested cement materials have different viscosity-change patterns during the initial setting period. 4) From a clinical viewpoint, Super Bond C & B and Elite Cement 100 had very limited working time, whereas Chemiace and Panavia EX had relatively long working time. 2. Elevation after cementation of experimental crowns 1) For Elite Cement 100, mean elevation was 334microns, for Super Bond C & B 281 microns, for Chemiace 164microns, and for Panavia EX 130microns. The t-test revealed significant differences among these cement materials (significance taken to be 1%). 2) In all the cement materials tested, with a reliability of 99%, sequential correlation was observed between crown elevation and steady flow coefficient of viscosity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cementation↗
[Study on dental cements. 1. The cored structure of three luting cements obtained by using Cryo-SEM and image analyzer].
The polished surfaces of three set dental cements for luting (zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, and glass ionomer cement) were observed by cryo-SEM at a specimen temperature of -160 degrees C to prevent damage of the cement specimens and also the specimens were analyzed by EDX. Furthermore, the SEM composition images of the polished cement surface were transferred to an image analyzer to obtain the core/matrix area ratio of the set cements. 1. The polished surface of set dental cement could be clearly observed by cryo-SEM without damaging the cement specimens. 2. The image analyzer showed that the core/matrix area ratio of the zinc phosphate cement and the glass ionomer cement was approximately 2 to 8, whereas that of the polycarboxylate cement was approximately 3 to 7. 3. The elements detected in the zinc phosphate cement were Ca, Zn, Mg, Al, and P, in the polycarboxylate cement were Ca, Zn, Mg, Si, and Sr, and in the glass ionomer cement were Al and Si.
Glass Ionomer Cements↗
[Contribution to the study of fixing stock porcelain facets in metallic structures using:- Porcelain, zinc phosphate cements, silico phosphate cements, policarboxylate cements, composite resin, metallic porcelain and porcelain bound to metal].
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Composite Resins↗
A three-dimensional non-linear finite element study of the effect of cement-prosthesis debonding in cemented femoral total hip components.
A three-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis of a cemented femoral component in which the component was partially debonded from the cement mantle was used to assess the effects of debonding on stresses in the cement. Three cases of partial cement-metal debonding were modelled with debonding of the proximal portion of the implant down to a horizontal plane which was 35, 62.5, or 82.5 mm below the prosthesis collar. Each situation was studied under loads simulating both gait and stairclimbing. Also, complete debonding between the implant and the surrounding cement mantle was modeled for loads simulating gait. Under stair climbing loads with partial cement-mental debonding, hoop stresses of 13-18 MPa were observed in the cement at the cement-metal interface at the proximal postero-medial corner of the implant. Similarly, in stair climbing, the maximum principal stresses in the cement were also adjacent to the proximal postero-medial region of the implant. These stresses were compressive and increased from 15 MPa with fully bonded interfaces to 48 MPa with debonding down to 82.5 mm below the prosthesis collar. Under gait loads, complete debonding caused high compressive stresses up to 34.9 MPa in the cement distal to the prosthesis tip. Thus, cement failure subsequent to prosthesis debonding is likely in the proximal region in a partially debonded implant due to stair climbing loads and is likely below the prosthesis tip in a fully debonded implant due to gait loading.
Body Weight↗
Revision of cemented fixation and cement-bone interface strength.
Interfacial shear strength between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement and cancellous bone was measured in bone samples from human proximal femora. Samples were prepared with fresh cement-bone, fresh cement inside a mantle of existing cement and with fresh cement-revised bone surfaces. Push-out tests to measure shear strength caused failure only at bone-cement interfaces; revised bone interfaces were 30 per cent weaker (P < 0.02) than primary interfaces. The clinical relevance is that revision of cemented joint arthroplasties may necessitate removal of components with sound cement-bone fixation. The practice of removing all traces of PMMA cement may not yield the optimal fixation; adhesion of fresh cement to freshly prepared surfaces of the existing cement might also be considered where circumstances are favourable.
Bone Cements↗
[Self-setting apatite cement. 8. Dissolution and remineralization behavior of 45Ca-apatite cement].
Self-setting apatite cement hardens into a mass of single phase apatite when mixed with diluted phosphoric acid. Structurally this mass consists of two types of apatite, i.e. the seed apatite used as a setting accelerator and the matrix apatite formed afterward in the reaction of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and tetracalcium phosphate (Te-CP). To investigate the dissolution behavior of self-setting apatite cement in detail, two types of 45Ca labeled apatite cement were prepared. In one, the seed apatite was labeled with 45Ca (45Ca-HAp cement) and in the other the matrix apatite was labeled with 45Ca through use of 45Ca-DCPD (45Ca-DCPD cement). Solubility, estimated from the concentration of 45Ca released in 1 mM of organic acid (e.q. acetic, lactic, or citric acid) with initial pH adjusted to 4.0 at 37 degrees C, was approximately zero for 45Ca-HAp cement, whereas the solubility of 45Ca-DCPD cement was approximately the same as unlabeled cements used so far. This finding suggests that dissolution of the matrix apatite governs dissolution of the set cement, though comparison of X-ray diffraction patterns and electron micrographs of the seed apatite and apatite in the set cement showed no essential difference in crystallinity and crystal shape. The fact that the matrix apatite was formed by enveloping the seed apatite may account for the preferential dissolution of matrix apatite. In synthetic saliva labeled with 45Ca having a degree of supersaturation with respect to apatite comparable to rest saliva, 45Ca concentration in solution decreased once the cement pellet was introduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Apatites↗
Effects of temporary cementation on permanent cement retention to composite resin cores.
This in vitro study compared the effects on retention of base metal cylindrical retainers placed on composite resin cores when pretreated with eugenol and noneugenol temporary cements. Sixty composite cores and base metal cylindrical retainers were tested. The cores were pretreated with eugenol and noneugenol temporary cements before eventual cementation with resin and zinc phosphate cements. Cemented core retention was measured by application of a compressive force to the cores in an Instron machine. Differences were found between the two permanent cements. Pretreatment with eugenol cement reduced retainer retention with resin cements, but had no effect with zinc phosphate cement. Pretreatment with noneugenol cement did not reduce retainer retention.
Cementation↗
[Does temporary cementing have an effect on the bond strength of definitively cemented crowns?].
To establish whether or not temporary cementing with zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cement affects the bond strength of the subsequent zinc phosphate cement, 60 standardized metal blocks with cylindrical drill holes were produced. 50 specimens were coated with ZOE cement and subjected to different cleansing techniques (mechanical, with alcohol or organic solvent, soap, Al2O3) in groups of ten. After examination of the cleansed surfaces under the light microscope, amalgam cylinders manufactured according to a standardized procedure were cemented into the cavities using zinc phosphate cement and pressed out. Only the Al2O3 jet-cleaned surfaces were free of ZOE cement residues. With high statistical significance the knock-through test revealed lower bonding strength values for the specimens cleaned either with alcohol or organic solvents.
Aluminum Oxide↗
Clinical study of dental cements. VI. A study of zinc phosphate, EBA-reinforced zinc oxide eugenol and polyacrylic acid cements as luting agents in fixed prostheses.
A clinical trial for the final cementation of crowns and bridges with a reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol cement, a polyacrylic acid cement and a zinc phosphate cement was made over a 3-year period. The study involved 441 patients for whom 547 bridges and 162 single restorations were cemented. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for the duration of the study and the restorations were examined for looseness. Of the 547 bridges 520 remained firmly cemented to the abutment teeth. Of 1,082 bridge retainers, 1,049 remained in position; success and failure by types of retainer will be the subject of a subsequent paper. Of the 162 single restorations 159 remained in place.
Acrylates↗
Microleakage of crowns cemented with glass ionomer cement: effects of preparation finish and conditioning with polyacrylic acid.
This study compared the marginal leakage of cast gold complete crowns cemented with glass ionomer and with zinc phosphate cement. The effect of polishing the preparations and conditioning with polyacrylic acid was also evaluated for glass ionomer cement. The cast gold crowns cemented with glass ionomer cement demonstrated significantly lower marginal leakage than did those with zinc phosphate cement. The extent of microleakage was not substantially different between crowns when the preparations were polished and conditioned with polyacrylic acid.
Acrylic Resins↗
Exposure to cement dust at a Portland cement factory and the risk of cancer.
The relation between exposure to cement dust and cancer was examined in a population of 546 cement workers and a reference population of 858 randomly sampled men of similar age and area of residence. In 1974 all men gave lifelong occupational and smoking histories; information on incidence of cancer in the period 1974-85 was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry. No increased risk of overall cancer was found among cement workers. Among men with more than 20 years exposure to cement dust, 14 cases of respiratory cancer were observed (observed/expected (O/E) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.90-2.57) when compared with all Danish men. Men with 1-20 years exposure had O/E 1.14 (95% CI 0.59-2.19) based on nine cases of cancer. After excluding all men with documented exposure to asbestos during employment in an asbestos cement factory no increased risk of overall cancer or respiratory cancer was found among cement workers compared with white collar workers from the local reference population, using a Cox regression model controlling for age and smoking habits. Relative risks were 0.5 (95% CI 0.1-1.5) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-2.6) for men with 1-20 and more than 20 years of exposure to cement dust respectively compared with white collar workers.
Aged↗
Effect of a ZOE temporary cement on the bond strength of a resin luting cement.
This study was conducted to determine if a eugenol-based temporary cement affected the bond strength of a dual-cure cement to etched enamel. Dicor buttons were cemented to etched enamel surfaces after pretreatment with a non-eugenol containing cement, a eugenol containing cement and a control. This study concluded that shear bond strengths were unaffected by the temporary cement, provided the enamel surface was cleaned with pumice and etched with 37% phosphoric acid.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Influence of cement layer thickness on the adhesive bond strength of polyalkenoate cements.
The fracture toughness and yield stress values of model zinc polycarboxylate and glass polyalkenoate cements have been used to calculate plastic zone sizes. The size of the plastic zone at the crack tip in these materials has been used to predict whether cement layer thickness is likely to influence the adhesive bond strength. In the model zinc polycarboxylate cement studied, the plastic zone size was comparable to the cement layer thickness and had a pronounced influence on the shear bond strengths obtained. In contrast, the plastic zone sizes obtained for the glass polyalkenoate cements were much smaller and the shear bond strengths were found to be much less dependent on cement layer thickness.
Adhesiveness↗
Mixing does not improve mechanical properties of all bone cements. Manual and centrifugation-vacuum mixing compared for 10 cement brands.
Contemporary mixing methods--centrifugation, vacuum mixing with or without precompression--were compared with manual mixing by testing strength characteristics in accordance with a proposed revision of the international standard for bone cements as applied to 10 cement brands. Simplex brands and low-viscosity cements were the strongest, and were not improved by any of the vacuum-mixing procedures. Centrifuging was found unsuitable for low-viscosity cements. Without attaining the strength of the former, the cements best suited for auxiliary mixing methods were CMW-1 and Palacos brands, which improved 6-11 percent by either of the methods. The Sterivac system was generally found unacceptable, because about 20 percent of a cement package was retained in the mixing gear, and the application of precompression had no additional effect on compressive and bending strengths.
Acrylic Resins↗