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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Use of the analytical electron microscope (AEM) in cytochemical studies of the central nervous system.

Central nervous tissues (median eminence and arcuate nucleus) were studied by means of energy dispersive x-ray analysis using electron optical systems (analytical electron microscopy). These studies were conducted after the tissue had been treated specifically for localized biogenic amines (BA). The results indicate that not only is the BA cytochemical reaction highly specific, and that BAs can be localized intraneuronally in areas not previously identified, but also that the analytical electron microscope is a very valuable and potentially powerful tool in the studies of inclusion bodies and organelles in the central nervous system and other tissues. Thus, the nonspecific density production by osmium tetroxide can be elucidated from the specific BA reaction plus other areas of the nervous system containing density producing heavy metals, i.e., iron are readily identifiable.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1978

Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 4. Central nervous system depressants.

The synthesis of 1'-[3-(4-fluorobenzyoyl)propyl]-3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidine] (2a) and eight halo and methoxy analogues is described. The compounds were generally more potent per os than chlorpromazine in the Sidman avoidance paradigm in rats and less potent than haloperido. 1'-[3-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidine] (2e) approached the per os potency of haloperidol in this test and was shown to be active in inhibiting monkey avoidance also. Compound 2e was much less active than haloperidol in antagonizing apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs, apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats, and amphetamine-induced circling in lesioned rats. This lack of nonselective, dopamine-receptor blocking effects makes 2e attrative as a potential neuroleptic.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2026

Targeting Gasdermins for Therapeutic Interventions in Central Nervous System Injury.

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries are the leading cause of permanent disability and premature death in adults worldwide, with their incidence continuing to rise amid social development. These injuries not only severely impair the quality of life but also impose a heavy burden on the global public health system. Current clinical interventions, such as decompression and thrombolysis, can alleviate primary injury but fail to effectively reverse the secondary neuroinflammatory damage. Traditional anti-inflammatory therapies, which cannot block the upstream source of the inflammatory cascade, have led to repeated failures in global clinical translation research over the past decades. Gasdermins were first characterized in studies of systemic inflammatory diseases. These proteins form transmembrane pores to drive the release of proinflammatory factors and inflammatory cell death, serving as key mediators of host innate immunity. Recent studies have revealed that gasdermins play critical roles in regulating the initiation and amplification of neuroinflammation following CNS injury. To clarify the therapeutic potential of gasdermins as targets for injury repair, this review systematically summarizes the structure and function of gasdermins, as well as their cell-specific activation and regulatory mechanisms. We further elaborate on their pathological roles in these injuries and the corresponding therapeutic strategies, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for basic research and clinical translation in this field.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Environmental effects on the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) is designed to respond to the environment and is peculiarly vulnerable to many of the influences found in the environment. Utilizing an anatomical classification (cortex, cerebellum, peripheral nerves) major toxins and stresses are reviewed with selections from recent references. Selective vulnerability of certain areas to particular toxins is apparent at all levels of the CNS, although the amount of damage produced by any noxious agent depends on the age and genetic substrate of the subject. It is apparent that the effects of certain well known and long respected environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, etc., deserve continued surveillance. In addition, the overwhelming impact on the CNS of social damages such as trauma, alcohol, and tobacco cannot be ignored by environmentalists. The effect of the hospital and therapeutic environment has become apparent in view of increased awareness of iatrogenic disorders. The need for particular laboratory tests, for example, examination of CSF and nerve conduction toxicity studies, is suggested. Epidemics such as the recent solvent neuropathies suggest a need for continued animal studies that are chronic, as well as acute evaluations when predicting the potential toxic effects of industrial compounds.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed1977

A new fixative solution to precede the reduced silver impregnation of arthropod central nervous systems.

Arthropod central nervous tissue is fixed for 1 hr at 20 C in 8% pure formic acid in 1:1 n-butanol/n-propanol prepared immediately before use (FBP), then washed for 15-30 min in 90% ethanol, and embedded in paraffin wax. Impregnation is by modified Ungewitter techniques in which the silver bath is preceded by mercury/cobalt mordanting, or by modified Holmes' methods following similar mordanting procedures. The methods yield high resolution of axons with minimal background staining, while the staining of neuronal somata is suppressed. They succeed with brains of crustacea and Odonata and other difficult materials. Tissues fixed in FBP are hard and require care in sectioning.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1978

Airway management in patients with central nervous system depression.

In central nervous system (CNS) depressed patients, a sequential approach is necessary to prevent airway obstruction and aspiration of vomitus. Endotracheal intubation is indicated if the lash reflex is absent, response to stimulation is not purposeful, or airway obstruction develops when the patient's neck is flexed. Aspiration may result from CNS depression, abnormal glottic function, or extreme debilitation. It may occur in cannulated patients with improper cuff management or after decannulation while glottic reflexes are ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Involvement in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

CONTEXT: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy that may involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), leading to underrecognized but clinically significant endocrine dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to characterize the spectrum and patterns of HPA-related endocrine disturbances in patients with PCNSL. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by gray literature. The search concluded in February 2025. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies reporting adult PCNSL cases with documented dysfunction of at least one hormonal axis. Exclusion criteria were preexisting hypopituitarism or lack of endocrine data. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on demographics, tumor localization, hormonal axes affected, radiological findings, treatment, and outcomes were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools. RESULTS: Ninety-nine cases met the inclusion criteria. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma accounted for 84% of cases. Endocrine dysfunction included isolated adenohypophyseal involvement (46%), neurohypophyseal (8%), and combined (45%). The most affected pituitary axes were the gonadal and thyroid axes, with 89.7% and 89.2% involvement, respectively. Hypothalamic tumors were strongly associated with combined dysfunction (odds ratio = 9.47; 95% CI, 3.76-23.86; P < .001). Persistent endocrinopathy was more frequent in progressive disease. No direct association was found between endocrine dysfunction and mortality. CONCLUSION: HPA dysfunction in PCNSL is frequent and often underdiagnosed. Hypothalamic involvement is associated broader hormonal impairment. Routine hormonal screening and multidisciplinary management should be standard in PCNSL care to minimize complications and improve outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. II. Pharmacological effect of the intracerebral administration of metaraminol on the central nervous system].

Six hours after intracerebral administration, the central effects of metaraminol were examined with the following results. 1) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 160 mug decreased spontaneous motor activity in mice as measured by the photo-cell counters method, the wheel cage method or the open-field test. Ptosis and catalepsy induced at these doses. 2) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 80 mug which influenced the spontaneous motor activity in mice, blocked the avoidance behaviour but not escape. 3) Metaraminol in doses of 1.25 approximately 10 mug which did not influence the spontaneous motor activity in mice, markedly blocked the attaching response induced by the electroshock. 4) Ten min after intraventricular administration, metaraminol in a dose of 500 mug induced the arousal pattern of EEG in sensory cortex of cats and this pattern lasted for 30 min. Ninety min after administration, EEG tracings reverted to the drowsy pattern.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

The renin-angiotensin system and the central nervous system.

One of several factors affecting the secretion of renin by the kidneys is the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic input is excitatory and is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, which are probably located on the membranes of the juxtaglomerular cells. Stimulation of sympathetic areas in the medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus raises blood pressure and increases renin secretion, whereas stimulation of other parts of the hypothalamus decreases blood pressure and renin output. The centrally active alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine decreases renin secretion, lowers blood pressure, inhibits ACTH and vasopressin secretion, and increases growth hormone secretion in dogs. The effects on ACTH and growth hormone are abolished by administration of phenoxybenzamine into the third ventricle, whereas the effect on blood pressure is abolished by administration of phenoxybenzamine in the fourth ventricle without any effect on the ACTH and growth hormone responses. Fourth ventricular phenoxybenzamine decreases but does not abolish the inhibitory effect of clonidine on renin secretion. Circulating angiotensin II acts on the brain via the area postrema to raise blood pressure and via the subfornical organ to increase water intake. Its effect on vasopressin secretion is debated. The brain contains a renin-like enzyme, converting enzyme, renin substrate, and angiotensin. There is debate about the nature and physiological significance of the angiotensin II-generating enzyme in the brain, and about the nature of the angiotensin I and angiotensin II that have been reported to be present in the central nervous system. However, injection of angiotensin II into the cerebral ventricles produces drinking, increased secretion of vasopressin and ACTH, and increased blood pressure. The same responses are produced by intraventricular renin. Angiotensin II also facilitates sympathetic discharge in the periphery, and the possibility that it exerts a similar action on the adrenergic neurons in the brain merits investigation.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1976

General pharmacological properties of a new non-opiate antitussive: zipeprol (3024 CERM). II. Actions on the cardiovascular system, intestinal transit and central nervous system.

The effects of 1-(2-methoxy-2-phenyl)-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-3-phenyl)-propyl-piperazine-dihydrochloride (zipeprol, 3024 CERM, Respilene), a new nonopiate antitussive agent, have been studied on the cardiovascular system, intestinal function and the central nervous system. Most of these studies were performed comparatively with reference antitussives, particularly codeine, whose activites in these fields are the basis of its undesirable side effects. In the dog, zipeprol showed no hypotensive or cardiac-depressant activity. It did not alter pulmonary arterial pressure. An important antiarrhythmic action was apparent in studies on rhythm disturbances induced by ouabain and coronary ligation. Intestinal function, measured by the recording of peristaltic movements in the dog and the speed of intestinal transit in the rat, was not modified by the product. Zipeprol showed no characteristic action on the central nervous system. Analgesic activity was seen only at doses just below toxic levels. Finally in the rat and the mouse, no evidence of physical dependence was seen after prolonged treatment. This together with the absence of chemical similarity to the morphinics, leads to exclude the possibility of zipeprol treatment leading to addiction. The results of these studies allow zipeprol to be clearly distinguished from the opiate antitussives.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sarcoidosis of the central nervous system.

A case of central nervous system sarcoidosis verified by direct biopsy and skin tests and without evidence of any other system involvement is reported. The computed tomography findings are described in detail.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Hypothermia and persisting capacity to develop fever. Occurrence in a patient with sarcoidosis of the central nervous system.

A patient with central nervous system and systemic sarcoidosis had profound hypothermia and dementia with associated lymphadenopathy and hypernatremia. His capacity to develop fever remained; despite the persistent marked hypothermia, sweating and shivering in response to peripheral heating and cooling were maintained. Postmortem neuropathologic studies indicated that the hypothalamic region, generally considered to contain the primary temperature control, had been severely damaged by granulomatous sarcoid disease. These results confirm and extend previous findings of temperature disturbance in hypothalamic sarcoidosis and suggest that the integrity of the primary control of body temperature is not essential to fever production and "broad-band" regulation against environmental temperature extremes.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1978

Serologic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction.

Serologic studies were performed on 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during 29 acute episodes of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Increased anti-DNA antibody and decreased total serum hemolytic complement activity were observed only in those patients with associated extra-CNS disease manifestations. Patients with isolated CNS disease were otherwise in apparent clinical and serological remission regarding these two indices. No special association of cold-reactive IgM antilymphocyte antibodies was demonstrable in patients with ongoing CNS injury. Of special interest was an increased incidence of anti-Sm antibodies in the patients with CNS dysfunction relative to that in a large group of patients without neuropsychiatric disease. The incidence of anti-RNP was not increased. The data do not support direct involvement in SLE brain injury of either DNA/anti-DNA complexes or of lymphocytotoxic antibodies cross-reactive with brain cells, but do suggest an association of anti-Sm with CNS disease in this disorder.

Antibodies↗