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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

Sexual dimorphism of the weight of the skull in African cercopithecidae (primates, catarrhini).

As we had to determine the sex of Cercopithecidae with the help of their skulls, we employed the usual method of measuring the length of their canines. Since we had to consider some doubtful cases, we wondered if we could confirm the diagnosis on the basis of another practical variable. Skull weight seemed to be one such possibility. We weighed 447 skulls from different genera and species of African Cercopithecidae. Whereas the t test confirmed the existence of a sexual dimorphism at this level, discriminant analysis gave a discriminating value to the weights of skulls.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The first capitular joint in primates: Cebidae, Cercopithecidae and Homo.

As for the first capitular joint, Ohman (1986) claimed that a univertebral type is unique to modern and fossil hominids among primates. Stern and Jungers (1990) compiled the data in a wider range of primate and demonstrated as follows. The univertebral type, rather than being unique to hominids, is common among siamang, occurs in an occasional gibbon, and is typical of the larger indriids. We added the data of genera of Cebidae and Cercopithecidae to that observation, and found that the univertebral type is also typical of the Pithecia in Cebidae and Papio and Cercopithecus in Cercopithecidae. We also found that the bivertebral type occurs in 19.4% of Homo. Gloobe and Nathan (1970) had already observed that most mammals have a full facet for the first rib and a hemifacet for the second in the first thoracic vertebra. Accordingly, it seems that Ohman's claim is not applicable for nonhominoid primates and for mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Molar size sequence in seven species of Cercopithecidae].

The size sequence of the molar teeth in three genera, including seven species, of the Cercopithecidae was examined on the basis of mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters, and rectangle measurements (mesiodistal d. X buccolingual d.). The determination of molar size order was estimated by the three methods of mean values, size sequences and reductive indices (M2/M1, M3/M1). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The molar size sequence of the seven species. The pattern of sequence in the molars of the Cercopithecidae was divided into six types: (I) M1 less than M2 less than M3 or (M1M2) less than M3, (II) M1 less than (M2M3), (III) M1 less than M3 less than M2, (IV) (M1M2M3), (V) (M3M1) less than M2, and (VI) M3 less than M1 less than M2 or M3 less than (M1M2). 2. The upper molars. i) The most frequent pattern of mean values found was type II for all the species of the Macaca and Colobus. The two species of Cercopithecus showed predominantly the characteristics of types III, IV and V. ii) The molar size sequence individual data revealed that in the mesiodistal crown diameter types I and II were distributed frequently in the Macaca, types IV and V in the Colobus, and type VI in the Cercopithecus. The reduction of the third molar, therefore, seemed to be more pronounced in the Cercopithecus when compared with the other two genus, Macaca and Colobus, because type VI is the type with more size reduction in the third molar. In the case of the buccolingual crown diameters, the most common size sequences were found in types II and III for the Macaca and Colobus. In the Cercopithecus, however, type V exceeded other types in frequence. iii) The results of the reductive indices showed that the second molars in the Colobus were greatly reduced compared to the first, followed by those of the Cercopithecus and Macaca. In the third molar reduction, the Cercopithecus had a relatively small third molar compared to the first, following the Colobus and Macaca. 3. The lower molars. i) The pattern in the mean values were frequently found to be type I for the Macaca and Colobus, and types III and II for the Cercopithecus. ii) The size sequence in the frequency of the mesiodistal crown diameter was well presented in type I for the Macaca and Colobus, while types IV and V were distributed frequently for Cercopithecus in which the reduction of the third molar was noticeable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparative anatomical study of arteriographs of the hand of primates. Deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in cercopithecidae, pongidae and hominidae.

A three-dimensional angiographic analysis of the deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and the arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they are composed of only the catella volaris proximalis and catella volaris distalis. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis.

Angiography↗
PubMed1986

[Dental enamel prisms of Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839, compared with recent cercopithecids (Primates: Cercopithecidae)].

The dental enamel prisms of Cercopithecidae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The main task of this study was to show the prism morphology representatives of different genera as well as their comparison with the fossil Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839. The method used to show the enamel prisms was to etch the tooth surface with hydrochloric acid. In this way the outlines of the prisms were better contrasted for the descriptive morphology of the prisms than in etching with phosphoric acid. Two types were determined, in accord with the systematic division into subfamilies. In the subfamily Cercopithecinae elongated slender prisms were dominating, some with pointed, others with truncated tops. Most characteristic of this type were Macaca and Cercopithecus. An exception was Papio hamadryas which had broader, rounded prisms. In this way it differed largely from P. anubis whose prisms were short and mostly triangular. A very interesting fact was that very different patterns were found in P. anubis and P. hamadryas, although these two species are regarded as only one species by many authors. The second subfamily, the Colobinae, was characterized by broader prisms with a rounded shape, nearly as long as wide. Exceptions of the 'Colobine type' were at first Colobus with prisms little longer than wide and secondly Nasalis, with mostly parallel sides and truncated tops of the prisms. The prism outlines of Mesopithecus showed the greatest similarity to those of Presbytis which represents the characteristic 'Colobine type'. This fact confirmed the actual systematic position of the fossil Mesopithecus within the subfamily Colobinae. In addition to previously known primitive features of Mesopithecus within the subfamily of Colobinae, we present here a further concrete, common feature with asiatic Colobines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Motor activity of different-aged Cercopithecidae: silvered-leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus Esch.), lion-tailed monkey (Macaca silenus L.), moor macaque (Macaca maura Cuv.) as observed in the Zoological Garden, Berlin (West).

The activity of different-aged monkeys belonging to three species of Cercopithecidae was quantitatively analyzed in a 1 1/2-year study. The species, silvered-leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus Esch.), lion-tailed monkey (Macaca silenus L.) and moor macaque (Macaca maura Cuv.) were observed in the Zoological Garden, Berlin (West). The data of a combined cross-sectional analysis across all three species indicate that the course of age-related changes in the frequency of movement can be depicted as graduated and differentiated. These results are discussed in terms of a reverse development pattern in old age compared to that of early youth.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Identity of euchromatic bands from man to cercopithecidae (Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin).

The karyotypes of four species of Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, C. sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin are analysed with nearly all the banding techniques. They are compared with each other, and with the karyotypes of the Baboon P. papio and with that of man. It can be concluded that the quasi-totality or the totality of the euchromatin is common to all, but has undergone structural rearrangements, generally detectable. The heterochromatin, defined by C-band staining, and late-replicating DNA, in contrast, appears very variable: In particular, E. patas has acquired very large heterochromatic segments. The significance of these modifications is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Evolutionary history of the Cercopithecidae.

The application of cladistic methods (especially a concentration on shared derived rather than ancestral characters) permits the distinction of four dental and two cranial morphocytes among the Cercopithecidae. Comparison with fossils suggests that the Fayum parapithecids are not specially related to the Old World monkeys, while other undoubted Fayum 'hominoids' may share derived features with monkeys. Miocene Victoriapithecus 'species' may document a stage very close to the split between Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Later African colobines appear to form a monophyletic group, more arboreal than the extinct European branch; Asian forms may be specially related to the latter. Among the Cercopithecinae, after a Miocene separation from the high-forest Cercopithecini, the Papionini divided into three groups: geladas, sub-Saharan Papio-related 'baboons' and Mediterranean-Eurasian macaque relatives; each of these underwent Plio-Pleistocene adaptive radiations and subsequent taxonomic diminution.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Hindlimb proportions, allometry, and biomechanics in Old World monkeys (primates, Cercopithecidae).

The traditional focus on morphological rather than mechanical units has obscured some significant functional differences in the hindlimbs of primates. This paper examines the allometric and biomechanical basis for some distinctive proportional differences among pairs of morphological units in the hindlimb, and especially the foot, of cercopithecid primates. Five major conclusions are reached. First, many hindlimb dimensions scale allometrically with body mass to maintain mechanical similarity within taxonomic and locomotor groups. Therefore, the majority of traditional indices which describe the shape of the foot within cercopithecids reveal differences which are primarily a function of size. Second, the hindlimb segments in colobines, and especially in Presbytis, are relatively long, probably to enhance leaping. Third, the major distinction of terrestrial cercopithecines among the features analysed is reduction in the length of the phalanges, due to the reduced importance of grasping during locomotion and the assumption of digitigrady. Fourth, Theropithecus and male Erythrocebus have high crural indices, relative to their body masses, which can facilitate curosoriality. Female E. patas already has a high crural index as a function of its body mass. Fifth, macaques form a distinctive group among cercopithecines, characterized by relatively short hindlimbs. Relatively very short hindlimbs in Macaca fuscata and M. thibetana suggest that climatic conditions can have an added effect on the lengths of the hindlimb segments. In summary, this analysis of the lengths of the hindlimb segments relative to body size reveals taxonomic differences which are due in part to phylogeny, to differences in locomotor behavior, and to substrate use.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

A new zoonosis of the cerebrospinal fluid of man probably caused by Meningonema peruzzii, a filaria of the central nervous system of Cercopithecidae.

A female fourth stage larva of Meningonema, probably of M. peruzzii Orihel et Esslinger, 1973, was recovered in Cameroon, from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient harbouring Loa loa, but without any neurological signs. This observation is the first human case of Meningonema (Filarioidea Splendidofilariinae) which usually parasitizes the central nervous system of African Cercopithecinae. However, as indicated by Orihel and Esslinger, it seems probable that the perstans-like microfilariae described in cases of cerebral filariasis in Zimbabwe belonged to the same species.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

New contribution on the oesophageal mucous innervation in certain monkeys (Cercopithecidae).

Spindle-shaped, barrel-like, or bush-like corpuscular neural structures situated in the mucous epithelium of the upper third of the oesophagus are described. These structures are not homogeneously distributed in this area. Some are very close to the pharyngooesophageal sphincter, spanning the thickness of the epithelium and communicating with the basal membrane by means of a thin pedicle and with the lumen by a small hilus or pore, their morphology being that of a taste bud. The others are situated deeper in the mucous epithelium of the upper third, communicating with the basal membrane only by means of either a thin pedicle or a thicker one, and separated from the lumen by a thick layer of epithelial cells. The bush-like apparatuses lie closely adjacent to the basal membrane of the epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[The karyotypes of Colobus vellersus and of C. palliatus: comparison with Cercopithecidae and man].

The karyotypes of two species of African Colobidae, Colobus vellerosus and C. palliatus, as well that of their hybrid, are described and compared. The two species differ by four pericentric inversions, indicating species divergence a relatively long time ago. Chromosome banding analogies with Papioninae, Cercopithecinae, and man are described. A common origin for Papioninae, Cercopithecinae, and Colobidae is indisputable; but, there are no arguments for considering that a close relationship exists between Colobidae and Hylobatidae as suggested by some authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early Catarrhines.

Those Eocene prosimians which are possible catarrhine ancestors have four blade-like crests on each lower molar. Each crest shears in sequence across two upper molar crests. Occluding crests are concavely curved to hold the foods being sheared. Each of two medial lower molar crests bordering the principal crushing surface shear past single upper molar crests at about the same time the lateral lower molar crests contact the second rank of upper molar crests. Grinding and crushing areas are restricted to hypoconid, trigonid, and protocone surfaces. Oligocene catarrhine molars have increased crushing-grinding capacities and maintained but modify their shearing. As the crushing surface of the protocone expands and a crushing hypocone is added, the "second rank" upper molar shearing crests are functionally reduced. At the same time medial crests are increasingly emphasized so that the total shearing capacity remains virtually unchanged. Marginal shearing blades are straight edged; leading edges of occluding blades are set at different angles to the occlusal plane so that blades contact at only one point at any given time. Early Primates have separate crushing basins surrounded by shearing blades. Catarrhines tend to link explanding crushing surfaces anteroposteriorly into a continuous surface between all molars. A cladistic analysis based on both new and previously recognized characters indicates that: 1. Apidium may be more closely related to Aegyptopithecus than to Parapithecus; 2. cercopithecids are derived from a Parapithecus-related stock; 3. Oreopithecus could equally well have come from an Apidium or Aegyptopithecus stock.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Latitudinal and insular variation of skull size in crab-eating macaques (primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis).

Macaca fascicularis is broadly distributed in Southeast Asia across 30 degrees of latitude and 35 degrees of longitude (Indochinese Peninsula, Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine Islands, and numerous small, neighboring islands). The range is divisible into 1) a core area comprised of mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (large land masses interconnected during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 B.P.); 2) shallow-water fringing islands, which are smaller islands connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum; and 3) deep-water fringing islands, which are peripheral islands not connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum. Skull length was used to study effects of latitude and insularity on patterns of size variation. The data are from 802 adult M. fascicularis specimens from 140 core-area localities, 63 shallow-water islands, and 29 deep-water islands. Sex-specific polynomial regressions of skull length on latitude were used to describe skull length variation in the core area. These regressions served as standards for evaluating variation among samples from shallow-water and deep-water islands. The core area exhibits Bergmannian latitudinal size clines through most of the species range. Thus, skull length decreases from about 8 degrees S (Java) to the equator (Sumatra and Borneo), then increases as far north as about 13 degrees N (Isthmus of Kra). Farther north, to the northernmost Indochinese localities at about 17 degrees N, skull length in M. fascicularis decreases with increasing latitude, contrary to Bergmann's rule. Latitudinal size variation in shallow-water fringing islands generally parallels that in the core area. However, skull length tends to be smaller than in the core area at similar latitudes. Deep-water fringing islands are markedly more variable, with relatively small specimens in the Lesser Sunda Islands and relatively large specimens in the Nicobar Islands. These analyses illustrate how a primate species may vary in response to latitudinal temperature variation and to isolation.

Adaptation, Biological↗