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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1996

Allelic diversity at the primate Mhc-G locus: exon 3 bears stop codons in all Cercopithecinae sequences.

Twenty-seven major histocompatibility complex (Mhc)-G exon 2, exon 3, and exon 2 and 3 allelic sequences were obtained together with 12 different intron 2 sequences. Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, and Cercopithecus aethiops individuals were studied. Polymorphism does not follow the classical pattern of three hypervariable regions per domain and is found in all species studied; exon 3 (equivalent to the alpha 2 protein domain) shows stop codons in the Cercopithecinae group but not in the Pongidae and human groups. Dendrograms show that cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) Mhc-G sequences are closer to Homo sapiens and Pongidae than to Cercopithecinae, probably due to the stop codons existing at exon 3 of the latter. There is a clear trans-species evolution of allelism in Cercopithecinae and also in exon 2 of all the other apes studied, but a generation of allelism within each species may be present on exon 3 sequences. This discrepancy may be due to the preferential use of exon 2 over exon 3 at the mRNA splicing level within each species in order to obtain the appropriate functional G product. Mhc-G intron 2 shows conserved motifs in all species studied, particularly a 23 base pair deletion between positions 161 and 183 which is locus specific, and some of the invariant residues, important for peptide presentation, conserved in classical class I molecules from fish and reptiles to humans were not found in Mhc-G alleles; the intron 2 dendrogram also shows a particular pattern of allelism within each species. In summary, Mhc-G has substantial differences from other classical class I genes: polymorphism patterns, tissue distribution, gene structure, splicing variability, and probably an allelism variability within each species at exon 3. The G proteins may also be different. This indicates that the Mhc-G function may not be peptide presentation to the clonotypic T-cell receptor.

Alleles↗

PubMed1981

[Sublingual structures in primates. Part 1: Prosimiae, Platyrrhini and Cercopithecinae].

1. The sublingual structures of primates have been studied light-microscopically. There are 3 different sublingual structures in the species studied. The plica sublingualis occurs in all primates. The sublingual organ is a topographically modified plica sublingualis which occurs exclusively in Callicebus. A sublingua is present only in the prosimians. 2. The plica sublingualis contains the excretory ducts of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. The sublingua is ventrally adherent to the body of the tongue and is, with a few exceptions in Tupaia, characterized by a skeleton of cartilage tissue. A sublingua never exhibits excretory ducts or salivary glands. 3. In some Platyrrhini (Ateles, Aotus, Lagothrix, Alouatta, Callicebus), there are taste buds in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis. They are especially concentrated near the orifices of the salivary glands. 4. The fresh saliva of the submandibular and sublingual gland can be tested by the taste buds on the plica sublingualis, because there is a topographical coincidence. 5. There is a complete absence of taste buds at the plica sublingualis of the prosimians and the Cercopithecinae. 6. There are no taste buds in the epithelium of the sublingua. In the Lorisiformes and in the Lemuriformes the sublingua is a cleaning device of the anterior dentition, most probably in connection with a tactile sensibility. In the Tupaiformes and in the Tarsiiformes the sublingua is less developed. 7. There is no anatomical connection between the skeleton of cartilage tissue in the sublingua and the lytta, or the skeleton of the hyoideum. 8. In some Cercopithecinae (Macaca, Papio) a glandula apicis linguae is present.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Patterns of cranial shape variation in the Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae).

Traditional classifications of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae) recognized the mangabey genera Cercocebus and Lophocebus as sister taxa. However, molecular studies have consistently found the mangabeys to be diphyletic, with Cercocebus and Mandrillus forming a clade to the exclusion of all other papionins. Recent studies have identified cranial and postcranial features which distinguish the Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade, however the detailed similarities in cranial shape between the mangabey genera are more difficult to reconcile with the molecular evidence. Given the large size differential between members of the papionin molecular clades, it has frequently been suggested that allometric effects account for homoplasy in papionin cranial form. A combination of geometric morphometric, bivariate, and multivariate methods was used to evaluate the hypothesis that allometric scaling contributes to craniofacial similarities between like-sized papionin taxa. Patterns of allometric and size-independent cranial shape variation were subsequently described and related to known papionin phylogenetic relationships and patterns of development. Results confirm that allometric scaling of craniofacial shape characterized by positive facial allometry and negative neurocranial allometry is present across adult papionins. Pairwise comparisons of regression lines among genera revealed considerable homogeneity of scaling within the Papionini, however statistically significant differences in regression lines also were noted. In particular, Cercocebus and Lophocebus exhibit a shared slope and significant vertical displacement of their allometric lines relative to other papionins. These findings give no support to narrowly construed hypotheses of uniquely shared patterns of allometric scaling, either between sister taxa or across all papionins. However, more general allometric trends do appear to account for a substantial proportion of papionin cranial shape variation, most notably in those features which have influenced traditional morphological phylogenies. Examination of size-uncorrelated shape variation gives no clear support to molecular phylogenies, but underscores the absence of morphometric similarities between the mangabey genera when size effects are controlled. Patterns of allometric and size-uncorrelated shape variation indicate conservatism of cranial form in non- Theropithecus papionins, and suggest that Papio represents the primitive morphometric pattern for the African papionins. Lophocebus exhibits a divergent morphometric pattern, clearly distinguishable from other papionins, most notably Cercocebus. These results clarify patterns of cranial shape variation among the extant Papionini and lay the groundwork for studies of related fossil taxa.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Chromosomal evolution of 19 species of sub-species of Cercopithecinae.

Chromosome analysis by handling techniques of 19 species and sub-species of Cercopithecinae shows an important accumulation of chromosome rearrangements (51). With a clear predominance of fissions (26) and of inversions (17). It is impossible to reconstruct a simple genealogy of these species because chromosomal evolution did not follow the principle of a strict dichotomy. The progressive increase of the number of chromosomes, by fission, corresponds to the inverse of the Robertsonian evolution and suggests the existence of numerous interstitial centromeres and telomeres.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Cranial allometry, phylogeography, and systematics of large-bodied papionins (primates: Cercopithecinae) inferred from geometric morphometric analysis of landmark data.

The cranial morphology of the African Old World monkeys Mandrillus, Papio, and Theropithecus (i.e., baboons) has been the subject of a number of studies investigating their systematic relationships, patterns of scaling, and growth. In this study, we use landmark-based geometric morphometrics and multivariate analysis to assess the effects of size, sex, taxonomy, and geographic location on cranial shape. Forty-five landmarks were digitized in three dimensions on 452 baboon crania and subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), which standardizes geometric size but leaves scaling-based shape differences in the data. The resulting shape coordinates were submitted to regression analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS) analysis, and various clustering techniques. Scaling (shape differences correlated with size) was the largest single factor explaining cranial shape variation. For instance, most (but not all) of the shape differences between the sexes were explained by size dimorphism. However, central tendencies of shape clearly varied by taxon (both specific and subspecific) even after variations in size and sex were adjusted out. Within Papio, about 60% of the size- and sex-adjusted shape variations were explained by the geographic coordinates of the specimen's provenance, revealing a stepped cline in cranial morphology, with the greatest separation between northern and southern populations. Based on evidence from genetic studies, and the presence of at least two major hybrid/interbreeding zones, we interpret the phylogeographic pattern of cranial variation as indicating that these populations are best ranked as subspecies of a single species, rather than as two or more distinct biological species. This objective approach can be applied to other vertebrate species or species groups to help determine the taxonomic rank of problematic taxa.

Africa↗

PubMed1972