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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Farming reshapes the gut resistome, virulome, and mobilome of Cervidae.

The rapid expansion of cervid farming raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination, yet its impact on the Cervidae gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. We integrated 89 newly sequenced fecal metagenomes with 599 publicly available datasets, comprising 285 metagenomes from farmed cervids and 370 from wild cervids, to construct a catalog of 15,494 non-redundant metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 2,401 species. Our analysis demonstrates that farming profoundly reshapes the gut microbiome's functional composition. Specifically, farmed cervids exhibited significantly higher relative abundance, diversity, and heterogeneity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) compared to wild counterparts. We observed a robust synergistic relationship between ARGs, virulence factor genes, and mobile genetic element (MGE)-associated genes, identifying 70 ARG-MGE combinations as evidence of potential horizontal gene transfer. Plasmid profiling further suggested that a subset of ARGs may be associated with conjugative plasmids, with plasmid-associated ARGs being significantly more abundant in farmed than in wild cervids. Virome analyses indicated that bacteriophages, particularly Siphoviridae, may serve as mobile reservoirs for ARGs. Notably, Cervidae shared 268 ARG types with humans, including 23 high-risk genes associated with resistance to clinically important antibiotics (e.g. tetX1, vanRD, and bla-CTX-M-178), with Escherichia coli as a key cross-host carrier. These findings highlight that human-impacted cervid gut microbiomes are significant environmental reservoirs of clinically relevant AMR, underscoring the necessity for enhanced antibiotic stewardship and resistance surveillance in managed wildlife within a One Health framework.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Chromosomal evolution in Cervidae.

On the basis of chromosome data obtained on 30 species and 20 subspecies of Cervidae, a report is submitted on the karyosystematics of this family. The primitive karyotype of Cervidae may be inferred to be composed of 35 acrocentric pairs (2n = 70 FN = 70). During the phyletic evolution of this family different types of chromosome rearrangements were probably selected and the group may have differentiated karyologically into three branches: (1) the Cervinae that fixed a centric fusion resulting in a metacentric pair of autosomes (2n = 68, FN = 70), as shown by the basic karyotype of Cervus elaphus, and where Robertsonian fusions are the preeminent type of chromosome rearrangement; (2) the Odocoileinae, in which pericentric inversions and Robertsonian fusions were favored, yielding first a submetacentric X and then a submetacentric autosome pair. The most representative karyotype is 2n = 70, FN = 74--as in Odocoileus hemionus; and (3) the Muntiacinae, in which centric and tandem fusions were the most common chromosome rearrangements. While Muntiacus reevesi has a karyotype 2n = 46, FN = 46, the chromosome number drops down to 2n = 6 in the females of the M. muntjak vaginalis subspecies group and M. rooseveltorum. Therefore, while the karyotypes are conserved within the subfamilies Cervinae and Odocoileinae; the subfamily Muntiacinae appears to be the most chromosomally diversified group. The few karyological data on the Moschus berezovskii suggest that the Moschinae should be placed in a separate family, the Moschidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Spongiform encephalopathies in Cervidae.

The known host range of naturally-occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies has expanded in recent years to include wild ruminants. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) occurs in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in Colorado and Wyoming, United States of America. These species belong to the family Cervidae. Cases have occurred primarily in captive animals but a few affected free-ranging animals have been identified. Clinical disease in both species is characterised by progressive weight loss, behavioural alterations and excessive salivation. In deer polydipsia and polyuria also commonly occur. Significant lesions are confined to the central nervous system and consist of spongiform change in grey matter, intraneuronal vacuolation, astrocytosis and amyloid plaques. Inflammatory reaction is absent. The origin of this disease is not known. In contrast to the cases of spongiform encephalopathy recognised in five species of antelope (family Bovidae) in British zoological parks, which are an extension of the current bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic, CWD is not the result of food-borne exposure to the infectious agent. CWD appears to be maintained within captive populations by lateral and, possibly, maternal transmission. Spongiform encephalopathies in wild ruminants are currently geographically isolated and involve relatively small numbers of animals. However, these potentially transmissible diseases could be of greater importance in the future and should be viewed with concern in the light of international movements of wild ruminants and the current expansion of the game farming and ranching industry in many parts of the world.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 3. The filariidae of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (author's transl)].

Roe deer in southern Germany are frequently infected with W. rugosicauda. The adult worms are found subcutaneously in the connective tissues of the back of the host. The microfilariae concentrate in a considerable distance near the nose, in smaller numbers also in the ears and in the skin of the legs. The vector is probably Ixodes ricinus. In fallow deer C. wenki are found intradermally and subcutaneously. The microfilariae remain in the skin near the site of the adult worms. Skin inhabiting microfilariae of another filariid worm are found which cannot be associated with the described species of Cervidae. The host specificity of the filariid forms of roe deer, fallow deer and red deer is indicated, the development of the microfilarial distribution patterns is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A scanning electron microscopic study on the distribution of peritubular dentine in cheek teeth of Cervidae and Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla).

Distribution of peritubular dentine was studied in cheek teeth of fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In the two cervid species, especially intense peritubular dentine formation was found in the outer regions of mid and cuspal coronal dentine. In these areas a marked asymmetry occurred, peritubular dentine being predominantly secreted onto the side of the dentinal tubule walls nearest to the dentinoenamel junction. Intensity and asymmetry of peritubular dentine formation decreased cervically. In root dentine, the walls of the dentinal tubules were covered with only a thin peritubular dentine layer of even thickness. Here, in contrast to peripheral coronal dentine, the volume of intertubular dentine far exceeded that of peritubular dentine. In porcine coronal dentine, PTD asymmetry, being of lesser extent than in cervids, was observed only in peripheral areas of cuspal and flank regions of the cheek teeth. Because peritubular is more highly mineralized than intertubular dentine, the relative volume of dentine made up from the two components has an important influence on dentinal wear resistance. The significance of variations in volume and distribution of peritubular dentine between different dentinal regions for achieving and maintaining a functional occlusal surface is shown for cervid cheek teeth. Our results suggest that dentinal structure (in addition to enamel structure) should be taken more into consideration when discussing occlusal surface morphology in herbi- and omnivores from a functional point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Lipoptena cervi (Diptera), a potential vector of Megatrypanum trypanosomes of deer (Cervidae).

In three different areas in northern Germany, hippoboscids were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus). Typanosomatids were demonstrated in the midgut and hindgut of 9/37 Lipoptena cervi. The trypanosomatids were morphologically similar to vector forms of the subgenus Megatrypanum that had been found in tabanids at the same location 5 years previously. Hippoboscids are therefore potential vectors of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) spp. that infect red deer.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Chymotrypsins from the deer (Cervidae) family. Isolation, partial characterization and primary-structure studies of chymotrypsins A and B from both moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus) pancreas.

1. An anionic and a cationic chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were isolated from the pancreas glands of the moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus). The A and B chymotrypsins from each species were purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, affinity chromatography on 4-phenylbutylamine-Sepharose and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose. 2. The molecular weight and pH optimum of each chymotrypsin were similar to those of the corresponding ox A and B chymotrypsins. 3. The substrate specificities of the chymotrypsins were investigated by digestion of glucagon and the oxidized B chain of insulin. The primary specificity of each chymotrypsin for aromatic amino acid residues was further established by determining the Km and kcat for the hydrolysis of a number of synthetic amino acid ester substrates. 4. The amino acid composition and total number of residues of moose and elk chymotrypsin A were similar to those of ox chymotrypsin A. An even greater similarity was observed among the B chymotrypsins of the three species. 5. The A chymotrypsins of moose and elk were fragmented to their constituent 'A', 'B' and 'C' polypeptide chains by succinylation (3-carboxypropionylation), reduction and alkylation of the native enzymes. In each case, the two major chains ('B' and 'C') were separated and isolated. By comparison of the amino acid compositions of moose, elk and oxy 'B' and 'C' chains, a greater difference was observed among the three A chymotrypsins than was suggested by the amino acid compositions of the native enzymes alone. 6. Peptides were isolated from the disulphide bridge and active-site regions of the A and B chymotrypsins of moose and elk by diagonal peptide-'mapping' techniques. From the amino acid compositions of the isolated peptides (assuming maximum homology) and from a comparison of diagonal peptide 'maps', there was established a high degree of primary-structure identity among the mooae, elk and ox chymotrypsins. Tentative sequences were deduced for the peptides isolated by diagonal peptide 'mapping'. 7. Details of the isolation procedures of the moose and elk chymotrypsins A and B and the amino acid analyses of some peptides obtained by diagonal peptide 'mapping' have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50064 (27 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Species of the genus Elaphostrongylus parasite of Swedish cervidae. A description of E. alces n. sp.

A description of Elaphostrongylus alces n. sp., a parasite of moose (Alces alces L.), is given. The main features differing E. alces n. sp. from the other two investigated species are the bottle shaped oesophagus and the oval bursa, which is about 150 microns x 200 microns. E. rangiferi Mitskevith, 1960, a parasite of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) and E. cervi Cameron, 1931, a parasite of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) have both a club shaped or cylindrical oesophagus and a circular bursa. The bursa of E. rangiferi is about 160 microns in diameter, and the bursa of E. cervi is about 190 microns. Each species has been found only in its normal host.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Scanning electron microscopic observations on the development and structure of tooth enamel in Cervidae (Mammalia: Ruminantia).

Enamel formation and structure were investigated in 102 developing or erupted teeth of roe, fallow and red deer. Special attention was given to the topography of the forming enamel surface, the form, arrangement and course of enamel rods, its relation to interprismatic enamel and the occurrence of Hunter-Schreger-bands in the enamel. Discussed are the significance of the enamel pattern for the identification of certain taxa and the adaptive value of Cervidean enamel structures.

Amelogenesis↗
PubMed1975

[Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 1. Development of the nodule, finding of the sexes and production of the microfilariae in Onchocerca flexuosa (Wedl, 1856), in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) (author's transl)].

The biology of O. flexuosa was studied during the examination of numerous subcutaneous nodules, which were taken from the hides of red deer of all age-classes. In fawns the development of the nodule is induced by the immature stages, probably by the females. At the same time a hematome is formed. Males of different ages penetrate into the nodule where mature or immature females are present. Later they mate and remain within the nodule until the microfilariae in the uteri of the females develop. Usually 1 or 2, occasionally 4 females are found together. During the development of the embryos in the uteri the initially stretched female winds up. Only a short anterior part remains always straight. It is put out through the wall of the capsule in order to release the microfilariae. The males are often the majority reaching to 13 in one nodule. During the release of the microfilariae the males are found outside the nodule on the surface or near-by in the subcutaneous connective tissue. Both sexes are able to mate a second time. In older deer the males are also able to induce the development of nodules.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the Filariidae of Cervidae in southern Germany. 2. Filariidae of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)].

In southern Germany many of the red deer are infected with 4 filariid species. The microfilariae of 3 subcutaneous and one intradermal filariae are described. Skin snips were taken according to a regular pattern from the hides of several killed deer. The emerging microfilariae were identified and counted, and the characteristic distribution of each species in the skin was plotted. The adult worms of O. tarsicola are located on the abductor tendons of the tibiotarsal or radiocarpal joints. Some microfilariae are found in the tissues near the adults, but they concentrate at a considerable distance away, in the skin which covers the outer parts of the ears and the nose. The adult worms of O. tubingensis are found in subcutaneous nodules on the caudal part of the back. The microfilariae are distributed on the ventral part of the body with maximum densities in the region of the sternum and with lower densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. O. flexuosa is also found in nodules on the back and flanks of the deer, while the microfilariae are distributed on the posterior part of the body with maximum densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. C. wenki lives intradermally on the dorsal part of the trunk. The microfilariae are found in the skin near the adults. The infection rates of 94 red deer investigated during 1907-1974 were high: O. tarsicola 82%, O. tubingensis 23%, O. flexuosa 96%, C. wenki 85%. The prepatent period of all species is no longer than 6 months.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

[The spleen of the cervidae (Gray, 1821). Quantitative-morphological studies on the spleens of stags (Cervus elaphus, L.1785) and of deers (Capreolus capreolus, L. 1758)].

The macroscopical and microscopical structure of 17 spleens of Cervus elaphus and 9 spleens of Capreolus capreolus is described. The spleens of both species exhibit structural characteristics which resemble those of the reticular "non-sinusoidal" type. These include: spleen arterial ramifications of the "magistral type" (SCHABADASCH), bilayered capsule, well developed smooth muscle cells containing trabecular networks, numerous muscle cells in the red pulp, poorlý developed white pulp, splenic vein of large diameter, lack of veins associated with trabeculae, a thick tunica media in trabecular arteries and in arterial vessels of the hilus region, poorly developed SCHWEIGGER-SEIDEL sheaths, and splenic nerve trunks of considerable diameter. These structural features are comparable to those in other ruminant species having storage type spleens. However, there are differences in certain quantitative parameters between the spleen of Cervus elaphus and that of Capreolus capreolus, i.e., spleen weight versus body weight, relative volume of trabecular networks and capsular tissue, and relative amount of smooth muscle cells in trabecular tissue. On the basis of these quantitative parameters the spleen of Cervus elaphus and that of Capreolus capreolus can be classified into the system of spleen types as described by v. Herrath(1953) and should thus be ordered between the extreme storage type spleen and the extreme metabolic type spleen. The quantitative data observed in the spleen of Cervus elaphus are similar to those seen in the horse, whereas the data of the spleen of Capreolus capreolus can be compared to that of the sheep and the cow.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Harboring of helminth parasites by the European bison (Bison bonasus L.) and deer (Cervidae) in the Białowieza forest].

Parasitological autopsy of 31 european bison , 9 red-deer and 3 roe-deer was made in Białowieza Forest in the period 1983-1988. Together 20 species of nematodes were found, from them as much as 18 in bison , 6 in red-deer and 8 in roe-deer . The highest intensity and 100% of extensity was shown by nematodes from subfamily Ostertagiinae. Four species of this subfamily (O. leptospicularis, O. kolchida, S. boehmi i S. mathevossiani) have been permanently adapted by bison from cervids, however two species of nematodes typical for bison and cattle (O. ostertagii and O. lyrata) have not been adopted by deer . Besides, bison adopted from deer the following species of nematodes: T. capricola, C. pectinata, N. roscidus, N. europaeus and from moose N. alcidis. Bison gave to red-deer only C. bilobata, and roe-deer have not adopted any nematodes from bison . B. trigonocephalum and S. dagestanica found in roe-deer are in Poland typical parasites of moose .

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1985

Use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in North American Cervidae.

Four captive moose (Alces alces), 4 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and 5 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with xylazine (0.63 to 1.29 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Mean induction times for the moose were 17 minutes and for the deer, 14 and 10 minutes, respectively. According to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respectively. In the present study, maximal sedation of the moose and deer was reversed with successive injections (given IV) of yohimbine (0.15 mg/kg) and 4-aminopyridine (0.26 to 0.29 mg/kg). These produced sternal recumbency-to-arousal intervals of 1 to 15 minutes and recumbency-to-standing or walking intervals of 1 to 24 minutes. Relapses to recumbency were not observed. The injections of the reversal drugs produced marked increases in respiratory rate and heart in the moose and deer, without occurrence of muscle tremors or convulsions. The administrations of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine markedly enhanced the speed of recovery from xylazine-induced immobilization in moose and deer.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed1976

[Investigations on the Filariidae of the Cervidae in Southern Germany. 4. Onchocerca garmsi Bain and Schulz-Key, 1976, a subcutaneous Filaria of red deer (Cervus elaphus)].

O. garmsi is a filaria living free in the subcutaneous tissues on the chest of red deer. The microfilarial distribution pattern in the skin of the host is studied. The convergent distribution of microfilariae of O. garmsi, O. tubingensis and O. cervicalis on the one hand and of O. tarsicola and W. rugosicauda on the other hand is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serological comparisons of antigenically related herpesviruses in cattle, red deer and goats.

Serological comparisons were made using related herpesviruses from cattle (bovid herpesvirus 1), red deer (herpesvirus of cervidae 1) and goats (bovid herpesvirus 6) by virus neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The test samples comprised field sera from British cattle, red deer and goats and sera from experimentally infected or immunized animals. Both the cervine and caprine viruses appeared to be more closely related to bovid herpesvirus 1 than they were to each other. Cattle sera reacted most strongly with the bovine virus and deer sera with the cervine virus. Antibodies to the caprine virus were not detected in the samples from British goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Characterization of trypsin and elastase from the moose (Alces alces). I. Amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides.

Trypsin and elastase isolated from the pancreas of the moose (Alces alces), a member of the Cervidae (deer) family, were characterized with respect to their amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Moose trypsin possessed 234 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 16.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated at 24 476. Moose trypsin readily hydrolysed peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group was contributed by arginine, lysine and S-2-aminoethylcysteine as indicated by the peptides isolated following hydrolysis of the oxidized and the S-aminoethylated B-chain of insulin. Moose elastase possessed 231 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 17.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated as 24 201. The high lysine (9 residues), low arginine (3 residues) content was in contrast to the opposite situation with porcine elastase and the elastase-like, alpha-lytic protease from Sorangium. The hydrolysis of the oxidized B-chain of insulin by moose elastase was similar to that produced by porcine elastase with major cleavages occurring at Val-12-Glu-13, Ala-14-Leu-15 and Val-18-Cys(O-3H)-19 and minor cleavages occurring at Ser-9-His-10 and Arg-21-Gly-22. The hydrolysis of glucagon with moose elastase produced major cleavages at Thr-7-Ser-8, Ser-11-Lys-12, Val-23-Gln-24 and Leu-26-Met-27. The facile hydrolysis of Arg-17-Arg-18 was also observed and attributed, in part, to trypsin.

Amino Acids↗