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PubMedDate not supplied

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of chamomile flowers: extraction efficiency, stability, and in-line inclusion of chamomile-carbon dioxide extract in beta-cyclodextrin.

The extraction of chamomile flowers using supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated with respect to extraction efficiency and compared with solvent extraction. The stability of matricine, a sensitive constituent of the essential oil of chamomile, in these extracts was studied during storage at different temperatures over 6 months. Matricine was stable at -30 degrees C. A slight decrease (80-90% recovery) occurred at +5 degrees C, whereas complete decomposition of matricine took place within 3-4 months at room temperature and at +30 degrees C, respectively. An in-line inclusion of chamomile constituents in beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) during the extraction process was assessed and inclusion rates between 40 and 95% were obtained depending on the amount of beta-CD and the type of chamomile constituent. No further stabilization of matricine in the carbon dioxide extract/beta-CD complexes was achieved. High residual water contents in the complexes even after freeze-drying were identified as accelerating the decomposition. In addition, the extractability of flavonoids, such as apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, was determined. Apigenin-7-glucoside, the more hydrophilic substance, was not extractable with pure carbon dioxide and showed a recovery of 11% using methanol modified carbon dioxide (18%, w/w) at 60 degrees C and 380 bar. Extraction conditions in the two-phase region of the binary mixture carbon dioxide-methanol (70 degrees C, 100 bar) led to a drastic change in fluid polarity and hence extractability increased to 92-95%.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1990

Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea.

Eye washing with chamomile tea is a folk remedy used by the general public to treat conjunctivitis and other ocular reactions. Chamomile is also found in many cosmetic products. Some cases of contact dermatitis (but not reactions of type I) were reported following its topical applications. We present seven hay fever patients that suffered from conjunctivitis; two of them also had lid angioedema after eye washing with chamomile tea. All seven patients had positive skin prick tests to the chamomile tea extract, Matricaria chamomilla pollen and Artemisia vulgaris pollen extracts. Positive conjunctival provocations were also observed in all the patients with the chamomile tea extract. In contrast, no symptoms were observed after oral challenges with this infusion. IgE activity against chamomile tea and Matricaria and Artemisia extracts (composite pollens) was detected by ELISA in the seven patients' sera. A cross reactivity among the above extracts was observed by an ELISA inhibition study. In all cases, the IgE activity to chamomile tea could fully be absorbed by Matricaria pollen extract. Skin prick tests and conjunctival provocation tests also performed in 100 hay fever controls revealed a positive immediate skin response to Artemisia in 15 patients, eight of them also to Matricaria pollen and five of them to Chamomile tea as well. Only two of the last patients had a positive conjunctival response. The results were negative in the rest of the controls. We conclude that the chamomile tea eye washing can induce allergic conjunctivitis. Matricaria chamomilla pollens contained in these infusions are the allergens responsible for these reactions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of peppermint and chamomile herbs on farms.

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin in the air during processing of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) by herb farmers, and to examine the species composition of airborne microflora. Air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by use of personal samplers on 13 farms owned by herb cultivating farmers, located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The concentrations of total viable microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) in the farm air during processing of peppermint herb were large, within a range from 895.1-6,015.8 x 10(3) cfu/m(3) (median 1,055.3 x 10(3) cfu/m(3)). During processing of chamomile herb they were much lower and varied within a range from 0.88-295.6 x 10(3) cfu/m(3) (median 27.3 x 10(3) cfu/m(3)). Gram-negative bacteria distinctly prevailed during processing of peppermint leaves, forming 46.4-88.5 % of the total airborne microflora. During processing of chamomile herb, Gram-negative bacteria were dominant at 3 out of 6 sampling sites forming 54.7-75.3 % of total microflora, whereas at the remaining 3 sites the most common were fungi forming 46.2-99.9 % of the total count. The species Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter agglomerans ), having strong allergenic and endotoxic properties, distinctly prevailed among Gram-negative isolates. Among fungi, the most common species was Alternaria alternata. The concentrations of airborne dust and endotoxin determined on the examined herb farms were large. The concentrations of airborne dust during peppermint and chamomile processing ranged from 86.7-958.9 mg/m(3), and from 1.1-499.2 mg/m(3), respectively (medians 552.3 mg/m(3) and 12.3 mg/m(3)). The concentrations of airborne endotoxin determined during peppermint and chamomile processing were within a wide range 1.53-208.33 microg/m(3) and 0.005-2604.19 microg/m(3) respectively (medians 57.3 microg/m(3) and 0.96 microg/m(3)). In conclusion, farmers cultivating peppermint are exposed during processing of this herb to large concentrations of airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease. The exposure to bioaerosols during processing of chamomile is lower; nevertheless, peak values create a respiratory risk for exposed farmers.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2005

A metabonomic strategy for the detection of the metabolic effects of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) ingestion.

A metabonomic strategy, utilizing high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric methods (discriminant analysis with orthogonal signal correction), has been applied to the study of human biological responses to chamomile tea ingestion. Daily urine samples were collected from volunteers during a 6-week period incorporating a 2-week baseline period, 2 weeks of daily chamomile tea ingestion, and a 2-week post-treatment phase. Although strong intersubject variation in metabolite profiles was observed, clear differentiation between the samples obtained before and after chamomile ingestion was achieved on the basis of increased urinary excretion of hippurate and glycine with depleted creatinine concentration. Samples obtained up to 2 weeks after daily chamomile intake formed an isolated cluster in the discriminant analysis map, from which it was inferred that the metabolic effects of chamomile ingestion were prolonged during the 2-week postdosing period. This study highlights the potential for metabonomic technology in the assessment of nutritional interventions, despite the high degree of variation from genetic and environmental sources.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts in sleep-disturbed rats.

In the present study, we investigated hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts using sleep-disturbed model rats. A significant decrease in sleep latency was observed with chamomile extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg, while passiflora extract showed no effects on sleep latency even at a dose of 3000 mg/kg. No significant effects were observed with both herbal extracts on total times of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and REM sleep. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, at a dose of 3 mg/kg showed a significant antagonistic effect on the shortening in sleep latency induced by chamomile extract. No significant effects were observed with chamomile and passiflora extracts on delta activity during non-REM sleep. In conclusion, chamomile extract is a herb having benzodiazepine-like hypnotic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.).

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Chamomilla recutita L., Matricaria chamomilla) is one of the most popular single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Chamomile tea, brewed from dried flower heads, has been used traditionally for medicinal purposes. Evidence-based information regarding the bioactivity of this herb is presented. The main constituents of the flowers include several phenolic compounds, primarily the flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, luteolin and their glucosides. The principal components of the essential oil extracted from the flowers are the terpenoids alpha-bisabolol and its oxides and azulenes, including chamazulene. Chamomile has moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and significant antiplatelet activity in vitro. Animal model studies indicate potent antiinflammatory action, some antimutagenic and cholesterol-lowering activities, as well as antispasmotic and anxiolytic effects. However, human studies are limited, and clinical trials examining the purported sedative properties of chamomile tea are absent. Adverse reactions to chamomile, consumed as a tisane or applied topically, have been reported among those with allergies to other plants in the daisy family, i.e. Asteraceae or Compositae.

Beverages↗
PubMed1989

Anaphylactic reaction after the ingestion of chamomile tea: a study of cross-reactivity with other composite pollens.

We report a case of an 8-year-old atopic boy in whom ingestion of a chamomile-tea infusion precipitated a severe anaphylactic reaction. The patient suffers from hay fever and bronchial asthma caused by a variety of pollens (grass, olive, and mugwort). This severe reaction was developed after his first ingestion of chamomile tea. Studies revealed the presence of immediate skin test reactivity and a positive passive transfer test to chamomile-tea extract. Moreover, both specific antichamomile-tea extract and anti-Matricaria chamomilla-pollen extract IgE antibodies were detected by an ELISA technique. Cross-reactivity among chamomile-tea extract and the pollens of Matricaria chamomilla, Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed), and Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), was demonstrated by an ELISA-inhibition study. These findings suggest a type I IgE-mediated immunologic mechanism as being responsible for the patient's anaphylactic symptoms and also suggest that the patient cross-reacted the pollens of Matricaria chamomilla contained in the chamomile tea because he was previously sensitized to Artemisia pollen.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2005

Antipruritic effect of the single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract and its combined effect with antiallergic agents in ddY mice.

The single peroral administration of the ethyl acetate extract or essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) showed remarkable antipruritic effects in the compound 48/80-induced itch-scratching test in ddY mice, if suitable vehicle was used. The ethyl acetate extract or essential oil of German chamomile dissolved in the vehicle of 10% ethanol, 10% Tween 80 and 80% physiological saline was orally administrated 2 h before pruritus provocation by compound 48/80 subcutaneous injection. The ethyl acetate extract or essential oil of German chamomile showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of the compound 48/80-induced scratching without affecting spontaneous motor activity. The antipruritic effects of antihistamine H1 antagonists, oxatomide (10 mg/kg) and fexofenadine (10 mg/kg), were only partial in this test. However, the antipruritic effects of these agents were remarkably enhanced by the combined administration of the ethyl acetate extract of German chamomile (300 mg/kg). Thus, the co-medication with the ethyl acetate extract, or essential oil of German chamomile and antihistamines might be effective for the pruritus which could not be perfectly resolved alone by conventional antihistamines.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

On the accumulation of apigenin in chamomile flowers.

By preparing and analysing extracts of fresh chamomile flowers from outdoor and greenhouse cultures, it was possible to show that apigenin does not actually occur in living chamomile flowers. Apigenin is the result of post-harvest processes converting apigenin 7-glycoside and its derivatives into the aglycone. The different apigenin/apigenin 7-glycoside ratios reported in the literature for various chamomile samples can easily be explained as the result of different post-harvest conditions. The accumulation of free apigenin in chamomile flowers must be ascribed to the enzymatic degradation of apigenin 7-glycoside and other glycosidic derivatives of apigenin. Thus, the selection of chamomile types yielding large amounts of apigenin seems to be based on a degradation product.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Dietary intake of the flower extracts of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) inhibited compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch responses in mice.

The antipruritic effects of the diets containing German chamomile on the compound 48/80-induced scratching in ddY mice were examined. Since it is reported that an injection of compound 48/80, but not histamine, induced scratching behaviour due to itch but not to pain in ddY mice (Kuraishi et al., 1995), compound 48/80-induced scratching in ddY mice seems to be a suitable parameter for evaluating antipruritic agents independent of histamine receptor antagonism. In the mice fed the diet containing 1.2 w/w % of the ethyl acetate extract of dried flower of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) for 11 days, the compound 48/80-induced scratching behaviour was significantly suppressed. The ethyl acetate extract of German chamomile dose dependently suppressed compound 48/80-induced scratching without affecting body weight increase. The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract and the ethanol extract of hot water extraction residue of German chamomile flower also showed strong inhibition on the compound 48/80-induced scratching. The inhibitory effects of the dietary intake of the German chamomile extracts on compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch response were comparable to oxatomide (10 mg/kg, p.o.), an anti-allergic agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study.

AIM: To compare the cleaning effectiveness of chamomile hydroalcoholic extract and tea tree oil to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution as an intracanal irrigant for the removal of the smear layer. METHODOLOGY: Forty extracted, single-rooted, mature, permanent, human teeth were allocated at random into one of three experimental groups of ten teeth and two control groups of five teeth. For each tooth, the pulp chamber was accessed and the canal prepared using K-type files and Gates-Glidden burs, using a step-back technique; the apical stop was prepared to a size 30. Each canal was subsequently irrigated with one of the following solutions: distilled water (as a negative control), 2.5% NaOCl + 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (as a positive control), chamomile or tea tree oil or 2.5% NaOCl. Each tooth was split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quantity of smear layer remaining on the three levels of each canal (coronal, middle and apical) was examined using magnifications of 2000 and 5000x. The data were analysed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: The most effective removal of smear layer occurred with the use of NaOCl with a final rinse of 17% EDTA (negative control) followed by the use of a chamomile extract. Chamomile extract was found to be significantly more effective than distilled water and tea tree oil (P < 0.008). The use of a 2.5% NaOCl solution alone, without EDTA and that of tea tree oil, was found to have only minor effects. There was no statistical difference between distilled water, 2.5% NaOCl and tea tree oil. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of chamomile to remove smear layer was superior to NaOCl alone but less than NaOCl combined with EDTA.

Dentin↗
PubMed1996

Prospective evaluation of a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-FU-induced oral mucositis.

BACKGROUND: Stomatitis has been found to be a major dose-limiting toxicity from bolus 5-fluorouracil-based (5-FU) chemotherapy regimens, despite the use of oral cryotherapy. Pursuant to preliminary data which suggested that a chamomile mouthwash might ameliorate this toxicity, a prospective trial was developed to test chamomile in this situation. METHODS: A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed. Patients were entered into the study at the time of their first cycle of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. All patients received oral cryotherapy for 30 minutes with each dose of 5-FU. In addition, each patient was randomized to receive a chamomile or placebo mouthwash thrice daily for 14 days. Stomatitis scores were determined by health care providers and by patients themselves. RESULTS: There were 164 evaluable and well-stratified patients equally randomized to both treatment groups. There was no suggestion of any stomatitis difference between patients randomized to either protocol arm. There was also no suggestion of toxicity. Subset analysis did reveal unsuspected differential effects between males and females that could not be explained by reasons other than chance. CONCLUSION: The resultant data from this clinical trial did not support the prestudy hypothesis that chamomile could decrease 5-FU-induced stomatitis.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the Origin of (-)-alpha-Bisabolol and Chamazulene in Chamomile Preparations; Part I. Investigations by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS).

IRMS was used to determine the delta (13)C-and deltaD-values of dried plant material and essential oil fractions of CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA and VANILLOSMOPSIS ERYTHROPAPPA and of isolated components thereof. Both plants turned out to follow the same C (3) photosynthetic pathway. The carbon isotope ratios ( delta (13)C-values) of chamomile-derived bisabolol ranged from -32 per thousando to -30 per thousand; the corresponding deltaD-values varied between -240 per thousand and -205 per thousand. VANILLOSMOPSIS bisabolol differed significantly, with delta (13)C-values of approximately -27 per thousand, and a deltaD-value of about -175 per thousand. In addition, chamazulene of chamomiie was characterized by a delta (13)C-value of -31 per thousand, whereas in chamazulene from ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM lower carbon discrimination was found (delta (13)C = -30 per thousand). The delta (13)C-values allowed us to detect adulterations of chamomiie preparations. The isolation of bisabolol, a main ingredient of these preparations, and subsequent IRMS analysis is much more tedious than GC/IRMS, which makes it possible to determine the carbon isotope ratio of bisabolol without prior isolation. Only one commercial chamomiie preparation was completely free of non-chamomile admixtures. Our investigations clearly demonstrate that admixtures of natural compounds can be detected in chamomile oil and chamomile preparations even if there is no difference in the photosynthetic mechanism of the corresponding plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effectiveness of lubrication of endotracheal tube cuff with chamomile-extract for prevention of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To determine the efficacy of lubrication of the endotracheal tube cuff with Chamomile extract (Kamillosan M) before intubation on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors randomly assigned 161 patients ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status I, II elective surgical, orthopedic, gynecological or urological into 2 groups. The study group received 10 puffs of total 370 mg of Chamomile extract (Kamillosan M spray) lubricated at cuff of endotracheal tube while the control group did not receive any lubrication before intubation. Standard general anesthesia with tracheal intubation was given in both groups. Sore throat and hoarseness were recorded in post anesthetic care unit and at 24 h after operation. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-one ASA physical status I, II elective surgical patients were recruited. Forty one out of 81 patients (50.6%) in the Chamomile group, scored no postoperative sore throat in the post-anesthesia care unit compared with 45 out of 80 patients (56.3%) in the control group p=0.386. Postoperative sore throat and hoarseness both in the postanesthesia care unit and at 24 h postoperation were not statistically different. There was no statistically significant relationship between sore throat or hoarseness and postoperative nausea or vomiting, ASA physical status, gender, history of smoking, grade of laryngoscopic view, number of intubation attempts, condition during intubation, use of oral airway and couching during extubation. CONCLUSION: Lubrication of endotracheal tube cuff with Chamomile extract spray before intubation can not prevent post operative sore throat and hoarseness.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inhibitory effects of the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and its major constituents on human cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Chamomile extracts and tea are widely used herbal preparations for the treatment of minor illnesses (e.g. indigestion, inflammation). In this study the inhibitory effect of chamomile essential oil and its major constituents on four selected human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) was investigated. Increasing concentrations of the test compounds were incubated with individual, recombinant CYP isoforms and their effect on the conversion of surrogate substances was measured fluorometrically in 96-well plates; enzyme inhibition was expressed as IC50 and Ki value in relation to positive controls. Crude essential oil demonstrated inhibition of each of the enzymes, with CYP1A2 being more sensitive than the other isoforms. Three constituents of the oil, namely chamazulene (IC50 = 4.41 microM), cis-spiroether (IC50 = 2.01 microM) and trans-spiroether (IC50 = 0.47 microM) showed to be potent inhibitors of this enzyme, also being active towards CYP3A4. CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 were less inhibited, only chamazulene (IC50 = 1.06 microM) and alpha-bisabolol (IC50 = 2.18 microM) revealed a significant inhibition of the latter. As indicated by these in vitro data, chamomile preparations contain constituents inhibiting the activities of major human drug metabolizing enzymes; interactions with drugs whose route of elimination is mainly via cytochromes (especially CYP1A2) are therefore possible.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗