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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Experimental control of rhythm in stereotyped body rocking.

A technique is described which enabled external control of the rhythm of stereotyped body rocking in a profoundly retarded, non-verbal subject. This technique consists of training the individual to synchronize the rhythm of his body rocking with an externally driven pacemaker light. Evidence is presented for experimental control of rhythm in a profoundly retarded, institutionalized child with a chronic history of body rocking.

Behavior↗
PubMed1979

[The place of institutions for the mentally deficient].

The institutions, more and more adjusted to the age and the specific handicap of the mentally deficients, attempt to provide an harmonious education. In order to do so, they have to resolve many problems: problems of the handicapped children, who are confronted to a new and very different life-style as well as to a large number of adults who will be taking care of them; problems of the parents, who are badly informed about the institutional methods; problems of the public to whom the existence of the medicoeducational centers gives good conscience; problems of the staff, called to work in a pluridisciplinary team and whose effeciency depends on its cohesion. Such teams should also include the parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Hyperserotonemia and amine metabolites in autistic and retarded children.

Mean whole blood serotonin (5-HT) levels were elevated in groups of autistic and severely retarded children. Eight of 27 (30%) individual autistic children, 13 of 25 (52%) severely retarded children, two of 23 (9%) mildly retarded children, and none of the control children had statistically significant blood 5-HT levels elevations (hyperserotonemia). Hyperserotonemic autistic children excreted more urinary 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine, and vanillylmandelic acid than did mildly retarded children with normal blood 5-HT levels. Rates of depletion and repletion of blood 5-HT levels in these two groups following reserpine therapy were identical. Oral tryptophan administration doubled urinary 5-HIAA excretion in both groups and raised urinary 5-HT levels in hyperserotonemic autistic children, but lowered urinary 5-HT in mildly retarded, normal blood 5-HT children. No clear mechanism for hyperserotonemia was found; the rationale for further investigations is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Changing diagnosis of childhood psychosis.

The case findings of thirty-three children given a diagnosis of psychosis during hospitalization in the '50s and '60s were reviewed and rediagnosed in 1973. Childhood schizophrenia was the original diagnosis in 58% of the cases but was the rediagnosis in only 18% of those same cases. Chronic brain syndrome with various reactions (psychotic reaction, nonpsychotic behavioral reaction, and mental retardation and autism) was the diagnosis in 27% of the cases, originally, but was given to 67% of the cases on rediagnosis. One-third of the children originally diagnosed as psychotic were rediagnosed as nonpsychotic. Approximately two-thirds of the children were nonpsychotic according to the DeMyer-Churchill guidelines.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis A in Spanish children. Relationship of prevalence to age and socio-environmental factors.

Three child population groups from the Madrid area were studied for anti-HAV antibodies. Analysis was carried out with respect to age and socio-environmental factors. The population understudy was composed of 156 children, with ages ranging from 1 to 14 years; they were stratified in three socio-environmental groups (white-family unit, gypsy-family unit and orphanage), and also divided into subgroups according to age. As a whole, an age-related increase in prevalence was found. The overall seroprevalence by socio-environmental groups was: gypsy-family unit 63%, orphanage 46%, and white-family unit 23%. Significant differences between groups appeared from seven years on, being more marked among the eldest subgroups. Among the factors evaluated, hygienic-sanitary conditions and overcrowding influenced the high prevalence rate found in the gypsy-family unit subjects, whereas overcrowding appeared to be responsible for the higher prevalence in orphanage residents, as compared to white-family unit children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Enterovirus infection in a semi-closed community.

Infection with enteroviruses was studied over a 61-week period (during 1960-61) in a semi-closed child community in the Detention Home of the Allegheny County Juvenile Court in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While most of the viruses isolated were known adeno- and enterovirus types, three apparently represent new enterovirus types or 'prime strains'. Viruses were isolated in all but 6 weeks of the 61-week study period from the gastro-intestinal tracts of 110 children out of a total population of 514 (21%); of these 110, 24 children (22%) excreted virus at the time of admission. The population averaged 37 children (more than half of whom were under 5 years of age), with a turnover of about nine per week. Spread of infection in this community on introduction of a new virus was demonstrated, with virus shedding of variable duration after infection. Thirteen of the 110 positive children (12%) showed mixed virus infections. During the entire study period, no clinical diarrheal illness was found associated with the viral infections detected.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1979

Separation experiences: a new look at an old topic.

Research findings on the effects of separation are reviewed. Children of working mothers develop as well as those whose mothers remain at home. The effects of day care for very young children depend very much on the quality of care provided. Admission to hospital is stressful for preschool children through separation from the family, lack of opportunity to form new attachments, a strange environment, and disturbed parent-child relationships on return home; recurrent hospital admissions may have long-term sequelae, especially in children under chronic stress. An institutional upbringing need not impair cognitive development, but multiple rotating caretakers are likely to interfere with social development. Broken homes are associated with psychiatric disorder only in so far as they reflect family discord and disharmony. Bereavement is most likely to lead to prolonged grief reactions in older children and adolescents. Forced separations of mother and infant in the neonatal period may damage parent-child relationships. Many mechanisms are involved in these different experiences, and in only a few is the separation itself the main stress.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1976

The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies.

The results of surveys and inquiries to identify autistic children, carried out in England and Wales, the U.S.A. and Denmark, are compared. Three studies, in each of which either a total population of children or a wide range of handicapped children was screened, using case-note inspection and interviews, all estimated the prevalence of the autistic syndrome to be between four and five children per 10,000 aged under 15 years. Inquiries that counted diagnosed cases only or that relied upon local authority records produced much lower prevalence rates for the autistic syndrome. The reasons for this are examined, and the implications for prevalence studies of handicapping conditions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Parasitological observations on three Bolivian localities including rural communities, cities and institutions.

Three hundred of 381 subjects examined from the Camiri, Boyuibe and Gutierrez areas (Santa Cruz Department) harboured one to six species of intestinal helminths and/or protozoa. High infection rates were found in Camiri in the orphanage (43 of 44 persons) and in the Military Hospital (10 of 10 persons), as well as in Itanambicua (97.4%), a rural community close to the city (38 of 39 persons). No significant differences were noted between the overall parasitic prevalences observed in rural and urban environments, but the frequency of species was different. Indiscriminate defaecation, the habit of living in close association with animals, overcrowding, and especially lack of health education, are some of the factors responsible for the parasitic situation observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The pattern of severe protein-calorie malnutrition in Sudanese children attending a large hospital in The Sudan.

One hundred fifty patients suffering from severe protein-calorie malnutrition, admitted in 1 month to the Pediatric wards of Wad Medani Hospital, Sudan, were classified according to the Wellcome classification. Marasmus was the prevailing type. It was common in the 2nd year of life, while kwashiorkor occurred mainly under the age of 12 months. Anthropometric measurements showed that kwashiorkor was an acute disease while marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor were more chronic. The triceps skinfold was unexpectedly low in kwashiorkor. Of the simple measurements and ratios used for assessing the nutritional status, the head/chest ratio applied ot children over 1 year was not found to be reliable and the weight for head circumference correlated poorly with deficits in other variables. Non of the major clinical features was found to be pathognomonic of any type of severe protein-calorie malnutrition. Megaloblastic anemia was common.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Shigellosis transmitted by nurses.

Twelve cases of Shigella sonnei infection, with two deaths, occurred at a custodial institution in Donelson, Tennessee, in April and May 1973. Nine of the cases and both deaths were in patients hospitalized at the institution's infirmary. The patients with nosocomial shigellosis were significantly younger and had been hospitalized significantly longer than controls. Epidemiologic investigation implicated staff members in the transmission of illness from one patient to another and identified the previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics as a significant factor in placing patients at risk of acquiring shigellosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Loreto House: a pattern of care.

This short article is primarily concerned with, what the authors consider to be, two important considerations in any form of residential child care, particularly long-term: 1 The great need for a coherent overall philosophy, which is clearly understood by all members of staff. It is felt that, all too often, assumptions are made about general agreement, which are not necessarily borne out by observed practice. 2 The need for the meticulous selection of primary caring staff, followed by relevant in-service training rather than an overreliance upon, what are sometimes, quite arbitrary qualifications. The article attempts to present a broad profile of a unit which, although it does not claim to represent the ideal, is nonetheless beginning to assume a purposive and identifiable character. The point is made that clinicism, professionalism and academic discussion are important but they are not the only considerations. The children must remain the raison d'etre for such a unit, not the justification. The authors hope to have conveyed their conviction that cooperation and communication between the members of a multidisciplinary team presents the most practical and the most productive approach to the care of profoundly and multiply handicapped children.

Adolescent↗