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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Immunization coverage in India for areas served by the Integrated Child Development Services programme. The Integrated Child Development Services Consultants.

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme was launched by the Indian government in October 1975 to provide a package of health, nutrition and informal educational services to mothers and children. In 1988 we studied the impact of ICDS on the immunization coverage of children aged 12-24 months and of mothers of infants in 19 rural, 8 tribal, and 9 urban ICDS projects that had been operational for more than 5 years. Complete coverage with BCG, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and poliomyelitis vaccines was recorded for 65%, 63%, and 64% of children, respectively, in the ICDS population. By comparison, the coverage in the non-ICDS group was only 22% for BCG, 28% for DPT, and 27% for poliomyelitis. Complete immunization with tetanus toxoid was recorded for 68% of the mothers in the ICDS group and for 40% in the non-ICDS group. Coverage was greater in the urban and lower in the tribal projects. Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward communities, and minorities (groups that have a high priority for social services) had immunization coverages in ICDS projects that were similar to those of higher castes.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

EUROMAC. A European concerted action: maternal alcohol consumption and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy and child development at 18 months. Results--child development at age 18 months.

Children seen in the first part of the study in Berlin, Dundee and Odense were followed up at age 18 months and tested using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Five scores were recorded: the Mental Development Index (MDI), the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) and scores for responsiveness, attention span and activity. The data were analysed for the centres combined and separately, allowing for confounding variables as in the previous chapter. In none of the comparisons was the mean score found to be significantly less in the children of drinkers than in those of abstainers. In many of the comparisons the children of abstainers had the lowest mean scores. In a number of comparisons in Berlin and Dundee, the MDI or PDI was found to be significantly higher in the children of women who had drunk at the upper end of the consumption distribution.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Preschool child development: implications for investigation of child abuse allegations.

Allegations of mistreatment by adults made by children of preschool age are often dismissed as fictitious with the suggestion that children of this age are prone to fantasy and unable to discriminate fact from fiction. This paper is intended to familiarize those with a general concern about child abuse with the research and theories in child development. Specifically, it reviews those aspects of normal child development which have direct relevance to the question of the veracity of reports made by children ages 2 to 5 years. Examination of the research on children's thought and language, memory and learning, fears, fantasy, and play, as well as the research on the influence of television on children of this age, led to the conclusion that preschoolers base their play on the reality of their experience.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1991

Impact of preschool education component in Integrated Child Development Services programme on the cognitive development of children.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is India's most comprehensive programme to increase the survival rate and enhance the health, nutrition, and learning opportunities of pre-school children and their mothers through a package of services. The present study was carried out to measure the impact of the preschool education component of the ICDS on the cognitive development of children in the age group of 3-5 years. The study design used was case/control (ICDS attending children v. Non-ICDS). Results of the study revealed the ICDS Anganwadi attendance had positive influence on the cognitive development of children. The mean cognitive score of the attenders was 40.7 as against a mean score of 30.3 in the case of non-attenders.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Insights on the child development movement in the United States.

The introduction explains that the purpose of the Monograph is not to present a systematic history of child development in this country, which has been done by others, but rather to enrich portions of the record with individual accounts and reactions to personal experiences. It then proceeds to a discussion of the value, and pitfalls, of oral history for those who probe the past. The body of the Monograph necessarily is confined to certain areas and to a limited number of people who were interviewed, since hundreds of pages of transcripts representing some 80 people have been amassed. With a view to the widest possible coverage of materials in the tapes, three major topics are developed: (1) the reactions of people who have worked in child development to some of the major figures and influences in the field during the careers, (2) the relationship of the study of child development to pediatrics and child psychiatry through the years as viewed by various scientists in a position to hold opinions worth hearing, (3) the relevance of the child development movement to better child care practices in the United States. In this last section, questions of whether it is desirable to gear research to matters of social relevance and whether it is possible-or advisable-given the present state of knowledge for scientists to provide answers in planning for children are considered from vastly differing viewpoints. Also the related problem of the protection of research from misrepresentation by those who want a headline or have biases to buttress is briefly touched on in this section. The conclusion presents various viewpoints as to the appropriateness of the word "movement" as a description of what has taken place in child development. In that connection the Society for Research in Child Development is discussed, as are also the difficulties, encountered by the field in general and by the institutes in particular, which impeded the whole effort.

Child↗
PubMed1985

[Child development examinations in well-child clinics for infants and young children].

The health centres for infants and toddlers have recently been supplied with new forms for examination and registration of psychomotor development. These forms, which were especially designed for use in this setting are largely based on the work of Gesell. His sub-division in 5 fields of development is followed and items are chosen from his work. The forms are completed by adding a number of neurological items directed at the detection of pathology (Touwen) and some items concerning speech and language development (Schaerlaekens). The method is based on observations of developmental characteristics at the ages at which 90% of normal children in child health centres display these items. Reference-values are derived from a longitudinal study which was carried out in child health centres and comprised 550 children (Schlesinger-Was). These children provided per item the data for a cumulative percentile curve in which the age of the 90th percentile could be read. It is expected that by directing the assessment at the age of P90 an early detection of developmental disorders will result, while the number of false referrals will stay relatively small. Since the forms were incorporated in the new social-medical record for youth health care which has recently been introduced for nation-wide use, they are available on a large scale. Pediatricians therefore may be increasingly confronted with referrals based on this method of examination.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Influence of social factors on lead exposure and child development.

A brief overview of current views of child development is provided, with particular attention given to the role the child's physical and social environment plays in influencing the developmental process. Examples from the recent literature are used to illustrate how these factors can influence lead exposure and most importantly how they might interact with lead to ameliorate or exacerbate possible lead effects. An example is provided which demonstrates that failure to control adequately and to adjust the data statistically to correct for the influence of these factors can lead one erroneously to attribute cognitive and behavioral changes to lead. Finally, data from the Cincinnati Prospective Lead Study are presented to illustrate the application of structural equation modeling as a means for unraveling the complex web of sociodemographic, environmental and behavioral influences on childhood lead exposure. The latter analysis indicates that for children less than 24 months of age, lead-containing dust in the home and on the children's hands are important determinates of their blood lead levels. This relationship is influenced by the amount of maternal involvement with their child and other indices of interaction between the child and primary caregiver.

Child↗
PubMed1975

Manpower training and child-development services.

Making quality child-development services available for children of mothers in one vocational training program significantly improved the mothers' performances. On the average, mothers with children receiving these services stayed in the Job Corps longer and more frequently completed their vocational training program. Since longer length of stay and program completion show a positive correlation with a better chance of placement and higher initial wage, the new Job Corps program improves a mother's potential for economic self-sufficiency. In addition, mothers in the program are able to learn how to better understand their children and provide for their needs. Nonresident mothers in the new mother-and-child program performed as well as resident mothers. This similarity points towards the widespread potential for initiating similar programs in many vocational training and educational settings. If, as in the Job Corps program, providing quality child-care arrangements for mothers in such settings as high schools, colleges, other manpower training programs, prisons, and places of employment can improve the mother's general motivation, enhance her earning capacity, and improve her ability to be a good mother, then dollars invested in these programs will show a high return.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The Minnesota Child Development Inventory: a valid maternal-report form for assessing development in infancy.

The concurrent validity of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) was assessed by comparing the MCDI General Development Scale score and each of the seven area subscale scores to mental age on the Bayley Mental Scale. Subjects were 115 infants (8-30 months old) with suspected developmental delay who were referred to one of two hospitals' pediatric psychology services by their physicians. Correlations were obtained for the entire sample as well as for three chronological age (CA) groups within the sample. Overall validity was supported by significant correlations ranging from 0.75 to 0.91 in the total sample. Variations in the magnitude and patterns of correlations within CA were noted, and suggested groups for which certain scales of the MCDI may be less comparable to the Bayley. Overall results suggest that the MDCI may yield consistent information about the development of infants' skills.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings.

The Christchurch Child Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children who have been studied over an 11-year period using data from multiple sources including parental interview, medical records, teacher questionnaires and direct testing of children. The article provides a review of the major lines of epidemiological research examined in the Study. These include: breast feeding and child health; parental smoking and child health; the effects of low level lead exposure; childhood asthma; nocturnal bladder control; the effects of early hospital admission; the distribution of child health services; and the consequences of private medical insurance. In addition a number of general topics (sample attrition, measurement error, individual differences and causal inference) relating to longitudinal designs are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the longitudinal design is a powerful and cost-effective method of gathering data for general paediatric epidemiological purposes but that research in this area would benefit from an increased use of emerging methods of statistical modelling.

Child↗