[4th annual meeting of the Sociedad Genética de Chile, 2, 3, 4 October 1978, Valdivia, Chile].
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Animals↗
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[Researchs on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) from the South of Chile. I. Preliminary investigation on infection by Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium sp. in Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836 from Calafquen Lake (39 degrees 32'S, 79 degrees 09'W), Chile (author's transl)].
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Animals↗
First nationwide full-genome characterisation of human-derived Andes virus in Chile: a retrospective genomic epidemiology study.
BACKGROUND: Andes virus (ANDV) is the only hantavirus known to transmit between humans and causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile and Argentina. In Chile, ANDV genomic diversity remains incompletely characterised. This study aimed to characterise the genetic diversity, geographical structure, and molecular signatures of ANDV using human clinical samples collected over a 13-year period (2011-24). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of ANDV infections in Chile. Clinical samples from patients with confirmed ANDV, collected between March 9, 2011, and June 27, 2024, were analysed and sequenced. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from diagnostic laboratories and surveillance programmes. Consensus sequences for the S, M, and L segments were generated, and genetic clustering and divergence were assessed using phylogenetic inference and variant calling. FINDINGS: We analysed clinical samples from 58 infected individuals and identified two major genomic variants of ANDV with distinct geographical distributions, defined by regionally structured patterns of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions across the S, M, and L segments: ANDV Chi-North (central Chile) and ANDV-South (southern Chile). No consistent clustering by clinical severity was observed, and no recurrent non-synonymous substitutions were uniquely associated with severe disease. Substitutions previously associated with person-to-person transmission in outbreaks in Argentina were not consistently observed in Chilean sequences, including in four person-to-person transmission cases. Although some substitutions described in ANDV-like viruses were present in the Chi-North lineage, this lineage remained phylogenetically distinct and geographically restricted to central Chile. INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this study provides the first nationwide genomic characterisation of human-derived ANDV in Chile. The identification of geographically structured variants indicates that ANDV diversity in Chile is driven by regional diversification rather than clinical outcome. The absence of consistent amino acid signatures associated with disease severity or person-to-person transmission suggests that these phenotypes are unlikely to be explained by viral genetic variation alone. These findings refine current understanding of ANDV evolution and highlight the need for continued integrated genomic surveillance in endemic regions. FUNDING: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile and National Institutes of Health.
Humans↗
Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes extended prevalence in the female population from a city in Northern Chile.
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is primarily associated with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), with high-risk genotypes HPV-16 and HPV-18 being the focus of vaccination programs in developing countries such as Chile. Preventive screening for cervical cancer in women aged 25 to 64 years remains centered on cytological techniques and is primarily performed based on clinical suspicion of cervical lesions. However, extended screening for HPV genotypes using DNA amplification methods is not routinely applied to the Chilean female population yet. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of high- and low-risk HPV genotypes in women without known risk factors in a city in northern Chile. METHODS: Cervicovaginal brushing samples were obtained from 390 women from Antofagasta city, Northern Chile, aged between 25 and 64 years; genomic DNA was extracted, and multiplex real-time PCR analysis was used to identify a larger group of high- and low-risk HPV genotypes. RESULTS: Among 390 samples, HPV prevalence was 36.9%, of which 54.9% were high-risk genotypes, 18.7% were low-risk genotypes, and 26.4% showed mixed infection with both high- and low-risk genotypes. High-risk genotypes 16, 58, 39, and 31 were the most frequently identified among HPV-positive samples. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between HPV presence and both age and suspicion of cervical alteration, and women testing positive for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were more likely to acquire HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a screening program that incorporates extended HPV genotyping in Chile, including testing for high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 31, 39, and 58, is crucial to optimize control, early detection, and vaccination efforts for Chilean circulating HPV genotypes that are not covered by the actual vaccine, thus contributing to a more effective reduction in the burden of disease associated with the virus.
Humans↗
Nutrition and national development: the case of Chile.
This study is an historical analysis of food consumption and nutrition in Chile emphasizing the influence of political and economic factors on nutritional standards. It attempts to document and explain the persistence of malnutrition as a widespread social problem in Chile even as the country achieved a relatively advanced state of economic development and boasted an unusually progressive record of social legislation. The major findings of the study were: (a) Chile's pattern of development, social reform efforts notwithstanding, consistently discriminated against low-income groups, and (b) this discrimination perpetuated low standards of nutrition and low levels of food consumption among the country's poor and undermined the effectiveness of specific measures to alleviate malnutrition.
Agriculture↗
Non-smoked cannabis consumption formats and Cannabis Use Disorder severity in an illicit setting: Evidence from Chile, 2020-2024.
BACKGROUND: Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) has become an increasing public health burden, particularly in Chile. Non-smoked cannabis formats and products have been independently associated with CUD but remain understudied in the region. This study compares CUD severity among individuals aged 12 to 65 in Chile who consume cannabis via edibles, vaporization or both versus those who exclusively smoke it. METHODS: We obtained secondary data from three waves of the Chilean National Survey on Drugs in the General Population (ENPG), a three-stage stratified probabilistic sampling design study conducted in 2020, 2022, and 2024. Our pooled cross-sectional sample included individuals (n = 3543) who reported cannabis use in vaped, edible, both vaped and edible or exclusively smoked format in the past 12 months. We used a partial proportional odds model to estimate the association between CUD severity and consumption formats. RESULTS: Cannabis vaping group showed higher odds of presenting at least mild CUD (OR = 6.21 [95% CI: 3.75-10.3]), as did the edible group (OR = 1.73 [95% CI: 1.08-2.78]) and both group (OR = 5.92 [95% CI: 2.72-12.87]), compared to exclusive smokers. However, only the vaped group demonstrated higher odds for all severity levels. CONCLUSION: Compared with exclusive smokers, users of vaporizers and/or edibles showed a stronger association with CUD. This association may be explained by consumption patterns and total THC exposure. Further research is needed to characterize the average THC exposure by consumption format, acknowledging contextual confounders such as the legal framework.
Humans↗
Professional ideology and the health care system in Chile.
Doctors' ideology and the role the medical profession plays in the organization and development of health services of a particular country are subjects of scientific interest. This article examines the case of Chile, where doctors centralized administrative and professional power over the type of health services provided to the population. Changes in this ideology throughout the century have been reflected in changes in the system of medical care. A shift can be traced from a professional ideology emphasizing socialized medical services during the first half of the century toward the current position favoring the abolition of free medical care and a return of "fee per service" medicine. The possible explanation for these changes is that medical ideology has altered through the combined influence of the class position of physicians and the development of the profession itself. Increasing polarization of the political forces in Chile led doctors to act according to their class affiliation, regardless of their original professional positions. Some historical facts are provided at each stage of analysis as a way of clarifying the conflicting influences upon the doctors' position.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Female migration in Chile: types of moves and socioeconomic characteristics.
This paper examines inter-provincial female migration in Chile for the 1965--1970 period, with a view to describing socioeconomic characteristics of migrant women and to determining differences and similarities in age, educational level, occupation, and type of move (first, return, or repeat) between movers to the capital and to other urban areas. Data are from a five percent sample of the 1970 Chilean census. Findings reveal that non-return migrants to other urban areas are differentiated from those to Santiago by an older age structure, higher educational levels, higher status occupations, and are more likely to be making a second (or higher-order) move. Moreover, educational measures suggest that recent female migration to urban Chile is more prevalent among the upper than the lower strata of the society.
Adolescent↗
The epidemiology of cancer in Chile.
Despite the fact that cancer is underreported in most of Latin America, available data suggest that it is a major cause of death throughout the area. The most frequent sites among males are the stomach, lung, and prostate; among females, the cervix, stomach, and breast are affected most often. Only Cuba has a nationwide registry; Brazil, Colombia, and Peru have registries limited to areas. Within this context, Chile ranks second in the world in age-adjusted mortality rates from stomach cancer. Other leading sites are the lung, cervix, and breast. Stomach cancer exhibits high- and low-risk areas in Chile, with distinct epidemiologic characteristics. A case-control and nitrate ecology study funded by the United States National Cancer Institute is underway, and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency is launching a 3-year mass screening program.
Adult↗
Genomic insights into the first blaKPC-2-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate reported in Chile: limited local dissemination of the globally distributed ST101 lineage.
OBJECTIVE: To genomically characterize Kpn-KPC-1, the first blaKPC-2-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate reported in Chile, and contextualize it within the global ST101 lineage. METHODS: Kpn-KPC-1 was analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Its resistome, virulome, plasmid content, and blaKPC-2 genetic context were characterized, and 537 publicly available ST101 genomes were used for comparative phylogenomics. RESULTS: Kpn-KPC-1 belonged to ST101 and carried blaKPC-2 within the conventional Tn4401a transposon on a mosaic plasmid encoding multiple replication initiators and conjugation-associated genes. The isolate also harbored an OmpK36 porin alteration and accessory resistance- and virulence-associated determinants, including ICEKp3/ybt-9, K17, and O1αβ,2α. Phylogenomic analysis placed Kpn-KPC-1 within a predominantly European clade, closest to Italian isolates recovered between 2012 and 2018. The absence of additional Chilean ST101 isolates related to Kpn-KPC-1 supports limited local dissemination of this lineage. Globally, ST101 was enriched in carbapenemase genes, particularly blaOXA-48-like and blaKPC variants. CONCLUSIONS: Kpn-KPC-1 represents a transient introduction of a carbapenemase-prone, high-risk ST101 lineage rather than the founder of a locally disseminated clone in Chile. Genome-level analysis resolved the blaKPC-2 context in this historical isolate, linking the carbapenemase gene to Tn4401a on a mosaic multidrug-resistance plasmid within an imported ST101 background. These findings underscore the value of retrospective genomics for reconstructing early antimicrobial-resistance introduction events.
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales↗
Altitude, heredity and body proportions in northern Chile.
Recent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0-4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non-Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.
Adolescent↗
Neighborhood Hostility is Associated With the Relationship Between Park Proximity and Physical Activity Among Youth: National Evidence From Chile.
PURPOSE: Physical inactivity among youth is highly prevalent worldwide. Although proximity to parks and recreational facilities is generally associated with higher physical activity (PA), unsafe or hostile neighborhood environments may limit their use. This study examined whether neighborhood hostility moderates the association between access to recreational facilities and adherence to World Health Organization PA guidelines among Chilean youth. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2024 National Physical Activity and Sport Survey of Chile, including 3,477 urban participants stratified into childhood (5-10 years), early adolescence (11-13 years), and late adolescence (14-17 years). Built environment exposures included perceived access to recreational facilities, a cumulative neighborhood hostility score (0-5). Logistic regression models were stratified by age group and adjusted for covariates. Interaction terms assessed moderation by neighborhood hostility, and causal mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Adherence to World Health Organization guidelines was low (41.9% in childhood, 43.8% in early adolescence, and 43.9% in late adolescence). Greater distance to recreational facilities was associated with lower odds of meeting activity guidelines. Higher neighborhood hostility was independently associated with lower PA levels. Among adolescents, neighborhood hostility substantially attenuated the association between proximity and activity. Mediation analyses indicated partial mediation, with effective park utilization emerging as the strongest mechanism, accounting for 21.8% of the association (p < .001), followed by psychological motivation (11.9%). DISCUSSION: Proximity to recreational infrastructure alone is insufficient to promote PA in hostile neighborhoods. Policy approaches should integrate infrastructure provision with strategies addressing neighborhood safety and promoting active engagement.
Humans↗
Prevalence of epilepsy in children of Melipilla, Chile.
The prevalence of epilepsy among children born in 1966 and reaching the age of 9 years during 1975 was investigated in Melipilla, Chile, using questions similar to those used by Rose et al. (1973). Of 2,104 potential respondents, 2,085 were interviewed. A sample of 593 children received neurological examination and 455 received an electroencephalogram. The prevalence rates for epilepsy were higher than those reported in two American studies using the same methodology. The possibility of socioeconomic factors to account for these differences was considered. Prevalence rates for simple febrile convulsions and minimal brain dysfunction were similarly calculated.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
Draft genome sequence of Bacillus atrophaeus X3, a pigmented subantarctic soil isolate from Magallanes Region, Chile.
Bacillus atrophaeus strain X3, isolated from subantarctic soils near Laguna Amarga, Magallanes Region, Chile, harbors a high-quality genome (three contigs, 4.08 Mb, 43.4% GC content). Its genomic sequence provides insights into cold adaptation mechanisms in the Bacillus subtilis group, with potential relevance for emerging biotechnological applications.
Bacillus atrophaeus↗
Familial chondrocalcinosis in the Chiloe Islands, Chile.
Studies about chondrocalcinosis in the Chiloe Islands (Chile) showed the high frequency of the disease there and how most of it is aggregated in a few highly involved families. Pedigrees and the high degree of consanguinity among parents of index cases pointed to a recessive inheritance. The presence of common Caucasian anthropological features of genetic value in the patients and the lack of Indian mixture in three of the involved families, documented back to 1600, suggest a Caucasian origin of the mutation. Biochemical studies of the patients' synovial fluid showed a significant rise in pyrophosphate concentration. Calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were not different from a control group.
Adult↗
Clinical and pathological study of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers in Chile.
A clinical, biochemical, and pathological study was performed in 38 chronic HBsAg carriers. The study group is a part of 393 carriers found among 117 705 voluntary blood donors at the National Blood Bank, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile. None of the 38 carriers had a past history of illicit drug abuse, hepatitis, or work involving a high risk of hepatitis B virus infection. Ten individuals had a normal liver biopsy, 17 reactive non-specific hepatitis, one fatty changes, four chr onic persistent hepatitis, one aggressive hepatitis, two post-necrotic cirrhosis, and three alcoholic cirrhosis. There was not a close correlation between liver function test and liver histology. The most significant laboratory finding was the postivity of alpha fetoprotein in two cases. During the follow-up the two alpha fetoprotein patients presented a hepatocarcinoma 12 and 14 months after admission to the study.
Adolescent↗
Family allowance and family planning in Chile.
Family allowances designed to promote maternal and child health and welfare could be self-defeating if they stimulated otherwise unwanted births, as often assumed. That assumption, with its public health and demographic implications, needs testing. An attempt to test it was made in Chile in 1969--1970 through interviews with 945 wives receiving an allowance and 690 non-recipients. Recipients practiced contraception significantly more than did non-recipients. This was not explained by wives' educational attainment or employment, the couples' earnings, or number of living children, but was associated with a 50 per cent greater utilization of professional prenatal care by recipients during the most recent pregnancy; women with such care (regardless of allowance status) were 75 per cent more likely than others to control their fertility. Prenatal care was probably sought more by recipients in part because an additional stipend was provided as soon as pregnancy was confirmed, usually at clinics with integrated family planning. Greater family income, attributable to the allowance, probably also contributed to the recipients' better prenatal attention and to contraceptive practice. Noteworthy, too, was the finding that with the number of living children controlled, contraceptive practice was significantly greater amoung couples who had never lost a child.
Adolescent↗
Prevalence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in Chile.
The prevalence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was studied immediately postpartum in 869 women from three distant Chilean cities differing in climate and food supply. Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy was detected in 2.4% and pruritus gravidarum in 13.2%, without significant differences between the three cities. Every woman was then ethnically classified as predominantly Caucasoid, Araucanian Indian, or Aimara Indian. A significantly higher prevalence of cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy (5.5%) and pruritus gravidarum (22.1%) was found in Araucanians than in Caucasoids (2.5% and 12.6% respectively) or in the Aimaras (0 and 11.8% respectively). The prevalence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in Araucanians increased directly with the degree of "ethnic purity." Recurrence of the disease in multiparous women was also greater in Araucanians (13.8%) than in Caucasoids (5.5%) or in the Aimaras (3.9%). We propose that an ethnic predisposition to develop intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is present in Araucanian women and that the high prevalence of the disease in Chile is mainly influenced by ethnic admixture with this South American Indian (ethnic) group.
Adult↗