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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

Organ specificity of induction of activating and inactivating enzymes by cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke condensate.

Inhalation of cigarette smoke specifically induces the rat lung and kidney aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in less than 4 h. The epoxide hydratase (EH) and the glutathione S-transferase are not significantly modified by a similar treatment in any of the rat tissues. Compared to the kidney AHH, the lung hydroxylase is 3--4 times more sensitive to small concentrations of cigarette smoke and seems to have a longer biological half-life. In both tissues, the induced AHH presents the same in vitro sensitivity to various inhibitors as a polycyclic hydrocarbon induced AHH. In primary fetal rat liver cell culture, the cigarette smoke condensate fractions (CSCF) induce both the AHH and EH activity. Nevertheless, the AHH activity responds faster and to lower concentrations of CSCF than the EH activity. The liver cell culture constitutes a unique tool for a comparative study of the AHH and EH induction mechanism. Low concentration (10 muM) of benz(a)anthracene induces only the AHH activity while trans-stilbene oxide enhances selectively the EH activity. Appropriate concentrations of CSCF or of phenobarbital (PB) determine a parallel induction of both enzymes. The results are discussed on the basis of (a) the existence of specific mechanisms of AHH regulation in the lung and in the kidney and (b) the existence of coordinated or independent biochemical control of the AHH and EH activity.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Strategic withdrawal from cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking can be viewed mainly as a psychological habit with accompanying pharmacological and social satisfactions and reinforcements. It is mainly a learned behavior, occurring in response to direct and indirect social pressures. Though each person's smoking habit is individualized, studies show that smokers find at least six psychological satisfactions in the habit: stimulation, handling, relaxation, tension reduction, craving and habit. To quit smoking, the individual must undergo physical and psychological withdrawal. Physical withdrawal symptoms last about a week but it may take months or years to restructure a life without cigarettes. Quitting is a long-term learning process involving a great deal of unconscious, constructive and painful conflict. One can stop smoking if the problem is attacked on a broad front, if one "burns one's bridges" behind him/her and if suitable satisfying alternatives and involvements are discovered. Physical exercise in the form of aerobics is proposed as an especially effective alternative behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1978

Reactions to other people's cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking in social interaction is examined through a study of reactions and perceptions people have to others' smoking in their social presence. A questionnaire was administered to 130 subjects, among whom 57 were smokers, 30 were ex-smokers, and 43 were nonsmokers. Ex-smokers and nonsmokers in particular tended to report a disrupting effect upon their interactions with others when others smoked. Smokers tended to report no effect. Almost nobody reported a positive effect on interactions by others' smoking. This finding is discussed in the context of previous research findings that smokers report an increased social comfort with their own smoking.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Cigarette smoking and children's respiratory symptoms: validity of the questionnaire method.

Children who report that they smoke cigarettes, also report increased respiratory symptoms. Could this be an artefact of the questionnaire method? Reports of children's respiratory symptoms obtained from children and from their parents were compared. There was a significant association between these reports, although the relationship was not close. The relationship between symptoms and cigarette smoking was consistent, whichever report was used. It is concluded that the questionnaire technique is valid, and that children who smoke cigarettes are more likely than non-smokers to have respiratory symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Central nervous system responses to cigarette smoke inhalation in the cat.

Intact, pentobarbital anesthetized cats (with and without brainstem stimulating electrode implants) and unanesthetized Sherrington (gamma-driven) decerebrate cats "smoked" cigarettes of varying nicotine content (0.2-2.5 mg). Nicotine free lettuce leaf cigarettes were used as controls. "Smoking doses" of nicotine base (10-25 micrograms/kg) were administered i.v. for comparison. Smoke inhalation produced motor reflex depression which paralleled the nicotine content of the cigarettes "smoked". Patellar reflex facilitation due to mesencephalic reticular stimulation was reduced by doses of nicotine and cigarette smoke. Cigarettes (2.5 mg nicotine) and doses of nicotine (25-50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced rigidity and patellar reflex amplitude in the gamma-decerebrate cat. Dihydro-beta-erythroidine reduced the nicotine and cigarette smoke induced patellar reflex depression but not the diminution in the rigidity. Smoking doses of nicotine suppressed pentobarbital-induced EEG spindles in acutely prepared cats. Nicotine (10-25 micrograms/kg) produced EEG and behavioral arousal in cats with chronic deep electrodes. It was concluded that cigarette smoke produces its pharmacological effects via its nicotine content.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1978

Cigarette smoking in New Zealand: Results from the 1976 population census.

The 1976 New Zealand Census included information about 2 201 178 persons over 15 years. Thirty-eight percent of men and 31 percent of women smoked cigarettes regularly. The peak age for male smoking is from 45-49 years and in men aged 35 to 39 years more than half (55 percent) smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. In the youngest age group (15 to 19 years) more girls than boys are cigarette smokers. Sixteen percent of the population (353 627) stated that they have given up regular cigarette smoking. Smoking is least prevalent in Nelson, Marlborough and Canterbury, while the greatest percentage of smokers are found in the East Coast of the North Island and Southland. Except for Southland, there are significantly more smokers in the younger age groups (16 to 24 years) in the North Island than in the South Island. Cigarette smoking in New Zealand is probably less prevalent than in the past and the figures compare favourably with those of other countries. However, the high levels of smoking among young people, particularly women, is a major health problem.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[Experimental studies on the rumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. VI. Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (author's transl)].

This experiment has been performed to clarify the question to which extent fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or other carcinogenic compounds are responsible for the biological activity of cigarette smoke condensate. With chromatographic procedures using organic gels it was possible to separate quantitatively polar compounds from the PAH-fraction and to obtain fraction IX representing 0.4% of the whole condensate. In this fraction the PAH were enriched 250fold. Significant losses of tumorigenic effects by this fractionation method could not be observed. This PAH-containing fraction showed 50% of activity compared with the overall activity of whole smoke condensate of a reference cigarette. A so-called PAH-free fraction showed with 7% of the overall activity of the whole smoke condensate a weak carcinogenic effect. The importance of PAH for the tumorigenic effect of cigarette smoke is emphasized by these results.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Cigarette smoking patterns during the working day.

The rates at which people smoke cigarettes during different periods of the day were obtained from three occupational groups. Group 1 consisted of those working at the main London production site of a food processing factory, Group 2 consisted of those in the administrative offices of the same company; there are smoking restrictions at both. Group 3 consisted of workers in the offices of a London borough where there are no smoking restrictions. Replies were received from 3174 people, or 88% of those approached. There was a higher proportion on non-smokers (over 70%) among the two groups of office workers than among the food processing workers (about 55%). Smokers in Group 3 recorded somewhat higher average cigarette consumption than those in Groups 1 and 2. During different periods of the day, the maximum hourly rate of cigarette smoking was about three times the minimum rate. For Groups 1 and 2 the maximum rate was consistently during the interval between leaving work and going to bed. In contrast, the maximum rate for Group 3 was consistently during the afternoon, while at work, and the rate between leaving work and going to bed was similar to the rate for the day as a whole. Results will help in deciding the time of day at which blood for carboxyhaemoglobin estimations should be taken.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed1977

Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. II. Uptake of cigarette smoke by the animals; comparisons of the influence of the gas phase and the whole smoke of different cigarettes.

An increased CO2 content (CO2 enrichment) in the smoke-air mixture was measured in an inhalation chamber containing Syrian hamsters. Since these additional CO2 concentrations originated from the animals' expiratory air, the level of CO2 (CO2 enrichment) was considered a function of the respiratory capacity. Results obtained with this method of characterizing the respiratory behavior of hamsters in inhalation experiments led us to conclude that the vapor phase of cigarettes reduced respiration up to 45% and the whole smoke, up to 60%. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of the vapor phase and particulate phase as offered in animal inhalation experiments for comparing different cigarettes did not induce measurable differences in the respiratory behavior. Therefore, such inhalation experiments were found to be suitable for comparing the relative effects of different cigarette types. Estimations on the inhaled amounts of TPM led to results that were similar to those obtained in experiments with radioactively labeled smoke.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The duration of maternal cigarette smoking, fetal and placental disorders.

Data from a large prospective study of pregnancy were used to determine whether the number of years a mother had smoked cigarettes influenced the development of common fetal and placental disorders. Three disorders increased in frequency when mothers had smoked for more than 6 yr: placenta previa +143%, abruptio placentae +72% and large placental infarcts +37% (all P less than 0.05). Mothers' current smoking habits had a smaller influence on the frequency of these disorders, and the effects of smoking were largely independent of maternal pregnancy weight gain. The placentas of smokers had microscopic evidences of underperfusion from the uterus. The placental abnormalities were influenced by both the number of years mothers had smoked and by their current smoking habits.

Arteries↗

PubMed1979

Tumors and hyperplastic lesions in Syrian hamsters following transplacental and neonatal treatment with cigarette smoke condensate.

Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in olive oil was injected into outbred Syrian hamsters: in adults i.p. on the 10th--14th days of gestation, total dose 1.5--2.5 mg/g b.w.; in 12 to 14-days-old animals s.c., total dose 0.5--1.5 mg/animal. Following 15--25 months of observation benign and malignant neoplasms of various location were found in 2/58 (3.4%) females, treated during pregnancy; in 17/51 (33.3%) of their transplacentally exposed offsprings; in 5/53 (9.4%) of neonatally treated hamsters. In the last two groups females were more affected than males. Most frequently occurred tumors of adrenal glands, pancreas, female sex organs, and liver. No tumors appeared in controls, either untreated or injected with olive oil. In addition, hyperplastic lesions, in particular multiple liver cysts and cholangiomatosis were also observed, mainly in animals exposed transplacentally and as neonates.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMed1978

Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying.

Gastric emptying after a test meal was studied in 17 normal volunteers--10 habitual smokers and seven non-smokers. The solid component of the test meal was labelled with technetium and the liquid component with indium. After one meal the habitual smokers smoked two cigarettes. Emptying curves were produced for both technetium and indium, and the differences between curves for meals with and without cigarettes were analysed. Cigarette smoking accelerated the rate at which the liquid component of a meal left the stomach. This may be important in the pathogenesis of duodneal ulcer and the delay in healing caused by cigarette smoking.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1977

Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. I. Concentration of cigarette smoke in the inhalation chamber and of carbon monoxide in the blood.

We tested 20 different smoke inhalation machines and determined that 60% of the gas phase and 40% of the total paritulate matter reached the inhalation chamber; the remainder was lost in the exhaust gases. After determining these concentration percentages, we were able to calculate precisely the dosage of each puff of smoke administered to Syrian hamsters in our smoking machine. We also determined that the CO-Hb content in the blood of the hamsters rose to 60%; this CO-Hb value was a limiting factor for time of exposure to smoke, since too-high concentrations of CO-Hb would have killed the animals. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the animals should be exposed as long as possible to attain a high dose of smoke, but because of toxic effects the exposure time should not exceed 20 minutes, and the CO-Hb content should not exceed 60%.

Air↗

PubMed1977

Left ventricular function after cigarette smoking by chronic smokers: comparison of normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease.

Twenty normal subjects and 25 patients with coronary artery disease underwent systolic time interval analysis before and after rapidly smoking two cigarettes. A slight increase in heart rate and arterial pressure was seen in both groups. In patients with coronary artery disease, preejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio increased; in normal subjects it decreased. Left ventricular performance is diminished after cigarette smoking among subjects who have preexisting significant coronary artery disease.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The acute effects of cigarette smoking on left ventricular function.

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor of coronary artery disease. Frequent repetition of an acute effect on the heart caused by cigarette smoking has been suggested as the etiology because of the increased incidence of myocardial infarction in cigarette smokers which drops to the incidence in non-smokers after cessation of smoking. This study of cardiac patients during cardiac catheterization evaluates the acute effect of the ordinary cigarette, smoked in the individuals own manner, on parameters of cardiac pump and muscle performance. The accuracy of measurements was enhanced by employing high-fidelity pressure signals, signal averaging, and computer analysis of the data. The results of the present study suggest that when cardiac patients smoke 1 cigarette of their own brand in their accustomed manner, no deleterious effects on pump performance, ventricular contraction or relaxation and blood pressure are evident.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

Relation between chemical constituents of tobacco and mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate.

Mutagenic activities of cigarette smoke condensate were assayed in the presence of S-9 Mix using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The results were examined in relation to chemical data of tobacco leaves. Among the nitrogenous constituents examined, the contents of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen and the soluble nitrogenous fraction were positively and significantly related to an increase in mutagenic activity of the smoke condensate, whereas nicotine and nitrate were not important in contributing to mutagenic potency of such condensates. The age of tobacco leaves influenced the mutagenic potency of the condensate, which was lowest in leaves from the lower stalk position and increased with ascending leaf position on the stalk. Smoke condensate from tobacco with higher sugar content resulted in lower mutagenic activity. The present results, together with the previous study on the mutagenicity of the amino acid pyrolyzates, suggest that potent mutagens in cigarette smoke condensate are nitrogen-containing compounds, which may be formed from proteins and amino acids during the burning of a cigarette.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1979

Effects of cigarette smoke on elastase secretion by murine macrophages.

Mice were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke for various time periods up to 4 weeks. As a consequence of the exposure, there was an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages obtained from the lungs of these mice. Light microscopic examination of cultured cells revealed increased numbers of highly pleomorphic cells filled with pigmented residues of cigarette smoke. These cells were more mitotically active, with a five fold increase in the number of alveolar colony-forming cells compared to the controls. When macrophages derived from mice exposed to cigarette smoke were cultured at high density in the absence of serum, they secreted significantly greater amounts of elastase than did the same number of control macrophages. At concentrations as low as 0.50 micrograms/ml, cycloheximide reversibly inhibited elastase secretion from both the control and experimental cultures. The effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on elastase secretion by alveolar macrophages do not appear to be a direct effect of cigarette smoke on these cells. Exposure of normal mouse macrophages in vitro to pulses of aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke, while significantly increasing secretion of elastase by peritoneal exudative macrophages, did not augment that of resident or exudative alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that the increased elastase secretion observed with the use of cultured macrophages derived from mice exposed to cigarette smoke is the result of either indirect activation of resident macrophages or the recruitment of a highly activated exudative population into the lungs of the exposed animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Cigarette smoking and plasma nortriptyline levels.

Cigarette smoking was found to have no effect on the steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline in a group of 22 smokers and 31 nonsmokers. Smokers achieved a mean steady-state nortriptyline concentration of 191.2 +/- 141.3 ng/ml; nonsmokers had a level of 169.3 +/- 92.4 ng/ml. Age, sex, and number of cigarettes smoked had no effect on the plasma concentrations achieved.

Adult↗