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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. III. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on cell replication and DNA-synthesis of kidney cells in vitro from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops (author's transl)].

We analysed the cytotoxic effect of city smog extracts from a heavy industrialized area using kidney cell cultures from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops.--Using logarithmically growing cell cultures we determined cell replication and the rate of DNA-synthesis after incorporation of 3H-thymidine.--In presence of city smog extracts we found a dose dependent reduction of cell replication and of DNA-synthesis. In presence of high concentrations (BP-aquivalent 0.25-0.5 microgram/ml) of city smog extract we found no increase in cell number over a period of 72 h. Under the same conditions hardly any DNA-synthesis was detected.--In presence of middle and low concentrations of city smog extract a dose- and time-dependent increase in cell number and rate of DNA-synthesis was detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. V. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on DNA synthesis of Syrian hamster kidney and embryonic cells and of African green monkey kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)].

We analysed the effect of two samples of city smog extract from Bochum and Duisburg on DNA synthesis of mammalian cells in vitro. As a test system we used tissue cultures of kidney and embryonic cells from the Syrian golden hamster and monkey kidney cells from Cercopithecus aethiops. DNA synthesis of cells was measured by autoradiography using 3H-Thymidine. Both samples of city smog extract exerted a dose-dependent decrease of the rate of DNA synthesis in tissue culture cells. These alterations of nucleic acid metabolism were expressed by a reduction of DNA-synthesizing cells and by a delay of entrance of cells in DNA synthesis. High concentrations of city smog extracts induced a large number of cell necroses. Monkey kidney cells were more sensitive to the toxic action than hamster cells. Furthermore the city smog extract from Duisburg showed a stronger toxic effect than the extract from Bochum.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1978

[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract IV. Growth inhibition of kidney cell cultures (cercopithecus aethiops) under the influence of a city smog extract and its polyaromatic fractions (author's transl)].

The cell growth of exponentially growing kidney cell cultures of Cercopithecus aethiops was determined by estimation of protein content. The effect of city smog extracts and its polyaromatic fractions on cell growth was examined. Based on the benzo(a)pyren-content the crude extract of city smog exerted the strongest inhibition of cell growth, followed by non purified and purified fraction of polyaromates. The inhibition of cell growth was dose dependent. Results indicate, that for cell growth inhibition are of importance concentrations of toxic substances and exposition time.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The impact of non-native trees on galling and herbivory in New York City across space and time.

Cities and suburbs frequently plant native and non-native trees as foundation species, with non-natives cultivated in these areas for centuries while remaining non-invasive. Although previous research has found that native trees often host more arthropods, studies have not simultaneously looked across space and time to determine the consistency of tree origin on urban arthropods. We combined varied methods across spatial and temporal scales in New York City to test if native tree leaves consistently have more insect and mite interactions than long-established non-native trees, predicting stronger effect sizes for specialists (galling arthropods) than generalists (herbivory). We examined (1) congeneric species pairs, controlled for growing conditions and stoichiometry in an arboretum, (2) diverse oaks at a botanical garden, (3) community science records across Brooklyn, and (4) herbarium specimens from 1883 through present across the city. Across spatiotemporal scales, we found consistent results. Specialist interactions were striking: contemporary native trees supported numerous galling species, while only one congeneric non-native species hosted any galls. For generalists, contemporary native trees had equivalent to slightly greater herbivory. Over the last century, herbarium records showed that herbivory increased on non-native trees to nearly the level of natives, whereas native trees increased in gall abundance while non-native trees remained rarely galled. Our results demonstrate the impact of tree origin on tree-arthropod interactions in a real-world urban setting, with far fewer galls even when non-native tree species have been cultivated locally for centuries. Our findings will help city planners and property owners confidently choose native trees to promote arthropod biodiversity.

Trees↗
PubMed1977

[City guides for the disabled - an interim balance (author's transl)].

The following article wants to bring city guides for the disabled into focus, which appeared in rapid succession in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1971. After reflecting about the purpose and effect of city guides upon the consumer, city planners, and the wider public the author surveys hitherto published guides. Based on his own essential contribution to the making of the guide to the city of Ludwigshafen the author retraces the various stages of conception.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

[Aging in cities and in the country (author's transl)].

A growing concern with ecological issues has led gerontologist to analyze the life-situation of aged people in cities and in the country more precisely. While it is generally assumed that aging in the country has advantages to aging in the city, statistical figures (e.g. income, living conditions, health status, educational opportunities, institutions for the aged) show that country dweller's "cumulative disadvantages" have to be taken into consideration, disadvantages caused by interacting societal and individual factors in rural life. Psychological investigations--as e.g. the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA)--show positive correlations between a central location of the home and increased general activity, broader scope of interests, more frequent use of communication media (newspapers, newscasts), better mood, greater readiness for involvement. While city-dwellers are more frequently engaged in social contacts outside of the family, country dwellers are more involved in interactions with the immediate family. The following practical considerations for the improvement of the situation of the aged in the country are presented: beginning in childhood and youth, conditions should be granted which allow the individual to live in ways which prevent too early aging; this ought to be supplemented by providing activating and stimulating environments for aging people and help for the aged, be it in special institutions or through activities in their familiar environment. It is shown that a differential ecogerontology is required, since (1) a simple distinction between city and country is by far too global, (2) similar ecological conditions are known to have different effects, depending on inter-individual differences, and (3) intraindividual patterns, and (4) it becomes evident that objective ecological conditions do not as clearly determine behavior in age as do cognitive representations of these ecological variables. This last statement is in accordance with the cognitive theory of aging. There can be no doubt that ecological variables influence the process of aging, but there is nothing like the aging in the country.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2024

Antimicrobial resistance landscape in a metropolitan city context using open drain wastewater-based metagenomic analysis.

One Health concept recognizes the inextricable interactions of diverse ecosystems and their subsequent effect on human, animal and plant health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major One Health concern and is predicted to cause catastrophes if appropriate measures are not implemented. To understand the AMR landscape in a south Indian metropolitan city, metagenomic analysis of open drains was performed. The data suggests that in January 2022, macrolide class of antibiotics contributed the highest resistance of 40.1% in the city, followed by aminoglycoside- 24.4%, tetracycline- 11.3% and lincosamide- 6.7%. The 'mutations in the 23S rRNA gene conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics' were the major contributor of resistance with a prevalence of 39.7%, followed by '16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics'- 22.2%, '16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives'- 9.2%, and '23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to lincosamide antibiotics'- 6.7%. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) 'mutations in the 23S rRNA gene conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics' was present in multiple pathogens including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori. Most of the geographical locations in the city showed a similar landscape for AMR. Considering human mobility and anthropogenic activities, such an AMR landscape could be common across other regions too. The data indicates that pathogens are evolving and acquiring antibiotic resistance genes to evade antibiotics of multiple major drug classes in diverse hosts. The outcomes of the study are relevant not only in understanding the resistance landscape at a broader level but are also important for identifying the resistant drug classes, the mechanisms of gaining resistance and for developing new drugs that target specific pathways. This kind of surveillance protocol can be extended to regions in other developing countries to assess and combat the problem of antimicrobial resistance.

Cities↗
PubMed2026

Biomass burning contributions to Mexico City's atmospheric CO2 estimated using a multi-isotope approach.

Fossil fuel combustion dominates anthropogenic emissions worldwide; however, special attention should be addressed to biomass burning, since it is an increasingly important contributor under warmer, drier fire-weather conditions exacerbated by climate change. These emissions could impact the atmospheric composition of heavily urbanized environments. To assess the influence of biomass burning, along with fossil fuels combustion and soil and plant respiration on Mexico City's atmospheric composition, we conducted a year-long (December 2023-December 2024) isotopic monitoring of atmospheric CO2, combining radiocarbon (&#x394;14C), CO2 stable isotopes (&#x3b4;13C, &#x3b4;18O), and CO/CO2 ratios. Once defined the isotopic signatures and the characteristic CO/CO2 that describe the sources, we performed Monte Carlo simulations under two tracer modalities (&#x394;14C + CO/CO2 and &#x394;14C + CO2 stable isotopes) for source apportionment. Results show that during the dry season, particularly in March-April, atmospheric &#x394;14C values approached and overlapped background levels despite Mexico City's fossil-fuel dominance, indicating enhanced non-fossil inputs. Moreover, backward HYSPLIT trajectories supported that these elevated &#x394;14C values coincided with regional wildfire activity. Monte Carlo results attributed up to &#x223c;34 %-60 % of local CO2 to biomass burning in April, followed by March with contributions of &#x223c;31 %-49 %. Since these biomass burning figures contrast with the official emissions inventory of Mexico City metropolitan area, which assigns <1 % of total CO2 emissions to biomass burning, this study could exhibit the emissions inventory underestimation of this source, and thus, the need to reassess and incorporate top-down isotopic constraints in fire-affected urban regions.

Mexico↗
PubMed1978

Medicaid-funded private psychiatric care in New York City. The role of foreign-trained physicians.

Data were obtained from the tax records and the Professional Registry maintained by the New York City Department of Health as well as from the Biographical Directory of the American Psychiatric Association to determine which psychiatrists were providing care under the Medicaid Program and how they compare with the pool of psychiatric practitioners in New York City. The data reveal that psychiatrists educated in foreign medical schools provide disproportionately more care to Medicaid recipients than would be anticipated from their numbers, and are a majority of those who received more than +30,000 in payments in 1976. Furthermore, these psychiatrists account for 80 per cent of those delivering care at the two largest "shared health facilities," commonly referred to as "Medicaid mills." These findings indicate that although the Title XIX Program has facilitated the access of the poor to the private psychiatric sector, in New York City their access is biased toward treatment by foreign-educated psychiatrists.

Foreign Medical Graduates↗
PubMed1978

Identification and penicillinase testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium.

The fluorescent-antibody test, rapid carbohydrate utilization test (RCUT), and a test for penicillinase production were performed on the bacterial growth from primary cultures on modified New York City medium. Of 134 gonococcal infections in men, 88.8% were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test and 70.9% by the RCUT after incubation for 24 h; the corresponding figures for 75 infections in women were 86.7 and 54.7%, respectively. After incubation for 48 h, 100% of infections were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test, wherease 88.8% of infected males and 86.7% of females were also diagnosed by the RCUT. Primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium proved suitable for determining the ability of strains to produce penicillinase by a modified RCUT procedure. The method of isolation and identification by using primary cultures from modified New York City medium is both rapid and economical. The rapidity of diagnosis provided by the RCUT makes this a very useful diagnostic method, particularly in laboratories lacking immunofluorescence equipment. Since the penicillinase production test forms part of a routine identification procedure, no extra culture media or subcultures are required. The rapidity of this test should make it of value in tracing contacts of patients infected with penicillinase-producing strains.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

A world of cities: dream or nightmare?

With the progress of civilization cities, many of which originally developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt, spread northwards into Europe to proliferate there and, later, in the New World. The industrial Revolution, a predominantly British phenomenon, was the original stimulus to Western urbanization, a process that continues to this day. City living has many advantages, but also many drawbacks including increased mortality and urban stress; psychiatry has had to concern itself with many of its difficulties. Rural-urban migration is also currently taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa; in these continents the problems of urbanization, exacerbated by indigenous factors, have proved to be considerable. Some remedies for overurbanization are considered, as is also city development in the future.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed1978

The City Hospital for Infectious Diseases--conception and first years.

Cape Town had no proper facilities for dealing with infectious disease when, in 1894, Dr Barney Fuller, city MOH, began a 6-year flight to establish the City Hospital for Infectious Diseases. The project was delayed, first by disputes between the city and the Colonial Government about paying for it, and then by the outbreak of the South African War. As a result, the hospital when built in 1900 was taken over by the military, and was only developed for its proper purpose by Dr Jasper Anderson in 1902.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2026

Health and Physical Activity Outcomes in Age-Friendly Cities and Communities: A Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence and a Future Research Agenda.

OBJECTIVES: The World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCCs) promotes the development of urban environments, policies and services that support the health and participation of older adults. This systematic review examined contemporary evidence concerning associations between WHO AFCC conditions and directly measured health and physical activity outcomes among older residents. METHODS: The registered review adhered to the PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and applied the Downs and Black quality criteria for randomised and non-randomised research. RESULTS: Structured Boolean searches of five research repositories identified 17 peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2025 based upon original research conducted in WHO AFCC signatory cities. Although most studies reported positive associations between age-friendly features and domains, such as accessible transport, walkable environments, outdoor infrastructure and self-rated health or physical activity, the strength of evidence was limited by methodological inconsistency, variable study quality and reliance on self-reports. Barriers to evaluation included limited use of longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs, heterogeneous outcome measures, subjective response data and the challenge of establishing appropriate comparison conditions in complex municipal settings. CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening evaluation frameworks for AFCC initiatives is essential for evidence-based urban health policy and governance in rapidly ageing societies. A research agenda is proposed to strengthen AFCC evaluation through standardised measurement, community-based and mixed-methods research, and a greater commitment to co-designed assessment frameworks.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Leading with Innovation: Maternal Health Transformation in New York City Health + Hospitals.

New York City's (NYC) maternal health crisis drew close attention in the late 2010s, driven by alarming data: Approximately 30 women died annually during childbirth in NYC, Black non-Hispanic women were 12 times more likely to die than white women, and more than 3,000 women experienced life-threatening birth complications each year. In response, NYC committed $12.8 million in July 2018 to reduce maternal mortality and eliminate racial disparities.NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H)-the nation's largest public health system, serving 1.1 million patients annually with roughly 15,000 births per year-became the primary vehicle for this initiative. With 80 percent of the system's deliveries covered by Medicaid and a patient population that is 51.2 percent Hispanic and 27.1 percent Black, H+H is uniquely positioned to lead the fight against maternal health inequity.Three flagship programs anchor H+H's response to the city's maternal mortality rate. The OB Simulation Program, launched in 2012 and expanded in 2018, was the first in the nation to use mannequins of color to train thousands of providers in obstetric emergencies. The Maternal Home Program, piloted at H+H's Kings County Hospital in 2019 and scaled system-wide by 2021, has served more than 10,341 patients, generating more than 33,000 referrals for social, behavioral health, and community resources. The Cardio-Obstetrics Program located at Kings County Hospital targets cardiovascular disease-the leading cause of maternal death among Black women-through screening, education, and community outreach. These programs are a health equity imperative, made more urgent by impending federal Medicaid cuts resulting from the H.R.1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act (passed on July 4, 2025).

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Barriers to the delivery of mental health services: the New York City experience.

The author discusses some of the barriers encountered in attempting to transform New York City's fragmented mental health services into a comprehensive, nondiscriminatory, and accessible system. Among the barriers he identifies are the belief that more money alone will solve the problem; the uneven distribution of funds among the boroughs of the city and the resistance of existing agencies to redistribution; and the way in which reimbursement patterns shape the kinds of services provided. He believes the single most effective stimulus to the development of an integrated system of care would be a requirement that eligibility for reimbursement under Medicaid be based on a facility's participation in a comprehensive system of care. He emphasizes the need to remove social, rehabilitation, and other services from under the mental health umbrella and to obtain other sources of funding for them; the need for local governance of services; and the need to provide work opportunities for the more seriously disabled.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMed1977

Enteropathogens associated with pediatric diarrhea in Mexico City.

Enteropathogens were investigated as possible agents in pediatric diarrhea occurring in Mexico City during the summer of 1975. Pathogens were identified in 47 (76%) of 62 cases. Rotavirus particles were detected in 16 cases. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was detected in 29 cases; 11 were positive for heat-labile enterotoxin and 18 were positive for only the heat-stable form of enterotoxin. Multiple pathogens were found simultaneously in 15 (24%) of the study population. This study indicates that the etiology of pediatric summertime diarrhea in Mexico City is diverse. ETEC and RV were the most frequently encountered pathogens, yet they frequently occurred together and with other pathogens. ST-only strains of toxigenic E. coli were as frequently recovered as LT-E. coli suggesting that both forms of ETEC must be sought in future field studies.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1978

Cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea with modified New York City (MNYC) medium.

A simply prepared modified New York City medium, designated MNYC was compared with Thayer Martin (TM) medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea. MNYC medium contained lincomycin, commercial gonococcal base and lysed whole blood, whereas the original New York City medium contained fresh horse plasma and haemoglobin solution, a basal medium prepared from basic ingredients and vanocmycin. Using MNYC medium gonococci were cultured from 96.1% of men and 100% of women with gonorrhoea (positive film and/or culture) compared with only 77.6% and 69% respectively using TM medium. There were no patients positive by culture on TM medium but negative by culture on MNYC medium. The proportion of men with positive films but negative culture was reduced from 17.1% on TM medium to 3.9% on MNYC medium. There were no women with positive films but negative cultures on MNYC medium compared with 19% on TM medium. MNYC medium is recommended as a simply prepared and highly efficient medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea.

Bacteriological Techniques↗