Nonspecific improvement effects in depression using interpersonal skills training, pleasant activity schedules, or cognitive training.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Cognitive training”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Cognitive training for EMR children: choosing the best alternative.
Twenty-eight EMR children participated in an 8-week training program on choosing the best alternative. The training was presented within the context of small-group discussions of familiar social problems and participation in table games. A control group (n = 28) engaged in similar activities but without specific cognitive training. The experimental group's posttest scores were far superior (p is less than .001) to those of the control group, an finding that suggests a major experiential component in the deficit in problem-solving skills typical of EMR children and provides strong support for the efficacy of early intensive cognitive training.
Child↗
Changes in hippocampal functional connectivity and volume associated with cognitive improvement and decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment following computerized cognitive training.
BACKGROUND: The hippocampus influences the outcomes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and undergoes different changes during the cognitive decline or recovery of aMCI compared to elderly individuals with normal cognition, which may reveal disease-dependent neurodegeneration or plasticity. We first aimed to investigate the hippocampal changes associated with cognitive changes in aMCI using a combined case-control study design. METHODS: In total, 50 aMCI individuals and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in Shenyang, China, and separately randomized into training and control groups: aMCI training group, aMCI no training group, HC training group, and HC no training group. The aMCI and HC training groups received computerized cognitive training (CCT) thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Cognitive assessments and MRI data were collected at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: The primary outcome was significant CCT×diagnosis interaction effect on the change in cognitive performance as measured by clock drawing test (CDT) scores (F = 4.322, P = 0.041); this interaction was driven by CCT specifically in aMCI (F = 4.465, P = 0.038). Significant CCT×diagnosis interaction effects of right-hippocampal FC changes were observed in the bilateral precuneus/cuneus (Pvoxel<0.05) driven by CCT in aMCI (F = 5.429, P = 0.023), and in the left superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG, Pvoxel<0.05), driven by CCT of only in HCs (F = 6.587, P = 0.013). A significant interaction effect of left-hippocampal FC changes were observed in the right triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGtriang, Pvoxel<0.05), driven by CCT in aMCI and HCs (F = 6.550, P = 0.013; F = 7.097, P = 0.010). No significant interaction effect on the change in hippocampal GMV was noted (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: CCT can improve the visuospatial ability of aMCI, which is reflected by the CDT scores. CCT can alter hippocampal FC in the bilateral precuneus/cuneus, the right IFGtriang, and the left STG/MTG. The hippocampal GMV is difficult to change in both HCs and aMCI during the cognitive decline. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1900026849. DATE OF REGISTRATION: 24 October 2019 NAME OF TRIAL REGISTRY: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR).
Humans↗
Cognitive training interventions in children: review of a new approach.
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Achievement↗
Cognitive training for the EMR child: language skills prerequisite to relevant-irrelevant discrimination tasks.
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Child↗
Extended Long-Term Effects of Cognitive and Aerobic Training on Cognitive Function in Patients With Stress-Related Exhaustion Disorder: A 4.5-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Stress-related conditions like clinical burnout and exhaustion disorder (ED) are associated with enduring cognitive problems. We have previously demonstrated that the addition of computerised cognitive training (CCT) and aerobic training (AT) to a multimodal rehabilitation programme (MMR) yielded greater improvements in cognitive function compared to MMR alone in patients with ED. These effects were maintained at the 1-year follow-up for CCT, but not for AT. Building on these findings, the present study examined the extended long-term effects of CCT and AT on cognitive function, psychological health, and work ability, 4.5 years after the interventions. Participants were recruited from a stress-rehabilitation clinic and 56 of the initial 132 participants returned for the 4.5-year follow-up. Assessments were conducted before (T1), immediately after (T2), 1-year after (T3) and 4.5-years after (T4) the interventions. Mixed model analyses assessed changes in the intervention groups relative to the control group from T1 to T4, with follow-up comparisons examining within-group stability of outcomes between T3 to T4. The primary outcome was cognitive performance on a global cognitive score. Secondary outcomes included domain-specific cognitive functioning, self-reported cognitive function, psychological health (burnout, depression, anxiety, and fatigue), and work ability. The analysis revealed sustained long-term effects on the global cognitive score, a trained updating task and episodic memory in the CCT group, with stable performance between one- and 4.5-year follow-up. The addition of AT did not yield any extended long-term effects on cognitive performance. Both groups showed extended long-term improvements in self-reported memory problems, although findings were mixed. Extended long-term improvements were observed on burnout for both groups, with additional effects on anxiety and work ability in the AT group. Notably, these effects were not present at the 1-year follow-up and are more plausibly explained by selective attrition rather than a delayed intervention effect. In conclusion, the result indicates that cognitive interventions such as CCT can have lasting positive effects on cognitive function in patients with ED, whereas the long-term psychological effects should be interpreted with caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0073772.
Adult↗
Toward applying cognitive skill training to memory problems.
Four elements of a successful program of cognitive skill training for the elderly include: (a) the use of mnemonic aids for the memorization of new information; (b) the development of motivational techniques to enhance attention to materials and maintenance of cognitive skills acquired through training; (c) the design of techniques which utilize individual differences in abilities, personality, and cognitive style to enhance individual programs of cognitive skill training; and (d) the use of appropriate medical and/or psychiatric care when necessary.
Aged↗
Social skills training and cognitive restructuring with alcoholics.
Social skills training (SST) has been shown to produce significant increases in skills immediately after training. However, persistence of skills has not been demonstrated during the follow-up period. The present study investigated this issue using SST and cognitive restructuring (CR) methods. Twenty-four hospitalized "alcoholics" were allocated to one of the following three group: (i) SST, (ii) CR, and (iii) traditional supportive therapy (TST). Twelve 2-hour sessions were conducted with each group. Before, following, and three months after treatment (i) behaviour ratings through structured interview, (ii) nurses' ratings, (iii) self-reported ratings of social skills and (iv) alcohol intake were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated SST to be significantly superior on all measures compared to CR, which was superior to TST immediately after training. However, 3 months after treatment, the subjects in the CR group indicated greater skill increments than the SST group subjects who, in turn, showed greater improvement than subjects in the TST group. These results led to the conclusion that CR was more effective than SST and TST in producing long-term skill increments. The significance of these findings in providing support for the social learning model of alcohol dependence and cognitive restructuring theory of social skills modification is discussed.
Alcoholism↗
Effects of Exergame Balance Training with Variable Cognitive Motor Challenges on Serum BDNF, p-tau181, and Cognitive Functions in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Trial.
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive-motor exergame balance training may increase attentional demands and neuronal processing, potentially affecting serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Aβ1-42, and p-tau181, as well as train cognitive abilities in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to compare the effects of exergame balance training of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit™ groups on blood serum levels of BDNF, Aβ1-42, p-tau181, and cognition function in adults with MCI. METHODS: In this four-arm, parallel group randomized clinical trial, 97 adults with MCI were randomly assigned to exergame balance training groups of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit exergame as a control group. All participants received 40 min/session, 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Assessment of serum levels of p-tau181, Aβ1-42, BDNF, and cognitive functions was conducted at baseline, after weeks 4 and 8. A mixed-model analysis of covariance was used, with post-baseline measurements (weeks 4 and 8) specified as the within-subject factor and the corresponding baseline value entered as a covariate to adjust for initial between-group variability. RESULTS: A significant group × time interaction was found for BDNF, F(3,92) = 6.413, P = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.181; p-tau181, F(3,92) = 4.640, P = 0.040, ηp2 = 0.138; attention, F(3,92) = 4.171, P = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.057; abstraction, F(3,92) = 4.263, P = 0.043, ηp2 = 0.058; and visuospatial skills, F(3,92) = 6.931, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.234. CONCLUSION: Cognitive-motor challenge-based exergame balance training was associated with an increase in serum BDNF, a reduction in p-tau181. In contrast, the Aβ1-42 levels remained stable. These changes were accompanied by improvement in selective cognitive functions (attention, abstraction, and visuospatial skills) in individuals with MCI. Greater effects were observed in moderate and high-difficulty groups, suggesting the importance of intervention intensity in promoting cognitive and neurobiological outcomes in MCI.
Humans↗
Effects of assertive training and cognitive components of rational therapy on assertive behaviors and interpersonal anxiety.
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Anxiety↗
BRAIN-Diabetes: Acceptability of an adapted FINGER multidomain intervention among adults living with type 2 diabetes in rural border regions across the island of Ireland.
BackgroundIndividuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) face increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Multidomain lifestyle interventions offer a non-pharmacological strategy to support brain health in this high-risk group.ObjectiveThis study examined the acceptability of a culturally adapted FINGER-based intervention among adults living with T2DM in rural border regions of Ireland (BRAIN-Diabetes Trial).MethodsA 6-month pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted. The intervention group received a multidomain program targeting diet, physical activity, and computerized cognitive training (CCT). The control group received standard care. Acceptability was assessed using questionnaires (all participants) and semi-structured interviews (intervention participants). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and qualitative data using template analysis, guided by four a-priori themes: trial participation and engagement, dietary behavior change, exercise behavior change, and CCT behavior change.ResultsQuestionnaire data (intervention: n = 28; control: n = 36) indicated high overall acceptability. Dietary and exercise components were rated most positively, while CCT component was less well received. Interviews (n = 25) highlighted facilitators to trial engagement, including perceived health improvements, and social connection, with time constraints and limited personalization as barriers. Dietary change was supported by tailored guidance but hindered by cost and availability. Facilitators for exercise included accessible resources and perceived benefits, with barriers including competing priorities. CCT engagement was mixed, with challenges including digital access and repetitiveness.ConclusionsThe Brain-Diabetes intervention was acceptable and feasible among adults with T2DM. Personalized support and accessible resources were key to engagement. Future work should refine delivery to enhance scalability and long-term adherence among high-risk groups.
Humans↗
Psychological skills training for sport-related outcomes: An umbrella review of evidence credibility and methodological quality.
Psychological skills training (PST) is widely used in sport, but review-level evidence remains fragmented across interventions, populations, outcomes, and methodological standards. This umbrella review synthesized evidence on PST-related interventions for sport-related outcomes, including athletic performance, psychological outcomes, cognitive performance, and sports injury, and evaluated evidence credibility, certainty, and methodological quality. A systematic literature search was conducted on 21 May 2025 in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete. Overall, 61 reviews involving 42,106 participants were included; 35 meta-analyses involving 28,076 participants were eligible for quantitative synthesis, and 26 reviews or meta-analyses involving 14,030 participants were summarized qualitatively. Quantitative findings showed generally positive point estimates for mindfulness-based interventions, imagery practice, music-based interventions, neurofeedback, perceptual-cognitive training, and multiple PST interventions, but most findings were weak or non-significant and certainty was generally very low. Qualitative evidence suggested potential benefits, but conclusions varied according to intervention definition, delivery, outcome measurement, and methodological quality. Evidence was more developed for athletic performance and psychological outcomes than for cognitive performance and sports injury. Overall, PST-related interventions may benefit sport-related outcomes, but conclusions should remain cautious because of low certainty, methodological heterogeneity, and limited evidence credibility.
Humans↗
Modifiability of fluid intelligence in aging: a short-term longitudinal training approach.
The aim of this study was to examine to what degree fluid intelligence can be modified in aged subjects. The effectiveness of a cognitive training program designed to enhance one primary component of fluid intelligence, Figural Relations, was assessed by comparing the posttraining performances of 15 experimental and 15 control subjects (mean age: 69; age range 59-85) using a transfer paradigm and three posttraining assessments conducted approximately 1 week, 1 mo, and 6 mo following training. The post-training performance of the two groups was compared on three near (fluid intelligence) and one far (crystallized intelligence) transfer measures. A hierarchical pattern was predicted with the magnitude of training effects ordering themselves in descending order from near to far transfer measures. The training program was successful in enhancing performance on the fluid-nearest measure on all three posttests and for the next fluid-near measure on the first posttest. In addition, significant retest effects resulted which, however, were neither task-specific nor hierarchically ordered, but general and therefore indicative of ability-extraneous factors, such as test sophistication. The findings contribute to a position implying that intellectual performance in old age is more modifiable through short-term behavioral intervention than traditionally assumed.
Aged↗
A description of an intensive treatment project for the rehabilitation of severely brain-injured soldiers.
Thirteen severely brain-injured veterans are currently participating in an intensive rehabilitation project. This is a one-year vocational rehabilitation project conducted 30 hours weekly in a therapeutic workshop environment, in which all aspects of the patient's rehabilitation needs are dealt with. The three major goals of this project are: (a) Changing and modifying the behavior of the individual through the use of psychotherapy, cognitive training, training in the use of prosthetic devices and vocational training; (b) creating a supportive environment within the project in which staff and patients live together for a few hours daily and where patients are treated in groups; (c) generalizing the therapeutic effects to the community at large. This includes work with the social environment of the patient: family, friends, employer and rehabilitation workers of the Ministry of Defense. Preliminary results indicate that considerable therapeutic gains could be achieved while the patient is in a sheltered therapeutic milieu. However, there is less success in generalizing these effects to the behavior of the patient outside the sheltered environment.
Adult↗
AI-Driven Precision Medicine in Alzheimer's Disease: Drug Repurposing, Digital Therapeutics and Clinical Decision Support.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes significant clinical, social, and economic burden worldwide. Despite improvements in understanding its multifaceted pathogenesis, current treatments are mostly symptomatic and ineffective across varied patient populations. To overcome these constraints, AI-driven precision medicine allows tailored risk assessment, treatment selection, and disease monitoring. This review covers AI's role in AD precision medicine, focusing on drug repurposing, digital therapies and clinical decision support systems. Machine and deep learning models are used to predict medication response, integrate heterogeneous data sources such as genomics, transcriptomics, neuroimaging and electronic health records, and uncover pharmacogenomic treatment success factors. The paper covers AIenabled precision pharmacology, including tailored dosing algorithms, adaptive therapeutic monitoring, and adverse drug reaction prediction. Bioinformatics-based target identification, network pharmacology, graphbased AI models, virtual screening, and real-world and clinical data validation are emphasized in AI-driven medication repurposing. AI-powered digital treatments like personalized cognitive training platforms, wearable- derived digital biomarkers, virtual and mixed reality interventions, adherence monitoring, and digital twins for therapy optimization have been discussed. AI-based clinical decision support systems are also thoroughly assessed for clinical value, accuracy, and explainability in disease subtyping, trajectory prediction, and risk stratification in preclinical and prodromal AD. Despite these promises, data heterogeneity, algorithmic bias, legal barriers, and privacy concerns exist. Federated learning enables safe multi-center collaboration and hybrid AI-human approaches, and it represents the future. AI's ability to alter AD care opens the door to precision medicine paradigms that use repurposed medications, digital tools and intelligent decision-making to improve patient outcomes.
Alzheimer’s disease↗
Dissociable neural mechanisms of cognitive enhancement through transcranial stimulation and behavioral training.
BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and adaptive working memory (WM) training are promising cognitive enhancement approaches; however, their neural mechanisms and potential synergies remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We directly compared how tDCS and WM training modulate neural oscillations during WM performance and examined whether combining both interventions produces additive effects. METHODS: We randomized 112 healthy adults into four groups: control (sham tDCS + non-adaptive 1-back), tDCS-only (active tDCS + non-adaptive 1-back), training-only (sham tDCS + adaptive n-back training), or combined (active tDCS + adaptive training). Participants underwent five daily intervention sessions. We recorded high-density EEG during transfer n-back tasks at baseline, post-intervention, and one-week follow-up. RESULTS: All active interventions improved WM performance relative to the control group, with the combined group showing the largest gains (n-back accuracy: +15.6% vs. + 10.1% tDCS-only, +9.7% training-only, +0.7% control; all p < 0.001). Critically, tDCS selectively increased gamma-band (30-50 Hz) power in the frontal and parietal regions (cluster p = 0.018, d > 1.0), whereas WM training enhanced frontal theta-band (4-8 Hz) power and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling (both cluster p < 0.012, d > 0.85). The combined group exhibited both neural signatures. Brain-behavior correlations revealed dissociable relationships: gamma increases predicted n-back accuracy improvements (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), whereas theta enhancements correlated with operation span gains (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: tDCS and WM training enhance cognition through distinct yet complementary neural mechanisms: tDCS via gamma-mediated cortical excitability and WM training via theta-mediated cognitive control. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for multimodal enhancement strategies that target parallel pathways within WM networks.
Humans↗
Cognitive self-instructional training approach for reducing disruptive behavior of young children.
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Aggression↗
Effect of cognitive enhancement therapy for early course schizophrenia on gray matter volume: A confirmatory multisite randomized clinical trial.
BACKGROUND: Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) is an evidence-based cognitive remediation intervention for early course schizophrenia with established benefits for cognition. CET may protect against broad temporolimbic gray matter volume loss associated with cognitive improvement, but this finding has yet to be replicated. This research reexamined if CET protects against temporolimbic gray matter volume loss in an independent and larger multisite early course sample, and if this neuroprotective effect predicts cognitive and social adjustment improvement. METHODS: Ninety-nine participants with early course schizophrenia completed MRI, cognitive, and social adjustment assessments at baseline, 9 (mid-treatment), and 18 (end of treatment) months. Linear mixed-effects models examined the differential impact of CET (n = 56) compared to Enriched Supportive Therapy (n = 43) on temporolimbic gray matter volume in regions-of-interest (ROIs) that previously demonstrated CET-related neuroprotection (primary ROIs), as well as frontotemporal ROIs outlined in the first trial (secondary ROIs). RESULTS: The right rostral anterior cingulate was the only primary ROI to demonstrate a significant group × time interaction, but was unrelated to cognitive and social adjustment change. No secondary ROIs exhibited a differential treatment effect. CONCLUSION: This confirmatory trial did not recapitulate the observed broad pattern of CET-related temporolimbic gray matter volume neuroprotection. Consistent with the larger literature demonstrating limited evidence of cognitive remediation effects on the brain in schizophrenia, these findings underscore the need for continued investigation of CET-related changes with other neuroimaging modalities, especially given its established cognitive benefits. Such information is critical for cognitive remediation optimization based on validated therapeutic mechanisms.
Humans↗