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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

The effect of methyl parathion on susceptibility of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to domestic cat predation.

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) that received either 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl o-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) treatment were investigated as to their susceptibility to predation by a cat (Felis domesticus) predator. Four hours after receiving methyl parathion (MP), physical activity levels were monitored in quail and included the number of seconds spent still, walking, running, or flying before and after a cat was introduced into an experimental arena. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity for each quail on experiment was determined. Quail that were captured exhibited significantly greater inhibition of brain ChE activity and spent significantly more time being still than noncaptured birds. Birds receiving MP at 8 mg/kg spent more seconds being still than those in other treatment groups and had ChE activity reduced to 42.8% of normal activity. There was a tendency for quail at increasing treatment levels to be more susceptible to capture by the cat predator. The neurological and behavioral effects of methyl parathion may have important ecological ramifications.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Enhanced prenatal auditory experience facilitates species-specific visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus).

Premature stimulation of a later developing sensory system is known to impact the functioning of earlier developing sensory systems. For example, exposure to premature (prenatal) visual experience results in a decline in species-typical auditory responsiveness in several precocial bird species. The present study examined the influence of experiential enhancement of an earlier developing sensory system on a later developing modality. Specifically, the influence of enhanced prenatal auditory stimulation on subsequent postnatal auditory and visual functioning of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks was assessed. Results indicate that birds receiving exposure to increased amounts of unaltered, species-typical embryonic vocalizations before hatching show species-typical auditory responsiveness at both 12 hr and 24 hr after hatching, but exhibit an accelerated pattern of species-typical visual responsiveness by 24 hr of age. These findings suggest that enhancement of an earlier developing sensory system can facilitate the development of a later developing sensory system and serve to demonstrate the dynamic nature of early perceptual organization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Frequency and duration of paratyphoid organism shedding by experimentally infected bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

Four-week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were experimentally infected with Salmonella urbana, S. infantis, S. newport, S. gaminara, S. braenderup, and S. litchfield. Rates of mortality varied from 0 to 50%. The rate of shedding of paratyphoid organisms varied from 14 to 100% for 18 or more days after infection. The maximum duration of shedding was 53 days by 12% of the quail infected with S. braenderup and the minimum duration was 18 days by 14% of the quail infected with S. litchfield.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Life cycle and biology of Eimeria lettyae sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus (L.).

A new species of coccidium, Eimeria lettyae sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) was recovered from feces of the northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus (L.), from Pennsylvania and Florida. Oocysts measured 21.1 microns (16.4 to 25.8) by 17.2 microns (14.1 to 21.2); index (L/W ratio) = 1.22. Oocysts lacked a micropyle, residuum, and polar granules. Sporozoites penetrated the upper 1/2 of the villi, then moved to the lamina propria at the base of the villi. There were five asexual generations, all of which developed above the nucleus of the host cell. Meronts measured 9.4 X 7.0 microns, 18.6 X 11.2 microns, 11.8 X 10.1 microns, 7.1 X 6.2 microns, and 20.2 X 12.8 microns, respectively. These matured at 32, 40, 48, 56, and 72 hr postinoculation (PI) and contained 12, 50+, 24 to 36, 12 to 24, and 50+ merozoites, respectively. Infection was most intense in the duodenum although some gamonts were found in the ileum and ceca. The prepatent period was 88 to 91 hr PI. Sporulation time was 18 hr at 25 C. The peak of oocyst production was broad and extended from 4 days PI through 14 days PI. Oocysts were passed for at least 67 to 76 days PI. Eimeria lettyae sp. n. did not infect chickens (Gallus domesticus), domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus cochicus), chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca), or Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). Immunizing bobwhite with E. lettyae sp. n. did not protect against challenge with E. dispersa. Immunizing bobwhites 25 times with 10(2) or 10(3) sporulated oocysts of E. lettyae did not entirely eliminate oocyst production following challenge with the same species.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pathogenicity of Eimeria lettyae Ruff, 1985 in the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus L.).

Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria lettyae were administered orally to 5-day-old or 18-day-old northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus, L.). Five-day-old bobwhites were more susceptible based on higher mortality and reduced weight gain. A dose of 5 X 10(5) oocysts produced 25-43% mortality in 5-day-old bobwhites, but none in 18-day-old bobwhites. A dose of 1 X 10(6) oocysts/bobwhite produced 83-100% mortality in 5-day-old bobwhites, and 17-83% mortality in 18-day-old bobwhites. Body weight gain was reduced significantly with a dose of 1 X 10(5) oocysts or greater in 5-day-old bobwhites and with a dose of 5 X 10(5) oocysts or greater in 18-day-old bobwhites. Infection in all age groups reduced concentrations of plasma pigment and plasma protein, but did not affect packed cell volumes. No grossly visible lesions were present in the intestine although there was a shortening of the villi in the duodenum. In mature bobwhites, infection with E. lettyae did not cause mortality, but did reduce egg production and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Frequency discrimination in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) (N:9, aged 24 mo) were trained using a positive reinforcement paradigm to respond to an assigned "standard" frequency of either 1.0 or 3.5 kc/s by pressing a response key. Each S was trained in 2 phases to respond to its assigned frequency rather than to alternately presented tones of a different frequency. In every test each S discriminated its assigned frequency at greater than chance levels. Discrimination ability was poorest when delta F was at the minimum tested (0.25 kc/s). Birds whose standard frequency was 1.0 kc/s were better at the task than those trained to a 3.5-kc/s standard, especially when finer discriminations were required (Phase II). This superiority at 1.0 kc/s confirmed what was seen previously (Barton et al, J. Aud. Res., 1984, 24, 87-97) in the Bobwhite's audibility curve; it was hypothesized that the correspondence may have to do with the need for adult birds to recognize frequency variations near 1.0 kc/s that are uniquely made by immediate conspecifics rather than other members of the species. As such it may well represent a "fine tuning" of the bird's acoustic abilities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive capacities of control bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) during one-generation reproduction studies.

The Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is the avian model of choice for testing the reproductive impairment potential of pesticides and environmental contaminants. While the literature contains numerous reports on the effects of pesticides on eggshell development for quail, mallards and other avian species (Haegele and Tucker, 1974; Kolaja, 1977; Jenkins et al., 1974) limited control data for reproductive evaluation of pesticides can be found. This paper summarizes the control data from three one-generation reproductive studies in Bobwhite quail. One male and two female adult quail were housed in clean pens with tap water and game bird breeder ration available ad libitum. The pre-laying cycle was ten weeks in duration. The photoperiod was seven hours of light per day for the first eight weeks and was increased to 17 hours of light per day in order to induce egg laying. Eggs were collected daily for eight weeks and incubated. Biweekly, one egg from each pen was removed and used for determination of eggshell thickness. The mean reproductive indices for these studies are: Eggs cracked/Eggs laid--8.2%, Viable 11-day embryos/Eggs set--73.6%, Viable 21-day embryos/Viable 14-day embryos--98.9%, Hatchlings/Viable 21-day embryos--82.0%, 14-day survivors/Hatchlings--76.3%. The mean eggshell thickness for 144 eggs was 0.301 mm.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus.

The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. is described from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus. The broadly ellipsoid oocysts measured 24.8 micronm (22.4 to 28.0) by 20.9 micronm (17.9 to 22.4). The L/W ratio was 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4). An inconspicuous micropyle was present while an oocyst residuum and polar granule were absent. The oocyst walls were 1.4 micronm thick and covered with small, evenly spaced elevations. The sporocysts measured 14.2 micronm (12.3 to 14.5) by 8.4 micronm (7.8 to 8.9). A sporocyst residuum, small Stieda body and large substieda body were present. Ooocysts first appeared in the feces between 84 to 96 hr. Freshly-passed oocysts were completely sporulated by 48 hr at 25 C.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Species-specific auditory preference of bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus) is altered by social interaction with siblings.

This study examined whether reinstating specific aspects of the normally occurring postnatal setting (ongoing social interaction with siblings during rearing and/or testing) would influence bobwhite quail chicks' attraction to their species-typical maternal call. Results revealed that incubator-reared chicks exhibit a strong preference for the species-typical bobwhite maternal call over a group of same-aged siblings in simultaneous choice tests at 24 hr and 48 hr after hatching, but only if the birds are kept in relative social isolation. No preference for the maternal call was found at 24 hr or at 48 hr if chicks were reared in a group of same-aged chicks from hatching and tested to the maternal call vs. siblings or the maternal call paired with a live adult bobwhite hen vs. siblings. These results raise doubts about the appropriateness of the usual methods of isolation rearing in the study of species-typical perceptual preferences and underscore the importance of considering features of the natural social context in the analysis of early perceptual and social behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Effect of anaerobic cecal microflora and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

The effect of oral inoculation with anaerobic cultures of cecal microflora from adult broiler chickens and dietary lactose on Salmonella typhimurium cecal colonization was evaluated in bobwhite quail chicks. One-day-old chicks were divided into four groups and provided 1) no anaerobic cultures, no lactose (control); 2) anaerobic cultures; 3) 2.5% lactose (wt/vol) in drinking water; or 4) anaerobic cultures and lactose. All groups were challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 2 days of age. Salmonella growth in the cecal contents was significantly decreased (P < .05) at 15 days of age in each of the three treatment groups as compared with controls. Protection against Salmonella colonization was highest in the treatment group provided anaerobic cultures only. The results indicated that cecal flora from adult chickens enhances Salmonella colonization resistance in quail chicks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inclusion body hepatitis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).

Farm-reared bobwhite quails less than 3 weeks of age experienced high mortality (250 of 400). At necropsy, these birds had multiple 1-to-2-mm pale foci throughout their livers. Histologically, these foci varied from acute hepatocellular necrosis without an inflammatory response to necrosis with infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells and some heterophils. Hepatocytes adjacent to affected areas had large basophilic intranuclear inclusions. A group I avian adenovirus was isolated from affected livers.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental reproduction of enteritis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and reovirus.

Five-day-old bobwhite quails were inoculated with reovirus and Cryptosporidium previously isolated from the intestinal contents of young, commercially raised bobwhite quails experiencing severe enteritis. Quails inoculated with reovirus alone did not develop clinically apparent disease, infection was localized principally in the intestinal tract, and no lesions were detected. Quails inoculated with Cryptosporidium, alone or with reovirus, developed severe enteritis with high mortality and marked growth depression. Cryptosporidia caused blunting of intestinal villi and provoked a mononuclear cell response in the lamina propria. The severity of intestinal lesions correlated with numbers of parasites. An apparent synergistic effect in dually infected quails was indicated by enhanced Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding, greater numbers of cryptosporidia in the intestinal tracts, and systemic reovirus infection. In addition, multifocal liver necrosis was detected in dually infected quails but was absent in quails infected with only reovirus or Cryptosporidium. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium promoted systemic spread of reovirus, and reovirus intensified Cryptosporidium infection, but no significant synergistic effect on mortality or weight gain was detected. The most important agent in the naturally occurring acute enteritis of bobwhite quails was Cryptosporidium.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Influence of duration on the frequency discrimination of Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus).

In attempting to parcel out the components within calls that may have functional significance or "message value", the present study of the series pitted "best audible" frequencies of Bobwhite Quail against one another in a frequency discrimination task, and further looked at these frequencies relative to their durational limits. The tasks set for the birds were difficult. In Expers. I and II, 8 adult quail discriminated between frequencies which presumably have independent significance (the 1.0-kc/s of the adult separation call, and the 3.5-kc/s of the chick "lost" call) at lessening durations (200-30 msec). In Exper. III, duration discrimination was tested at single frequencies. The tasks were related in several ways to "real call" situations like those met by birds under field conditions. Mean frequency discrimination performance was about 75%-correct when the standard and comparison tones were both 200 msec in duration, about 65% when both were at 100 msec, and at chance levels at shorter durations. This was true whether the standard tone remained at 200 msec (Exper. I) or was shortened along with the comparison tone. The limit of durational discrimination at both peak frequencies was also of the order of 100 msec. Thus, quail can discriminate the frequency of peak frequency signals that vary in duration down to a limit of 100 msec., but as the task becomes more difficult (i.e., reduced duration or similar frequency content) decreased sensitivity might have to be offset by enhancement of other signal parameters.

Animals↗