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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Influence of opium availability on addiction rates in Laos.

Crude rates of opium addiction were determined in 1972-1974 in ten communities of Laos, representing eight different ethnic groups and three provinces. In six rural communities, data were obtained by a house-to-house survey, and in four urban communities by opium den registration. Communities raising opium poppy as a cash crop had highest crude rates of addiction (7.0-9.8 addicts per 100 people). Thos involved in opium commerce had intermediate rates (4.1-5.5). Where neither opium production nor commerce was present, the communities had the lowest rates of addiction (1.8-2.3).

Agriculture↗
PubMed1977

Repression of asexual embryogenesis in vitro by some plant growth regulators.

A factor that represses asexual embryogenesis has been observed in the Rutaceae, with particularly high concentrations in the naturally monoembryonic cultivars. This investigation was an initial step towards identifying the factor. Citrus reticulata Blanco Ponkan mandarin nucellus explants and Daucus carota L. 'Queen Anne's Lace' callus were employed to examine effects of known plant growth regulators and to determine possible identity of one or more of them with the repressive factor. The chalazal halves of ovules of C. media L. 'Citron of Commerce' were used as control repressor source. Embryo initiation and growth of both test tissues were depressed markedly by 2,4-D, abscisic acid and ethephon. Slight inhibitions were obtained with IAA, kinetin and gibberellic acid. Recovery from the repressor did not occur readily in Citrus nucellus following recultures in citron-ovule-free medium; carrot callus resumed normal embryogenesis immediately upon transfer to suppressor-free medium. The repression by natural sources apparently involved the combined action of some or all natural hormones that are generically related to the above.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2024

Solving the 250-year-old mystery of the origin and global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.

The origin of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is enigmatic, in part because it is ubiquitous worldwide in human-built structures but absent from any natural habitats. The first historical records of this species are from ca. 250 years ago (ya) from central Europe (hence its name). However, recent research suggests that the center of diversity of the genus is Asian, where its closest relatives are found. To solve this paradox, we sampled genome-wide markers of 281 cockroaches from 17 countries across six continents. We confirm that B. germanica evolved from the Asian cockroach Blattella asahinai approximately 2,100 ya, probably by adapting to human settlements in India or Myanmar. Our genomic analyses reconstructed two primary global spread routes, one older, westward route to the Middle East coinciding with various Islamic dynasties (~1,200 ya), and another younger eastward route coinciding with the European colonial period (~390 ya). While Europe was not central to the early domestication and spread of the German cockroach, European advances in long-distance transportation and temperature-controlled housing were likely important for the more recent global spread, increasing chances of successful dispersal to and establishment in new regions. The global genetic structure of German cockroaches further supports our model, as it generally aligns with geopolitical boundaries, suggesting regional bridgehead populations established following the advent of international commerce.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Services for the aged in the new world. Comments on 'Our future selves: research-plan towards understanding aging'].

A comment is given on the report 'Our future selves; a research-plan towards understanding aging', concerning the human services and delivery systems. The title of the report seems to promise a picture of the aged in the future. It is regretted that the contents of the report only gives some ideas to improve the current services for the elderly. About the procedure in which the report was achieved is said, that the use of a panel of experts requires a very careful choice of the experts. Next to that, you cannot use the saying of a panel as they are, but you have to work them up, if you want to make a research-lan. As it seems that this is not sufficiently done, the results is not a plan, but a mere collection of subjects. Out of this collection five subjects are described (cultural factors, religion-ethics, nutrition, legal services, commerce), on which in the Netherlands little or no research is done. Participation in geronotology by anthropologists, theologians, and jurists is pleaded.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

['Our future selves'. Comments on "Human services and delivery systems'].

A description is given of the recommended research topics on Human Services and Delivery Systems for the Aging. Fifteen different fields of research attention are described. It is stated that there is a lack of a frame of reference for the different attention fields. This frame of reference is necessary for a more systematic approach towards the age specific problems and the age specific services, needed to solve those problems. The systematic approach can be found in a three-dimensional scheme in which the fifteen attention fields have their logical place. The recommanded research topics have to be assessed in this frame: 1. Socio-cultural aspects. Culture, religion, ethics, communication, education, recreation, civic participation. 2. Socio-economic aspects. Economic support, employment, legal services, commerce. 3. Physical environment. Physical Environment, nutrition, transportation. 4. Human environment. This aspect is not mentioned in the report. 5. Psychological aspects. 6. Physical aspects. These aspects are not explicitly mentioned in the report, but implicitly in the chapter about Health. Some of the recommendations are also relevant for the situation in the Netherlands. The recommended research on the health care system is critisized, because the items are too complex. For the Netherlands it is more worthwhile to do fundamental research on the age-specific vulnerability in relation to social, psychological and physical aspects. The results of that research can be used for a reconstruction of the whole health care system for the aged.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Balance sheet for phosphorus in the UK.

A balance sheet for the inputs, uses and outputs of phosphorus in the UK economy has been drawn up. The major import is fertilizer, amounting to about 200 kt P per year. After fertilizers, the other imports (in kt P) are in animal feeds (63), detergents (38) and human food (14). The major outputs are sewage (50), animal excreta (26) and refuse (21); soil losses are about 20 kt. The flowpaths for phosphorus through humans, animals and plants are described. The discrepancy of about 210 kt P/yr is explained by the fact that the amount of phosphorus in the soil increases each year by almost as much as the amount of fertilizer phosphorus added. In view of UK dependence on this imported resource it is suggested that priority is given to work which might eventually have some practical application in preventing or reversing the immobilization of phosphorus in the soil.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2026

Branded packaging raises likelihood of cigarette purchasing in an experimental retail setting by increasing craving.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to branded cigarette packaging in retail settings has been shown to be associated with purchasing behavior, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. This study tested whether cigarette craving and perceived health harms mediate the effect of branded packaging on cigarette purchasing in a simulated retail environment. METHODS: Young adults aged 21-34 who currently smoke cigarettes (n = 290) completed an experimental shopping task in the RAND StoreLab, a life-sized replica of a convenience store. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) branding present, in which branded cigarette packages were displayed; and (2) branding absent condition, in which branded elements were removed and packages were standardized in a brown-green color and uniform text. Cigarette purchases were recorded, and participants completed post-shopping measures of cigarette craving and perceived health harms. Causal effect decomposition analyses were used to assess whether these variables mediated the effect of study condition on the likelihood of purchasing cigarettes. RESULTS: Craving, but not perceived health harms, partially mediated the effect of branded packaging on cigarette purchasing. Exposure to branded packs increased the likelihood of purchasing by elevating craving (average mediated effect = 2.4%, 95% CI 0.2% - 5.0%, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Branded cigarette packaging appears to increase cigarette purchasing at least in part by increasing cigarette craving at point of sale. Interventions that address craving management in retail settings (e.g., just-in-time interventions, prn nicotine replacement therapy) may help mitigate the impact of branding on young adults' cigarette purchasing.

Humans↗