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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

A comparison between the disease status of hospitalized dogs from developed and those from developing communities.

The health status of canine populations within developed and those within developing communities was studied in a retrospective survey and compared. There were significant differences in the prevalence of disease amongst the hospitalised dogs from the 2 communities. Dogs from developing communities were mainly young cross-bred dogs which suffered from infectious diseases (44%), trauma (22%) and parasitic diseases (11%). There was a high mortality rate (30%) and 82% of these patients suffered from diseases that could have been prevented. The dogs from developed communities were mainly adult or old pure-bred dogs that suffered mainly from organ diseases (57%). There was a low mortality rate (10%) while only 31% suffered from diseases that could have been prevented. Based on the epidemiological findings, it was evident that owners of dogs in the developing communities required education in primary and secondary prevention of disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accessing community development research methodologies.

This paper is a perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of community development research offered to health promoters by a community development insider. The author provides her rationale for the opinion that no research paradigm other than the qualitative one satisfies the naturalistic context of either community development or health promotion, including inquiry into concepts such as community health, community wellbeing, community competence and community self-reliance. Attention is drawn to key aspects of the community development process with relevance to health promoters which are largely undertheorized, including clarity about the central issue of the nature of the interaction among learning, action and change. Finally, the paper specifies three implications of the naturalistic paradigm for either research or practice. These include academic prejudice against qualitative research from some quarters, the limitations of all research paradigms for some questions, and essential uncertainties of naturalistic inquiry.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1989

Evaluating community development programs for health promotion: problems illustrated by a New Zealand example.

This paper illustrates problems in the evaluation of community development programs for health promotion. It is based on the authors' retrospective process evaluation of the Wanganui Community Alcohol Action Program (WCAAP), a recent example of a health promotion program directed at reducing alcohol-related problems in a small New Zealand town. Described by its designers as a community-based program, it included coordination of community organizations, education, publicity and increased enforcement of drinking laws. Discussion of the problems in the evaluation of such programs puts them within the context of the substantial body of previous social science research in both evaluation and community development. This, it is argued, is a body of knowledge with which health promotion researchers need to be conversant. Community development programs usually stem from a process of negotiation between interest groups with differing objectives. This results in a changing definition of both the problem to be solved and the nature of the solution, making evaluation difficult. Community development is also likely to be seen as a new solution providing a panacea for old problems. This can lead to such programs being too ambitious. From the point of view of experimental design these programs are likely to have a number of technical problems. This paper argues that these problems are so significant that it often unwise to attempt large scale evaluations of community development programs. Rather, attention should be concentrated on critically assessing the policy-making process and disseminating previous knowledge about such programs.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

The limits and potential of community development for personal and social change.

Some health and welfare workers are making claims for community development which are both unrealistic and misleading. By tracing the history and public policy use of community development and by defining its characteristics, much of the mystique which surrounds this intervention is eliminated. Community development is revealed in this paper to have potential in the areas of personal and planned social change. However, community development's contribution to fundamental social change is circumscribed by the nature of government sponsorship and by its very process which emphasizes parochialism and the generation of self reliance.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

A qualitative study of the attitudes of members of a developing community towards their dogs and veterinary services.

A university-based hospital serving mainly a developing community readily appreciated that its clientele was from a very different sociological and cultural background than that of the professional staff and that developed and developing communities and their pets exhibit different patterns in their health status, with most diseases being predominantly related to socio-economic predicament. The need for a community-orientated service was recognised. From 1987 to 1988, the small animal outpatient clinic was used for an informal, unstructured sociological observation and interview-based study of the clientele and their pets. During this period, an informal educational programme was implemented to teach basic pet health care, and the efficacy of this programme was empirically gauged by comparing the knowledge and attitudes of first-time clients with those of regular clients. Regular clients appeared to become increasingly concerned about the health and management of their pets and the condition of their animals appeared to improve, with a corresponding decline in the degree of parasitism. The majority of clients however, still regarded the main reason for keeping dogs as the provision of some form of security. It also appeared as if improved attitudes towards household pets paralleled improvements in socio-economic status.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A quantitative study of the attitudes of members of a black developing community towards their dogs and veterinary services.

To further the study of human-companion animal interactions in black developing communities, the clients (n = 94) of a university-based animal hospital, serving primarily a developing community, were interviewed. The interviews covered demographics, socio-economic aspects, perceptions, values and attitudes of clients towards their dogs. Regular and new clients were compared. A profile of the hospital's black clientele was also constructed. The study showed that the majority of black clients value their dogs for the sake of security and protection. Attitudes towards pets parallelled improvements in socio-economic status. Most clients felt positive towards existing veterinary services. The results of this study support and highlight the value of a previous observational study and could prove to be invaluable in designing, implementing and planning socially relevant animal health services.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Drug prescribing in paediatrics at a teaching hospital serving a developing community.

Drug prescribing for paediatric inpatients at a teaching hospital serving a developing community was investigated. A list of 695 patient record numbers was randomly generated from the 7637 children admitted over the period examined (9.1%). Prescribed drugs were computer-categorized and counted. Antibacterials (30.0%), vitamins, iron preparations and dietary supplements (20.0%), electrolytes (18.8%), analgesics (12.2%) and respiratory drugs (7.1%) comprised the most frequently-prescribed groups. The main (admitting) diagnoses of the sample were also classified. Infective diseases (42.0%), respiratory conditions (18.2%), perinatal disorders (14.9%) and nutritional deficiencies (9.9%) predominated. Data for individual drugs in the four dominant drug groups are presented. The margins between the top one or two drugs and the others in each therapeutic category are notable. Few drugs are extensively used. They include ampicillin, paracetamol, multivitamin syrup and Darrow's preparations. The implications of this picture in therapeutics are discussed.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed1989

The community development in health project.

This paper describes the purpose and process of a 15 month project established to develop resources to assist people who are seeking to use a community development approach in addressing health issues.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1991

The reorganization of the city of Toronto dental services: a community development model.

The dental program of the Department of Public Health, City of Toronto, is over 75 years old. Recently, the department engaged in extensive community-based planning, which culminated in the closing of forty-eight school-based clinics and the opening of eight community clinics. A geriatric dental program also was established. This paper will describe the data utilized, the analysis of which enabled the department to focus its efforts on those at high risk for dental disease. These groups included immigrants and institutionalized seniors. This analysis also enabled the department to locate its clinics in those areas of the city with greatest need. The community development model, quite unique to major reorganizations, is also described. It was this wide support that resulted in the unanimous approval by the city council of the reorganization and gave impetus to personnel changes resulting in the ability of staff to communicate in the major languages of a city where over 50 percent speak a language other than English or French.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the tropics. 3. Coronary heart disease and associated characteristics in a tropical developing community.

Vital statistics indicate that cardiovascular disorders are now major causes of morbidity and mortality in many Caribbean communities. In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, the death rate from myocardial infarction is now similar to that in the UK and USA. In a 10-year prospective survey of 1386 men aged 35 to 69 years at entry, who belonged to a defined community in Port-of Spain, Trinidad, serum high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were very similar to those found by the same methods in Bristol, England. The age-adjusted incidence of first coronary heart disease (CHD) events in men clinically free of the disease at recruitment (per 1000 person-years) was 16.4 in men of Indian descent, 6.8 in those of African origin, 6.2 in those of European origin, and 2.4 in men of mixed descent (the contemporaneous figure for Bristol was about 12/1000 person-years). Serum HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations were strong and independent predictors of CHD in Trinidad, as they are in temperate climes. With effective control of tropical infectious diseases, and adoption of western patterns of consumerism, tropical developing communities will rapidly acquire the CHD risk factor status once more or less exclusive to developed populations in more temperate climes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The relationship of ideology to developing community health nursing theory.

Ideology plays a major role in developing theory, guiding education, and directing practice in nursing. This study investigated the opinions of community health nurse educators regarding specific elements of community health nursing ideology and its relationship to the educators' opinions about the appropriateness of existing theory for professional use. The majority of participants agreed that a specific set of beliefs can be called a community health nursing ideology. Covariant factor analysis indicated that it is not a undimensional, internally consistent single set of beliefs or values, but rather is a set of two types of values, one focusing on the individual and the other on society. Individually oriented beliefs were positively related to satisfaction with existing theory. Socially oriented beliefs were negatively related to satisfaction with existing theory, but the relationship was not statistically significant. Anyone engaged in developing community health nursing theory would do well to consider which ideologic model is undergirding the process.

Attitude↗
PubMed1991

Healthy cities: the Indiana model of community development in public health.

While the Institute of Medicine's Report on The Future of Public Health provokes debate on public health issues in the United States, the Healthy Cities movement is one approach to addressing many of these issues. Healthy Cities Indiana began in 1988 and adapts the European and Canadian healthy cities experience within the sociopolitical context of Indiana and the United States. Six Indiana cities are collaborating with Indiana University School of Nursing and the Indiana Public Health Association in a process of urban health promotion. The overall healthy cities process is presented including: city commitment, formation of healthy city committee, community leadership development, city action, provision of data-based information to policy makers, and action research and evaluation. Each step in the healthy cities process is described, highlighting examples from the Indiana experience, including an analysis of selected data describing the cities. The facilitators of a healthy city provide support to city leaders in other cities interested in becoming involved in the healthy cities process. Implications of healthy cities for health educators and other health professionals are suggested.

Community Participation↗