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Results for “Condom--cost”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Where do adolescents get their condoms?

PURPOSE: To determine where adolescents obtain their condoms; the availability and accessibility of condoms; condom availability in relationship to different sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates; and the availability of safer sex information in places where condoms are sold. METHODS: We conducted a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 259 14-19-year-old adolescents in Monroe County, New York. Self-reported health services use, knowledge and use of confidential services, and where adolescents obtained or intended to obtain condoms were assessed. Research assistants visited all retail establishments in five areas of similar population size with gonorrhea rates from 887 to 12,427 per 100,000 adolescents to assess how available and accessible condoms were in each store. Perceived access and actual condom availability and accessibility were compared using Chi-square and Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Trained interviewers dialed 11,800 numbers in 1993, identifying 4449 (40%) households among 11,065 numbers reached successfully. Of these, 393 (8.8%) had eligible adolescents and 259 (66%) completed interviews. Most adolescents reported obtaining, or planning to obtain, condoms in stores rather than from free health care settings. Adolescents who have used condoms more often reported having obtained them without cost than having purchased them. Condoms were available at 101 (83%) of 122 stores identified. All drug stores and 75% of supermarkets sold condoms and displayed them openly. Most small grocery stores also sold condoms (92%), but were less likely to openly display them. No stores displayed or provided safer sex information. Areas with higher STD rates had more stores (p <.01), and more stores that sold condoms (p <.01). There was no difference in condom cost by area. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents obtain their condoms in retail stores. Condom accessibility varied by store type and area STD rate. Increasing condom visibility in private grocery stores may increase the accessibility of condoms to adolescents in areas with highest STD rates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

A randomized controlled trial comparing nonoxynol-9 lubricated condoms with silicone lubricated condoms for prophylaxis.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the effect of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) in condom lubrication on the risk of acquiring STD and genital discomfort. METHODS: The study was a triple masked, randomised controlled trial comparing N-9 lubricated condoms with plain silicone lubricated condoms among Dominican female sex workers. RESULTS: Randomisation provided two groups (313 for N-9 and 322 for plain) similar in baseline characteristics, but extensive loss to follow up occurred (56 women in each group completed the 24 week follow up). Most vaginal acts with clients were protected with condoms (99% of vaginal sex) but fewer acts with non-clients were protected (43% of vaginal sex). No significant differences occurred in rates of cervical infections (N-9 = 3.4 per 100 person months v plain = 2.8), trichomoniasis (N-9 = 2.8 v plain = 3.6), or discomfort rates (N-9 = 0.82 v plain = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Plain silicone lubricated condoms are as effective as N-9 lubricated condoms, cost less, have longer expected shelf life, and therefore may be the better condom to provide.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Norplant contraceptive maker accused of profiteering on drug.

Family planning groups and a lawmaker accused a US drug company yesterday of profiteering on Norplant, the implantable, 5-year contraceptive. The company said its $365 product is cheaper than birth-control pills. But Rep. Ron Wyden said Norplant was developed with extensive government support and sells for $23 in some Third World countries. He said its cost to Wyeth-Ayerst laboratories may be as little as $16. About 875,000 US women have had 6 match-sized hormone-dispensing rubber capsules implanted in their upper arms since 1990. Dr. Amy Pollack of the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals said 56% of the 6 million pregnancies in the US each year are unwanted. She said 1.7 million pregnancies occur among women using contraceptives. The failure rate is less than 4 per 10,000 with Norplant compared with 3 per 100 women on the pill, she said. Dr. Marc W. Deitch, Wyeth's medical director, said the company made a risky decision to bring Norplant to market in collaboration with the nonprofit Population Council. The implant costs women 20 cents a day over its 5-year life, said Dr. Deitch. The $365 cost is significantly less than the $1481 they would pay over 5 years for birth-control pills, $762 for a diaphragm and $590 for shots of Depo Provera, he said. Male condoms cost $312 and an IUD $176. Family planning advocates challenged Dr. Deitch's math. Judith DeSarno, president of the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association, said federally funded clinics pay only $60 for a 5-year supply of oral contraceptives. Women also must pay doctor fees--usually from $150 to $200--for inserting Norplant and eventually removing it from their upper arms.

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of condom prices on sales in social marketing programs.

The issue of pricing contraceptives in family planning programs is becoming more and more important. What is the relationship between consumer prices and demand, and how can we strike the correct balance between the two? This report examines the correlation between consumer prices for condoms, expressed as a percentage of per-capita gross national product, and per-capita sales of condoms in 24 social marketing programs. The correlation that emerges is strong and negative: Even when the data are controlled for age of program and other independent variables, there is a clear negative correlation between prices and contraceptive sales in these programs. The conclusion is clear that condom prices must be set very low--well below the equivalent of 1 percent of per-capita gross national product for a year's supply--in order to achieve satisfactory prevalence for condoms in either a family-planning or an AIDS-prevention context.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Economic evaluation of Safer Choices: a school-based human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy prevention program.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost benefit of Safer Choices, a school-based human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy prevention intervention for high school students. METHODS: The baseline cost-effectiveness and cost benefit were derived in 4 steps: (1) estimation of intervention costs; (2) adaptation of the Bernoulli model to translate increases in condom use into cases of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases averted, and development of a model to translate increases in contraceptive use into cases of pregnancy averted; (3) translation of cases averted into medical costs and social costs averted; and (4) calculation of the net benefit of the program. Multivariable sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the robustness of the base-case results. RESULTS: Under base-case assumptions, at an intervention cost of $105,243, Safer Choices achieved a 15% increase in condom use and an 11% increase in contraceptive use within 1 year among 345 sexually active students. An estimated 0.12 cases of human immunodeficiency virus, 24.37 cases of chlamydia, 2.77 cases of gonorrhea, 5.86 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, and 18.5 pregnancies were prevented. For every dollar invested in the program, $2.65 in total medical and social costs were saved. Results of most of the scenarios remained cost saving under a wide range of model variable estimates. CONCLUSIONS: The Safer Choices program is cost-effective and cost saving in most scenarios considered. School-based prevention programs of this type warrant careful consideration by policy makers and program planners. Program cost data should be routinely collected in evaluations of adolescent prevention programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Providing low-cost sexually transmitted diseases services in two semi-urban health centers in Central African Republic (CAR): characteristics of patients and patterns of health care-seeking behavior.

BACKGROUND: While treatment of symptomatic sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been shown to reduce the incidence of HIV infection, there are few published reports describing the delivery of high quality STD care in Africa. GOAL: To test the feasibility of providing comprehensive, affordable STD services through the existing primary care infrastructure. DESIGN: STD treatment services using a syndromic' approach were established in two semi-urban hospital outpatient departments (OPD) in Central African Republic (CAR). A dedicated paramedical provider took a clinical history, performed an examination, explained the diagnosis and the importance of referring partners, dispensed drugs, and offered partner referral vouchers. A fee-for-service system was used to resupply drugs initially purchased with project funds. RESULTS: Of 9,552 visits by index patients and partners over a 28-month period starting in October 1993, 60% were made by women; of these women, 90% were symptomatic, 77% had "vaginal discharge," 70% "lower abdominal pain," and 7% "genital ulcer." Among men, 64 % were symptomatic, 38 % had "urethral discharge," and 14% "genital ulcer." Half of all symptomatic patients presented within 1 week of the onset of symptoms; 44% of men compared to 18% of women had sought care elsewhere before the clinic visit. The average cost per STD treated with recommended drugs was $3.90. Etiologic data from subpopulations in both sites suggest that a high proportion of patients was infected with an STD. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive yet affordable care for STDs in persons (and their partners) who recognize symptoms is feasible and should be widely implemented in primary care systems to prevent the spread and complications of STDs and HIV in Africa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Free condoms in the schools of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Attitudes of ninth grade students and their classroom teachers toward using condoms as a preventive measure against contracting AIDS were studied. Students (N = 438) and their teachers (N = 28) in the council schools of the Municipality of Copenhagen were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Overall, results demonstrated that the message regarding "safe sex" had been well understood. However, 42% of pupils reported not using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Many pupils indicated difficulty in using condoms. A continuing need exists for advice to the young. An information campaign, with distribution of free condoms, was well accepted by pupils and teachers. Almost all (94%) pupils indicated they will use condoms more frequently in the future. This campaign differed from other efforts that focused more on general information. The importance of other strategies designed to alter behavior to reduce the risk of contracting AIDS is discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1996

The cost-effectiveness of condoms in the prevention of HIV infection in England and Wales: should condoms be available on prescription?

OBJECTIVES: HIV and AIDS represent a considerable challenge to the British National Health Service, and the resources devoted to treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS are significant and likely to increase. The focus of recent campaigns promoting safer sexual practices to prevent the spread of HIV have focused on the use of condoms, since condom use reduces the probability of infection. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that condoms should be provided routinely on prescription by general practitioners (GPs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of GP-provision of condoms in the prevention of HIV infection. Since risk factors for HIV infection differ across population groups, cost-effectiveness ratios for three at-risk groups were considered. METHODS: Estimates of the cost per infection prevented and the cost per life year gained were made for female heterosexuals, male heterosexuals, and male homosexuals in England and Wales. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on a number of key parameters. RESULTS: The costs per infection prevented were 2,327,744 Pounds for female heterosexuals, 9,709,987 Pounds for male heterosexuals and 1315 Pounds for male homosexuals. The corresponding costs per life year gained were 56,774 Pounds, 269,722 Pounds and 37 Pounds. When savings from the costs of care were taken into account the use of condoms resulted in cost savings of nearly 50,000 Pounds for homosexual males. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of GP-prescribed condoms is highly cost-effective for male homosexuals. Such provision is much less cost-effective for heterosexuals, primarily due to the relatively low prevalence of HIV in the heterosexual population and the low infectivity parameter. This suggests that routine GP-provision of condoms would be inappropriate for all at-risk groups, and should target high-risk groups, specifically male homosexuals.

Condoms↗

PubMed2002

Condom distribution: a cost-utility analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the cost-effectiveness of a condom distribution programme. METHODS: We conducted a cost-utility analysis of a social marketing campaign in which over 33 million condoms were made freely available throughout Louisiana. Surveys among 275,000 African Americans showed that condom use increased by 30%. Based on the estimated cost of the intervention and costs of HIV/AIDS-associated medical treatment, we estimated the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved, and number of HIV infections averted by the programme. RESULTS: The programme was estimated to prevent 170 HIV infections and save 1909 QALYs. Over $33 million in medical care costs were estimated to be averted, resulting in cost savings. Sensitivity analyses showed that these results were quite stable over a range of estimates for the main parameters. Condom increases as small as 2.7% were still cost-saving. CONCLUSION: Condom distribution is a community-level HIV prevention intervention that has the potential to reach large segments of the general population, thereby averting significant numbers of HIV infections and associated medical costs. The intervention is easy to scale up to large populations or down to small populations. The financial and health benefits of condom social marketing support making it a routine component of HIV prevention services nationally.

Condoms↗

PubMed1999

Developing, implementing, and evaluating a condom promotion program targeting sexually active adolescents.

This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the Condom Campaign, a 1995 HIV prevention program promoting condom use among sexually active adolescents in three King County, Washington, urban communities. This program employed three main strategies: (a) mobilizing all levels of the target communities to support and guide program development and implementation; (b) creating and implementing a mass media campaign targeting sexually active teenagers that promoted correct condom use and favorable attitudes toward condoms; and (c) recruiting public agencies, community organizations, and businesses to distribute condoms from bins and vending machines. We evaluated the program through a series of cross-sectional interviews conducted in the three communities chosen for their elevated levels of adolescent sexual risk behavior. Overall, 73% of target youth reported exposure to the Condom Campaign; exposure did not differ by age, gender, race, or level of sexual experience. Levels of sexual activity remained stable throughout the media campaign.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Global update: Haiti.

In a country of 6 million that is the hemisphere's poorest, an American-supported Haitian campaign against AIDS has moved beyond getting people to ask questions about the risk of disease and helped make condom use commonplace. Within a year, the program has gone from selling about 40,000 condoms a month to nearly half a million. The story of condom use in Haiti, experts say, is one of careful attention to local psychology and culture. Equally important, they say, has been the subsidized price, currently about 3 cents each. In Haiti, despite infection rates that are thought to approach 10% in urban areas, there has been strong resistance to belief in the threat posed by AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1980