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Latex condom deterioration accelerated by environmental factors: I. Ozone.
Commercial non-lubricated latex condoms were unpackaged and exposed in an environmental chamber to ozone levels (0.3 ppm) commonly present in urban smog conditions. Deterioration was observed by scanning electron microscopy after 18 hours exposure. Loss of mechanical strength was quantitated by measurement of the air pressures necessary to burst the condom and volumes at burst. After 24 hours exposure to ozone the latex surface was covered with craters and after 48 hours the pressure required to burst the condom was 44% that of control samples. Data suggest the need for study of the effectiveness of lubrication and packaging in protecting condoms from environmental factors which may accelerate deterioration.
A study of the relationship between tensile testing of condoms and breakage in use.
The ability of the condom wall to maintain its integrity throughout sexual intercourse is critical to its role in halting the spread of major sexually transmissible pathogens including the human immunodeficiency virus. There are three principal in vitro performance tests applied to condoms: a test for freedom from holes, an inflation test, and tensile testing. In this study we subjected condoms that had broken in use to tensile tests in order to determine any correlation between their in vivo and in vitro performance. Condoms which had broken in use showed similar tensile properties to those which had not. All passed all tensile test criteria. Thus, the inclusion of tensile testing in National Standards for condoms is not sufficient to insure strong products.
Efficacy of thermoplastic elastomer and latex condoms as viral barriers.
The barrier efficacy of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and three brands of latex condoms was compared in a passive-leak test and in a dynamic model of simulated intercourse. Fifteen replicates of each of the condoms were challenged with bacteriophage T7 (100 nm) and the polio virus Type 1 (PV-1, 27 nm). In the passive test, no condom leaked either virus. In the dynamic model, no TPE condoms leaked either virus and no latex condoms leaked T7. Two samples of one commercially available latex condom leaked T7 but not PV-1. These data support that intact latex condoms are effective in vivo viral barriers and extend the finding to TPE condoms as well. Given its substantial equivalence to latex as a viral barrier, TPE condoms are an alternative choice for individuals with latex allergies. The TPE material is also more resistant to common environmental conditions that affect latex adversely and should therefore be a superior choice if condoms must be stored for extended periods in suboptimal conditions.
Test method for evaluating the permeability of intact prophylactics to viral-size microspheres under simulated physiologic conditions.
The alarming number of AIDS cases has increased the attention given to barrier devices such as condoms. The authors describe a new test method that evaluates the permeability of the intact condom when subjected to simulated physiologic conditions. Fluorescent-labelled polystyrene microspheres (110 nm diameter) are used to model cell-free virus. Physical and chemical conditions that are present during coitus, such as pressure, pH, and temperature, are considered in the design of the method. The testing chamber is designed to be continuously monitored for changes in fluorescence due to leakage across the condom surface. The sensitivity of the system is 1 x 10(-5) of the original concentration of microsphere solution (3.4 x 10(11) particles/mL), which corresponds to leak rates as small as .001 microL/sec. The test provides an in vitro test of barrier material permeability relevant to actual use.
Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use.
Condoms were tested in an in vitro system simulating key physical conditions that can influence viral particle leakage through condoms during actual coitus. The system quantitatively addresses pressure, pH, temperature, surfactant properties, and anatomical geometry. A suspension of fluorescence-labeled, 110-nm polystyrene microspheres models free human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in semen, and condom leakage is detected spectrofluorometrically. Leakage of HIV-sized particles through latex condoms was detectable (P less than 0.03) for as many as 29 of the 89 condoms tested. Worst-case condom barrier effectiveness (fluid transfer prevention), however, is shown to be at least 10(4) times better than not using a condom at all, suggesting that condom use substantially reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HIV transmission.
Condoms: a wider range needed.
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Condom trade barriers come down across Europe.
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An actual use comparison of condoms meeting Australian and Swiss standards: results of a double-blind crossover trial.
The performance of condoms in actual use has been poorly researched in the past, especially in comparing condoms that met different quality control standards as indicated by laboratory testing. The present study used a double-blind crossover design to compare the performance of 2 types of condoms in actual use; one that met the Australian and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for condom quality and one that met the more stringent Swiss Quality Seal requirements. Ninety-two men recruited from Metropolitan Melbourne completed a self-report diary sheet after each condom was used which assessed the performance of the condom and the conditions under which it was used. From a total of 1917 condom uses, there was an overall breakage risk of 2.7%. The breakage risk ratio (Australian/ISO:Swiss) for all types of use was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.68-1.99). When subanalyses by method of entry were performed, the condoms meeting the Swiss standard appeared to fare better than the Australian/ ISO standards for anal sex (RR = 4.84, 95% CI 1.07-21.8, P = 0.022), while the opposite was the case for vaginal sex (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35-1.53, P = 0.41). The result for anal use was statistically significant at the 5% level, despite being based on fewer condom trials than that for vaginal use, but this result needs to be replicated. Although the participants appeared representative of the general male population in Melbourne in the age bracket 18-46 years, there was a significant history of condom usage reported. This may have influenced the risk of breakage.
Selected legal developments in reproductive health in 1991.
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Condoms for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
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Condoms--a new look.
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[On examination of commerical condoms].
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[Damage to condoms caused by vaginally administered drug].
A 28-year-old woman who was treated for vaginal candidiasis with Gyno-Daktarin vaginal capsules (miconazole nitrate) became pregnant because a condom used during intercourse had ruptured. Incubation in vitro with 400 and 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal capsules (Gyno-Daktarin 3 and Gyno-Daktarin I), but not miconazole nitrate vaginal cream (20 mg/g), was shown to damage rubber condoms. Patients using vaginal medicines should be aware of a possible adverse effect on rubber condoms or contraceptive diaphragms and a subsequent increased risk of pregnancy or contagious diseases such as AIDS. Fatty excipients such as glycerin, paraffin, petrolatum or Witepsol may be involved.