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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Cheap talk when interests conflict.

Most evolutionary analyses of animal communication suggest that low-cost signals can evolve only when both the signaller and the recipient rank outcomes in the same order. When there is a conflict of interest between sender and receiver, honest signals must be costly. However, recent work suggests that low-cost signals can be evolutionarily stable, even when the sender and the receiver rank outcomes in different orders, as long as the interest in achieving coordination is sufficiently great. In this paper, we extend this body of work by analysing a game theory model that shows that low-cost signals can evolve when there are conflicts of interest and no interest in coordination, as long as individuals interact repeatedly. We also present an empirical example indicating that female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, use honest, low-cost, vocal signals to facilitate interactions when conflicts of interest exist. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Conflicting interests: the evolution of an issue.

The systematic funding of University research has brought into relief a question of conflicting interests. The potential in funded research for conflict and the damaging effects that conflicting interests might have on civil society had been first noted by Eisenhower in the context of State-funded research. Since the 1980s, there has been greater concern with the corrosive effects of private or corporate funding on research. Initial efforts to manage the problems have focused on authorship declarations, but recent controversies with the SSRIs suggest the only way to manage the problem is by placing all clinical trial data in the public domain.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2003

[The physician and the conflict of interest].

Conflicts of interest are frequent in medical practice. They occur when a secondary interest unduly influences professional medical judgment, over and above the patients' benefit, his first real interest. Most of these secondary interests come from particular businesses of the physicians or their relationships with the industry. They may become a threat to the confidence that is established in the patient-physician relationship or to the medical profession as a whole. These conflicts of interest vary in types and magnitude and are not recognized by physicians on most occasions. Solutions are inevitably related to the honesty and integrity of each physician. Due to the absence of specific national ethical references, it is necessary to discuss the issue and conclude recommendations that guide interns, residents, clinicians, researchers, medical educators, medical and scientific associations to resolve these types of conflicts.

Conflict of Interest↗
PubMed2004

Conflicts of interest.

Conflicts of interest are unavoidable in dentistry. A set of five questions is offered to help sort through such conflicts. The potential harm and the likelihood of such harm caused by secondary interests (the potentially conflicting ones) must be considered against the potential harm and the likelihood of damage caused by withholding services in which secondary interests are present. The use of these questions is illustrated with an example of a researcher who has a commercial interest in the product under study and of dentists who have secondary interests in services provided to patients.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed1997

Financial equivalent, industry sponsored research and conflict of interest.

Conflicts of interest for the clinician(physician)-researcher are not limited only to direct and clear financial support by manufacturers of the pharmaceutical and medical device industry, but rather include delicate indirect monetary and research support. Today professionals face an inevitable choice between two opposing moral orders, one based in the primacy of ethical obligations to the sick, the other in the primacy of self-interest and the marketplace. Some medical ethicists urge, reshape ethical codes to conform to the ethos of the marketplace, which legitimates self-interest over beneficence and makes vices out of most of traditional virtues. Second opinion represents the ethicists who recommend a firm stand in belief that being a physician imposes certain specific obligations. Medicine is at heart a moral enterprise and those who practice it are de facto members of a moral community. The market introduces an alien-till this time unknown-set of economic values into an institution (medicine) whose inherent ends are altruistic, but in countries under health care reform it brings a complex of special ethical issues in connection with deficient legislation and not firm ethical rules adopted. (Ref. 17.)

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2007

Secret ties to industry and conflicting interests in cancer research.

BACKGROUND: Recently it was reported that a Swedish professor in environmental health has for decades worked as a consultant for Philip Morris without reporting his employment to his academic employer or declaring conflicts of interest in his research. The potential for distorting the epidemiological assessments of hazard and risk through paid consultants, pretending to be independent, is not exclusive to the tobacco industry. METHODS: Documentation is drawn from peer reviewed publications, websites, documents from the Environmental Protection Agency, University reports, Wellcome Library Special Collections and the Washington Post. RESULTS: Some consulting firms employ university researchers for industry work thereby disguising industry links in the income of large departments. If the industry affiliation is concealed by the scientist, biases from conflicting interests in risk assessments cannot be evaluated and dealt with properly. Furthermore, there is reason to suspect that editors and journal staff may suppress publication of scientific results that are adverse to industry owing to internal conflict of interest between editorial integrity and business needs. CONCLUSIONS: Examples of these problems from Sweden, UK, and USA are presented. The shortfalls cited in this article illustrate the need for improved transparency, regulations that will help curb abuses as well as instruments for control and enforcement against abuses.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2002

Conflicting interests in private hospital care.

This article looks at key changes impacting on private hospital care: the increasing corporate ownership of private hospitals; the Commonwealth Government's support for private health; the significant increase in health fund membership; and the contracting arrangements between health funds and private hospitals. The changes highlight the often conflicting interests of hospitals, doctors, Government, health funds and patients in the provision of private hospital care. These conflicts surfaced in the debate around allegations of 'cherry picking' by private hospitals of more profitable patients. This is also a good illustration of the increasing entanglement of the Government in the fortunes of the private health industry.

Australia↗