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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Costs and consequences of drug use: a comparison of health care utilization and social-psychological consequences for clinical and nonclinical adolescents and their families.

A retrospective (case control) design was used to compare adolescents in treatment for alcohol and drug problems and their families with adolescents and families not in treatment to determine: (1) the extent to which adolescents' drug-using behavior was associated with greater physical and mental health services utilized by the adolescent and his/her family members over a period of 3 years; and (2) costs incurred for a health maintenance organization and social-psychological consequences for the individuals and their families. On the average, those families with an adolescent with alcohol and/or drug problems use more health services, resulting in greater costs to the prepaid health plan than the costs for families with adolescents not in treatment or not using drugs. For both the adolescents and other family members, significant differences between groups were found for utilization of mental health services, but not for services for physical health. Consequences of drug use--relational, health related, and social/legal--were greatest for adolescents in treatment. Adolescents whose drug use was similar to those in treatment, but who were not in treatment, also experienced drug-related consequences; this group can be considered at high risk for alcohol and drug problems that, in the future, may require treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer, Part II: Clinical consequences.

Survival of children with brain tumors has improved over the past 20 years due in part to advances in surgery, radiation, and most recently chemotherapy. The long-term adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy on these children is the subject of this report. In Part I, we reviewed the pathologic consequences of radiation, including leukoencephalopathy, radiation necrosis, and radiation myelopathy as well as the oncogenic effects of both radiation and chemotherapy. Part II addresses the long-term consequences of radiation and chemotherapy on intellectual and endocrine function. Risk factors for the development of both endocrinopathies and intellectual dysfunction include age at the time of radiation, volume and dose of radiation, site of tumor, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy, in particular methotrexate. Early recognition of these complications and treatment, where indicated, will measurably improve the quality-of-life of children treated for brain tumors. The national cancer groups are currently attempting to limit these long-term adverse effects by taking risk factors into account when formulating new treatment regimens.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer, Part I: Pathologic consequences and potential for oncogenesis.

The pathologic changes associated with the treatment of cancer of the nervous system are reviewed. Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic findings of these abnormalities are described, followed by discussion of the known histopathologic features. For the most part, pathologic effects are primary vascular and/or demyelinating. We review each of these effects at all levels of the neural axis. This review concludes with a discussion of the risk of developing second malignancies. Although this complication is infrequent, the likelihood that survivors of childhood cancer will develop a second malignancy is 10 times that of age-matched controls. This phenomenon in part relates to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and host susceptibility. These qualifications not withstanding, most studies implicate central nervous system radiation with and without chemotherapy as the primary etiology for second malignancies.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1990

Mechanisms and consequences of the impaired trans-sulphuration pathway in liver disease: Part II. Clinical consequences and potential for pharmacological intervention in cirrhosis.

The liver is actively involved in the metabolism of the sulphur-containing essential amino acid, methionine. Methionine is transformed into S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and then into sulphur-containing metabolites (cysteine, taurine and glutathione) via the trans-sulphuration pathway. Liver disease may affect the trans-sulphuration pathway and decrease the clearance of methionine, which leads to increased fasting methionine concentrations in blood and reduced formation of cysteine and glutathione. There is evidence that this defect, located at the level of SAMe-synthetase, may cause nutritional defects and contribute to negative nitrogen balance whenever non-essential sulphur-containing amino acids are not supplied in adequate amounts. In addition, cirrhotic patients may be at increased risk of hepatotoxicity after treatment with substances which are detoxified via glutathione. The SAMe-synthetase block may be overcome by administration of oral or intravenous SAMe, which improves the fasting amino acid profile and increases the hepatic glutathione concentration. Controlled studies on long term SAMe treatment in patients with cirrhosis are needed to confirm this possible beneficial effect.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

The importance of prudent negative consequences for maintaining the appropriate behavior of hyperactive students.

Teachers use both positive and negative consequences to influence classroom behaviors. Four experiments were conducted to examine the differential affects of these two types of consequences on the maintenance of appropriate behaviors of hyperactive children. Results of Experiment 1 showed that the use of both positive and negative consequences (combined) was associated with high levels of on-task behaviors. Withdrawal of negative consequences caused a significant and dramatic decrease in on-task performance. The withdrawal of positive consequences produced no change in the rate of on-task behaviors. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4, the on-task results of Experiment 1 were replicated using a different teacher, different children, a counterbalanced design, longer phases, and different types of negative consequences. The withdrawal of negative consequences led to decreases in productivity in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 3 also suggested that a prudent (e.g., calm, concrete, and consistent) approach to discipline was more effective than an imprudent (e.g., loud, emotional, and inconsistent) approach. Some level of mild negative consequences for inappropriate behavior is an important ingredient in effective classroom management, and qualitatively different negative consequences may have drastically different effects on the behavior of hyperactive students.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Positive and negative consequences of alcohol drinking among young university students in Finland.

In a sample of 1663 female and 707 male Finnish university students in their first study year, the female students reported less negative and less positive consequences of alcohol drinking than their male counterparts. The female students also drank less, less frequently and less often for intoxication. However, the profile of negative and positive consequences of drinking was similar for both genders; 74.6% of the female students and 80.0% of the males had more positive than negative experiences from alcohol. Both the positive and negative consequences of drinking correlated positively to alcohol consumption and drinking for intoxication. About half of the students who had many positive consequences of drinking were not heavy drinkers and did not report many negative consequences. Depression, anxiety, stress or psychosomatic symptoms did not correlate with either with positive or negative consequences of drinking, nor with alcohol consumption. Drinking for anxiety, depression, stress or the reduction of tension appeared to be infrequent. Young Finnish university students mostly drink for the positive consequences of drinking.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

The effects of consequences on patterns of social interaction: a quasi-experimental approach to reinforcement in natural interaction.

Research on social interaction has consistently documented the existence of mutual interdependencies between the behavior of 1 person and reactions to that behavior by others in the social environment. The concept of social reinforcement, although often used to explain acquisition and change in interaction patterns defined by such interdependencies, is difficult to apply to interaction observed in natural settings. On the basis of extended observation of the interaction of 2 mother-child dyads, the procedures needed to assess the effects of naturally occurring consequences on interactional patterns are detailed in this study. Reliable mother action-child reaction patterns were first identified, and the effect of maternal consequences for those patterns on the probability of their subsequent occurrence was assessed. Positive consequences were associated with increases, and negative consequences with decreases, in the probability of a child reacting to the next occurrence of the maternal action when compared to the base-rate probability of that action-reaction pattern. Thus consequences affect momentary shifts around the baseline probability of interactional patterns. Positive consequences were also associated with short-term increases, and negative consequences with short-term decreases, in the base-rate probability of interactional patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Generating probable consequences.

A study was conducted to examine some of the factors that influence peoples' generation of likely consequences associated with a major hypothetical life event, involving the loss of the function of one of one's own limbs. The design included four limbs involving two inclusion relations, thumb-hand and foot-leg, and two viewpoints involving consequences for one-self or for others. The results indicated that subjects generate more numerous consequences for primary than for secondary consequences, more for short-term consequences than for medium- or long-term ones, more for an inclusive limb than for an included limb (e.g., hand vs thumb), and more pertaining to one-self than to others. Individual differences in the generation of consequences were not associated with prior experience involving functional loss of the limbs tested or with general differences in academic performance. The results permit inference about some of the mental processes that accompany consequence generation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review of diagnostic meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a public health issue with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 12.7%, potentially leading to a host of lifelong and significant mental, physical, and behavioral health. The aim of this study was to comprehensively map the long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse on physical, psychiatric, and behavioral health outcomes. METHODS: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies, registered on PROSPERO, was conducted to examine the diverse repercussions of childhood sexual abuse on adult health. Three bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus) were searched from the inception of the respective databases to November 1st, 2022. Thirty-eight meta-analyses representing about 20 million individuals were analyzed, revealing a range of long-lasting consequences associated with CSA. RESULTS: Among physical pathologies, cervical cancer and functional neurological syndromes emerged as the most prominent, exhibiting significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) of 4.18 IC95% and 3.30 IC95%, respectively. Sleep disorders and borderline personality disorders were the most prevalent mental health disorders associated with CSA, with respective ORs of 16.17 IC95% and 5.96 IC95%. Early sexual initiation (OR=3.59 IC95%, sexual assault (OR=3.36 IC95%, and prostitution (OR=3.24 IC95%) emerged as the most common behavioral consequences. Notably, no significant differences in the consequences of CSA were observed between men and women, except for reproductive health outcomes. DISCUSSION: When faced with certain pathologies, clinicians should consider and discuss sexual abuse with their patients. The consequences of abuse have a multifactorial origin, which is a weakness, as are the problems of defining abuse. The strength of our study is that it lists the consequences published in high-quality studies. CONCLUSION: This umbrella review provides compelling evidence of the profound and far-reaching impact of childhood sexual abuse on a broad spectrum of physical, mental, and behavioral health issues.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

A comparison of self-delivered consequences and desensitization in the treatment of fear of rats.

Exposed 52 rat phobic Ss to either group desensitization, self-delivered consequences imagined exposure, self-delivered consequences in-vivo exposure, or no treatment. Self-delivered consequences Ss conducted the treatment on their own and self-delivered preselected reinforcers contingent upon performance of the treatment exercises. All treatment groups improved significantly more than the no-treatment control group. The self-delivered consequences imagined exposure and the group desensitization treatments were equally effective. The self-delivered consequences in-vivo exposure treatment was significantly more effective than the self-delivered consequences imagined exposure and group desensitization treatments. The applicability of self-management techniques to the treatment of fear responses to specific stimuli and an extinction explanation of the effectiveness of systematic desensitization are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Elevations of plasma glucose do not support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning.

We examined whether elevations in plasma glucose are a sufficient postingestive consequence to support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning. Because real, but not sham, feeding supports taste-to-postingestive consequence learning, we recorded changes in plasma glucose during sham and real feeding. For the 1st 15 min of the meal, both sham and real feeding produced similar elevations in plasma glucose. Thereafter, real feeding produced sustained elevations in plasma glucose, whereas sham feeding did not. However, mimicking the plasma glucose profile of real feeding in the sham feeding rat by infusing glucose intravenously did not produce taste-to-postingestive consequence learning. Using radiolabeled sucrose, we determined that the rise in plasma glucose during sham feeding results from absorption of nutrient. We conclude that elevations in plasma glucose in isolation are not a sufficient consequence to support taste-to-postingestive consequence learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Conditioned flavor preferences based on delayed caloric consequences.

In four experiments we showed that rats prefer a flavor associated with a delayed edible consequence if the delayed consequence contains calories; the greater the number of calories, the greater the preference. We obtained conditioned preferences with delayed consequences of dextrose plus quinine, 8% polycose, 8% sucrose, 10 g of high fat mash, and 14 g of lab chow. No conditioned preferences were obtained with delayed consequences of saccharin, 10 g of low fat mash, 1% polycose, or 1% sucrose. Thus, it seems that flavor preferences based on delayed caloric consequences occur only if there are appreciable calories in the consequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Perceived personal immunity to the consequences of drinking alcohol: the relationship between behavior and perception.

Heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers, light drinkers, and nondrinkers were asked to rate a variety of negative health and social consequences of using alcohol. Subjects made probability ratings for fictional others who were heavy, moderate, or light drinkers or nondrinkers. Subjects also made probability ratings for themselves as hypothetical heavy, moderate, or light drinkers or nondrinkers and for themselves actually. A pattern of perceived personal immunity was found across groups. Subjects rated fictional others and themselves as hypothetical drinkers to be more likely to experience negative consequences than their actual selves. All groups of subjects (heavy, moderate, and light drinkers and abstainers) rated their actual chances of experiencing negative consequences to be approximately equal. In contrast, heavy drinkers saw the effects of drinking for other heavy drinkers as less likely than did subjects who had light or abstinent drinking patterns who rated fictional heavy drinkers. These findings suggest that individuals who drink more tend to deny the potential harm that may result from alcohol consumption. Short-term social consequences were viewed as most likely to occur. Long-term consequences were perceived as least likely to occur.

Adolescent↗