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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Social networks, the family, and the schizophrenic patient: introduction to the issue.

This article is an editor's introduction to the theme of a special issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin. The origin of the social network concept is described. Ideology, morale, structure, and the larger social context are identified as aspects of the social network to be examined in future research. Consumer organizations of schizophrenics and their families are described, and their potential for network formation and cooperation with organized psychiatry is discussed.

Consumer Organizations↗
PubMed1992

Altered glutamine metabolism in rat portal drained viscera and hindquarter during hyperammonemia.

In normal rats, muscle is the major glutamine releasing organ and gut is the major glutamine consuming organ. It has been suggested that enhanced muscle ammonia detoxification and gut ammonia production occurs during liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia. Therefore, ammonia and amino acid fluxes across portal-drained viscera and hindquarter, and muscle concentrations were measured in portacaval shunted and acute liver ischemia rats. Arterial ammonia and most amino acids were increased after portacaval shunting and increased progressively during liver ischemia, but net hindquarter ammonia uptake was not observed. Net hindquarter glutamine efflux was increased during portacaval shunting, but it decreased during liver ischemia, while muscle glutamine concentrations increased. The comparable net portal drained viscera glutamine uptake in normal and portacaval shunted rats changed during liver ischemia from net uptake to release, coinciding with release of most other amino acids. These results cast doubt on the ammonia detoxifying role of muscle during acute liver ischemia-induced hyperammonemia in the rat. The portal drained viscera glutamine release during severe hyperammonemia could be due to intestinal damage.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Pharmaceutical regulation in the European Community: barriers to single market integration.

The European Community (EC) plans to create a single market for pharmaceutical medicines, but the drug industry is closely linked to cultural and societal values concerning health; to the national regulatory agencies responsible for the evaluation of safety, quality, and efficacy of new drugs; to multinational and domestic companies competing in national and international markets; and to varied interest groups of professionals and consumers organized along national and multinational lines. We review the history of the EC's policy proposals, examine reactions from all these interested parties, and assess the prospects for integration into a single market. The contentious debate that continues among the parties over national prerogatives, industrial interests, professional mandates, and consumer concerns clouds the prospects for a system of centralized drug registration that will be acceptable to all EC member states.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1979

The Clearinghouse for Environmental Carcinogens of the National Cancer Institute, USA.

The NCI Clearinghouse for Environmental Carcinogens acts as an advisory body to the Carcinogenesis Testing Program of that Institute. It consists of 30 members, from academic institutions, labour organizations, consumer groups and industry. They are divided into three groups: the Chemical Selection group establishes priorities for compounds to be tested; the Experimental Design group decides on the test procedures and parameters to be used; and the Data Evaluation/Risk Assessment group review data from completed tests, for deficiencies in experimental design or conduct, the nature of the lesions produced and the statistical analysis of the results, and gives a critical opinion of the test.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1979

International efforts in independent living.

Several nations currently share a major concern for provision of services to severely disabled persons. The focus of this concern has been upon those services which promote maximum integration and independence of severely disabled individuals in the community. Recent efforts in this direction by governments, private citizens, and handicapped-consumer organizations in Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark, England, Canada, and Australia are discussed. Developments in housing and environmental modification, transportation, and self-help training are reviewed for their potential interest to advocates and practitioners of rehabilitation for independent living.

Australia↗
PubMed1979

Children's car seat restraints: when top-tether straps are ignored, are these restraints safe?

Children's car seat restraints are impact sled-tested to evaluate their safety qualities. To determine whether these restraints can protect the child, it is necessary to test in two different ways those restraints that require a top-tether strap: (1) installed in accordance with the manufacturer's directions; and (2) installed in the manner they are actually used. In this study the five children's car seat restraints top-rated by a leading consumer organization were impact sled-tested with a top-tether strap in use. They were then tested without the top-tether strap--the way such restraints are often being used as indicated by an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety survey. In addition, two leading restraints not requiring a top-tether strap, but secured by the auto lap belt, were tested. This study shows that the five top-tethered restraints, when installed with top-tether and lap belt, and the two restraints not requiring a top-tether give good protection in a frontal crash. It also shows that, with one possible exception, the five restraints that require a top-tether strap do not provide adequate protection if the top-tether strap is not used.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1976

Use of automated, on-line pyruvate analysis.

Normothermic blood perfusions of isolated canine liver were undertaken to determine the most sensitive and reliable indicators of viability. Perfusate flow rates and arterial and portal venous pressures were monitored. Arterial and venous concentrations of potassium, pyruvate, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and oxygen were monitored and the values stored on magnetic tape for computerized calculation of outputs. Continuous evaluation of taurocholate concentration in the perfusate allowed adjustment of infusion rate to provide a constant flow of bile across the hapatocytes. Pyruvate output, portal venous resistance, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase output and potassium output provided the earliest indices of deterioration. Bile flow and oxygen consumption remained constant until irreversible outflow block had occured. The earliest and most constant parameter signaling deteoration of the ex vivo liver was pyruvate output. The deteriorating liver released pyruvate into the perfusate, while the functioning organ consumed or maintained the available substrate. Since pyruvate output occurs before the onset of irreversible damage, measures can be enacted to reverse the deterioration. Restoration of the preparation can be evaluated through the cessation of pyruvate output.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Consumer participation and community organization practice: implications of national health legislation.

This paper reviews ten federal health laws from the perspective of the extent to which consumer participation had been incorporated as an integral aspect of health program, identifies some issues and dilemmas of implementing consumer participation activities, and offers suggestions for the involvement of consumer advocates. The review of the laws showed uncertainty of outcomes, conflicting philosophies, conflicting purposes, conflicting strategies, and conflicts relating to representativeness, legitimacy and consumer role. Despite the inconsistent record of Congress to legislate consumer participation, two recent health laws, P.L. 93-641 and Title III of P.L. 94-63, appear to offer major opportunities in promoting consumer involvement in planning and policy development activities. However, because these laws continue to delegate the responsibility for implementing consumer involvement programs to providers, established institutions and state agencies, consumer advocates are urged to increase their knowledge of the laws and to assist consumers to realize their right of self-determination. The cause is worthy and represents a desirable goal for public health--and in the final analysis, for the survival of our democratic society.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1977

Consumer participation in Health Maintenance Organizations.

Recent health legislation, particularly the Health Maintenance Organization Act, appears to invite the participation of consumers in the governance of health care programs. This represents an opportunity for the community organizer to influence the role of the consumer in health care systems. This paper examines federal policy relating to consumer participation, discusses resulting issues and dilemmas, and offers suggestions for programs to strengthen consumer participation in HMOs.

Community Participation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementation of legislative requirements for emergency medical services in prepaid group practice organizations.

The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act of 1973, and other laws are examined for their effects on the organization and management of emergency services in prepaid group practice plans (PPGP). The study was conducted in 1974-75 by the Group Health Association of America. The data were gathered through interviews with administrators and providers of seven PPGPs and with leaders of health planning agencies in the same communities, as well as through reviews of internal documents and a 1-month utilization survey of emergency and urgent care services in each PPGP. Effects of the laws were found to be limited, with the health maintenance legislation appearing to have the greastes effect on the design of emergency servide models. In most localities, two parallel systems may operate in offering round-the-clock emergency care and programs to educate members and the public about the appropriate use of emergency facilities. The EMS legislation has had minimal effects on the design of emergency services in the PPGPs. The emergency services component is the most transitional aspect of the PPGS nad the one most amenable to change. Revisions have come through changes in internal management policy and from demands of subscribers. A regulating inference in the operation of the PGP, in the area of emergency services as well as in the delivery of primary care services, is that the plans must compete, both in costs and benefits, with available indemnity insurance coverage. The market dictates premium levels without regard to associated benefits. Additional costs for broader coverage and administrative regulatory mechanisms must be borne by the subscriber in the form of increased premiums. As a result, the utilization of expensive emergency care must be carefully controlled, and this restraint is often accomplished by requirements specifying which health problems are appropriate for the provision of emergency care, rather than by delaying assistance until the plan's office hours. The furtherance of the PPGP concept, that the entire health care of the individual person is provided and financed by one organization, definancedby one organization, detracts from the viability of a central body charged with the coordination of the delivery of all emergency services in the community. It results not only in duplication of effort but often in the establishment of potentially antagoistic organizations.

Consumer Organizations↗