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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effects of "anorexia" on appetitive and consummatory behavior.

In order to assess the effects of anorexigenic agents on appetitive and consummatory behavior, rats were given sweetened milk either in a bottle or by infusion through an intraoral cannula. In the first experiment, amphetamine (AMP; 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) had no effect on the intake of cannula-fed rats but suppressed the intake of bottle-fed rats at the highest two doses. Although increased activity was observed at the highest dose, bottle-fed rats drank less than cannula-fed rats at each dose of the drug. Fenfluramine (FEN; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in intake with both methods of feeding, but the effect was greater in bottle-fed rats. Although FEN had marked sedative effects at the highest two doses, bottle-fed rats drank less than cannula-fed rats at each dose of the drug. In a second experiment, cannula- and bottle-fed rats were given milk adulterated with various concentrations of quinine hydrochloride (QHCl; 0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02%). QHCl had no effect on the intake of cannula-fed rats but decreased the intake of bottle-fed rats at the highest two concentrations. In a final experiment, the effect of AMP (1 mg/kg) was assessed in a conditioned aversion paradigm. Rats were given four conditioning trials in which access to a 0.1% sodium saccharin solution was followed by an injection of AMP. Again, bottle-fed rats showed greater suppression of intake than cannula-fed rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that anorexigenic drugs affect appetitive behavior more than consummatory behavior. The implications of these findings for understanding the mechanism of behavioral tolerance are discussed.

Amphetamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vasopressin deficiency and the modulation of consummatory behavior.

This study examined patterns of consummatory behavior in normal and vasopressin-deficient rats under ad lib and food-restricted conditions. Differing patterns of intake of food, water, sucrose, and saccharin were found in the two groups. During the ad lib period, the normal rats gained more weight and ate significantly more food than vasopressin-deficient rats. The vasopressin-deficient animals consumed significantly more sucrose than normal animals during this period. No significant differences in body weight, food intake, sucrose intake, or saccharin intake were noted during the food-restricted period between the two groups. During the food-restricted condition the normal animals showed a cyclic pattern of food, sucrose, and saccharin intake. This cyclic pattern of intake was absent in vasopressin-deficient animals. A vasopressin-serotonin interaction is hypothesized as a possible mechanism producing the differences in the two strains of animals. In addition, the data support the position that food consumption is regulated primarily by caloric and/or nutritional factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of lithium chloride-induced aversion on appetitive and consummatory behavior.

The effect of lithium chloride-induced conditioned taste aversions on appetitive and consummatory behavior was determined. Rats were given access to a 0.1% saccharin solution for 15 min either in bottles or by infusion through an intraoral cannula. Bottle-fed rats given postprandial injections of lithium chloride showed greater aversion to saccharin than cannula-fed rats. During extinction, cannula-fed rats gradually recovered to control levels of intake, whereas bottle-fed rats continued to avoid the saccharin. These results suggest that lithium chloride affects appetitive behavior to a greater extent than it affects consummatory behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/5-HT1B receptors are differentially involved in alcohol preference and consummatory behavior in cAA rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the control of alcohol preference and consummatory behavior in alcohol-preferring cAA rats. Effects of the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, DOI, the 5-HT(2C/1B) receptor agonist, mCPP, the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist, ritanserin, and the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, MDL 100,907, on ethanol (EtOH, 10% v/v) preference and intake, as well as total fluid and food intake were evaluated in a 12-h limited-access two-bottle paradigm. DOI (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced EtOH intake and preference, but not total fluid or food intake; whereas mCPP (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced EtOH, total fluid, and food intake. Therefore, it is concluded that DOI induces a specific and selective antialcohol effect, whereas mCPP rather induces a general suppressive effect on consummatory behavior. Ritanserin (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect EtOH intake and preference, nor total fluid and food consumption. MDL 100,907 (0.1-1 mg/kg, i.p.) induced only a small reduction of food intake at the highest dose tested. Pretreatment with ritanserin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and MDL 100,907 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the effects of DOI (3 mg/kg, i.p.), but not those of mCPP (10 mg/kg, i.p.). It is suggested that activation of 5-HT2C and/or 5-HT1B receptors results in a general decrease of consummatory behavior, whereas activation of 5-HT2A receptors selectively decreases EtOH intake and preference, as assessed in the cAA rat model of alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1981

Long-term effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the rat.

Two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the adult rat. In experiment 1, animals were placed in a novel chamber, either with or without water available. Although there were no effects of iron deficiency per se, the data suggested that decreased caloric intake experienced early in life may have different long-term consequences for males and females. While ad lib control males, and females in all diet conditions, exhibited less elevation of plasma corticosterone when water was available in the novel chamber, calorically restricted males appeared unable to use the cues or reinforcement provided by consummatory behavior to reduce arousal. In Experiment 2, a conditioned taste aversion situation involving conflict, we were able to separate effects due to early iron deficiency from those due to early caloric restriction. When reexposed to milk, calorically restricted (weight control) males exhibited an attenuated plasma corticoid response, compared to that of ad lib control males, while weight control females resembled ad lib control females in their response. Thus, as in Experiment 1, early caloric restriction affected males more than females. Early iron deficiency, however, markedly altered pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in both males and females. Not only was the response to reexposure completely reversed in rehabilitated males and females, but also, the corticoid response to deprivation was increased in rehabilitated males and decreased in rehabilitated females. Taken together with previous data, these results suggest that early iron deficiency alters both behavioral and physiological arousal or responsiveness, and may do so differentially in males than females.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of self-administered ethanol or water preloads on appetitive and consummatory behavior in the alcohol-preferring (P) rat.

OBJECTIVE: Ethanol intake control in the selected alcohol-preferring lines of rats appeared to have shifted in some lines for both increased ethanol seeking and increased consumption once ethanol was available. It was unknown whether a small preload of ethanol would alter either the seeking or the consumption in a selected line. This study examined this issue. METHOD: Alcohol-preferring (P) rats from Indiana University School of Medicine were initiated to drink ethanol using a sucrose-substitution procedure and a single daily limited-access trial. Following 30 responses on a lever, a sipper tube containing 10% ethanol extended into the operant chamber for 20 minutes. Self-administered ethanol and water preloads were tested prior to either a regular session or an extinction session. In extinction sessions, no access to the sipper tube occurred, and the number of responses occurring during 20 minutes was taken as a measure of ethanol seeking. RESULTS: The ethanol and water preloads had no effect on the following ethanol consumption at any time during the experiment. However, the first two ethanol preloads significantly reduced extinction responding, which did not recover to the levels observed prior to the preload tests. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the conclusion that ethanol seeking in the P rat can be influenced by environmental history, whereas consummatory behavior appears to be under more explicit genetic control. This gene-environment interaction suggests that, in the P rat, seeking behavior, initially set at higher levels than observed for nonselected lines, can be modified by certain environmental experiences.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Serotonin uptake inhibitors: effects on motivated consummatory behaviors.

Within the context of the role of serotonin (5-HT) in motivated behavior, the authors examine the effects of 5-HT uptake inhibitors on the regulation of motivated consummatory behavior. Emphasis in this field has for the most part focused on the consistent observation that treatment with these agents attenuates voluntary ethanol drinking behavior in both rats and humans. There has been extensive speculation that the underlying mechanism of the decrease in ethanol intake induced by 5-HT uptake inhibition may involve a modulation of ethanol's reinforcing properties. However, increasing evidence indicates that food consumption and fluid intake are also attenuated by these compounds. In addition, it has been shown that morphine, amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine self-administration, as well as intracranial self-stimulation, are all decreased following 5-HT uptake inhibition. These observations support strongly the notion that the effects of these agents are global in nature and not specific to any single consummatory behavior. They also suggest that 5-HT uptake inhibition may result in nonspecific modification of motivated behavior in general.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead exposure, environmental temperature, nesting and consummatory behavior of adult male mice of two ages.

Both younger (60-day-old) and older (365-day-old) male, heterogeneous stock mice were exposed to either a 0.5% lead acetate solution or water as their sole source of fluid for four weeks prior to testing their nest building and consummatory behavior in a temperature chamber. During the three weeks in the temperature chambers lead and water maintenance were continued, and fluid and food consumption, body weight and nest building were monitored. Temperature in the chambers was 21 degrees C during the first week, then reduced to 5 degrees C during the second week, and returned to 21 degrees C in the last week of testing. In general, younger animals responded more rapidly and more intensely than older mice to changes in temperature as reflected in consummatory behavior, but lead ingestion decreased the magnitude of the change in fluid intake. Lead ingestion also altered the pattern of change in food ingestion of older mice as a function of the reduced temperature challenge. The complexity of nests built increased when temperatures were lowered from 21 degrees C to 5 degrees C, but this measure was unaffected by lead ingestion or age.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Effect of serotonergic drugs on negative contrast in consummatory behavior.

The effect of acute and chronic administration of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone on successive negative contrast was investigated in Experiments 1-6. Contrast in consummatory behavior was induced by shifting rats from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution. Experiments 1-5 showed that buspirone (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 15.0 mg/kg) was ineffective in alleviating contrast or in facilitating recovery from contrast. The 15 mg/kg dose substantially decreased consummatory responding. Experiment 6 showed that the chronic (24 days) administration of buspirone (0.5, 2.0 mg/kg) also did not alleviate contrast. The chronic, but not the acute administration of the 2.0 mg/kg dose decreased consummatory behavior. In Experiment 7 the 5-HT1A agonist gepirone (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was also found to be ineffective in reducing contrast but, at the higher doses, decreased overall sucrose intake. Experiments 8 and 9 found that the 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin (2.0 and 8.0 mg/kg) and ritanserin (0.63 and 2.5 mg/kg) also did not alleviate contrast. Midazolam (1.0 mg/kg), included as a positive control, eliminated contrast. These data suggest that serotonergic mechanisms are not involved in negative contrast.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Consummatory behavior and adrenocortical responsiveness in the hamster.

In this study we examined the effects of consummatory behavior on adrenocortical activity in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). We found that: (1) Animals tested in their home cage began drinking faster and drank more water than animals tested in a novel cage. (2) Basal levels of cortisol were not elevated following 24 hr water deprivation. (3) Placement in a novel cage produced significant cortisol elevations. However, if water was available, cortisol levels were reduced and did not differ significantly from presession (basal) levels. (4) Opportunity to drink while in the home cage produced no significant change in cortisol. All animals were water-deprived for 24 hr prior to testing and no sex differences were observed on any of these measures. In a second experiment we examined adrenocortical inhibition in water-deprived animals tested in a novel cage which was Empty or which allowed access to Food, Water or Sanicel bedding. Presence of food did not reduce cortisol levels; however, presence of either water or Sanicel reduced plasma corticoids to basal levels.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1985

Opioids and consummatory behavior.

Since the second decade of this century it has been known that opiates can influence ingestive behaviors. Generally, opioid agents enhance feeding and opioid antagonists decrease feeding. The present paper reviews the responsiveness of different animal species to opiates in relation to ingestive behaviors, the opioid receptors involved in such consummatory behaviors, the site of action of opioid modulation of feeding, the role of glucose in opioid induced feeding, and endocrine effects on opioid feeding systems. We emphasize the finding that more than one opioid receptor is involved in the modulation of feeding. A large body of evidence indicates a major role for the dynorphin/alpha-neo-endorphin kappa opioid receptor as one of the receptors involved in feeding modulation. Opioids appear to exert their effect predominantly within the central nervous system, though peripheral effects on taste and gastrointestinal function may play a role in opioid-induced feeding. Although opioid blockade acutely blocks food intake, chronic administration of opiate antagonists to humans and laboratory animals has not proven to be an effective means of decreasing body weight. Chronic opiate administration decreases body weight and autosensitization of beta-endorphin increases body weight. Thus, although it is clear that opioids can effect food intake, it is not clear what effect chronic administration of opioids has no food intake or body weight.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1998

Appetitive and consummatory behaviors in the control of ethanol consumption: a measure of ethanol seeking behavior.

Models of ethanol self-administration in animals have demonstrated that ethanol can reinforce a variety of behaviors, independent of ethanol's caloric or fluid properties. However, the processes that control self-administration remain unclear. Determining factors related to ethanol seeking behavior, independent of consumption, is central to the concepts of intake regulation. The model described in this article proposes a method to separate the initial appetitive (seeking) behavior from the following consummatory (drinking) behavior to assess each behavior type. Rats were trained to lever press to gain access to a drinking tube connected to a fluid bottle containing either 10% ethanol or 3% sucrose for 20 min. When the response requirement to obtain access to the tube was increased, it was found that both solutions supported the same amount of responding (breakpoint was at approximately a fixed ratio 32 requirement), indicating equal reinforcer strength. However, regardless of the response requirement, if access to the fluids occurred, intakes were not changed. This suggests that factors besides those of reinforcer efficacy are important in controlling the size of the consummatory bout. Based on these findings, we believe that this model will be useful in determining factors related to seeking behaviors and the control of drinking bout size.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1959

Magnitude of reinforcement and consummatory behavior.

The rates at which white rats licked saline, sucrose, and saccharin solutions, respectively, were measured by cumulative recording of tongue contacts with the solution in question. The local rate of licking was constant for all solutions, but differences in the distribution of sustained periods of licking were related to the type and concentration of the fluid consumed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Differential effects of viqualine on alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors.

Viqualine, a serotonin releaser and uptake inhibitor, was studied for its effects on consummatory behaviors (intake of ethanol and nonalcoholic beverages, cigarette smoking, and changes in body weight) in 29 men who were early-stage problem drinkers between 21 to 55 years of age. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo and either 100 mg/day viqualine (n = 15) or 200 mg/day viqualine (n = 14) orally in a double-blind crossover study. Viqualine administration and ethanol intake were assessed by self-reports and by measurement of drug and ethanol concentrations in body fluids. Compared with placebo, 100 mg/day viqualine did not decrease ethanol intake. However, 200 mg/day viqualine significantly decreased the total number of drinks consumed in a 14-day period (F1,12 = 5.3; p less than 0.05). An increase in the number of abstinent days was significant only for those subjects who received the placebo first (F1,6 = 11.3, p less than 0.02). Subjects reported a decreased interest in and decreased desire for alcohol during viqualine treatment. Patterns of response varied, but 64% of the subjects decreased the number of alcoholic drinks consumed and/or increased the number of days of abstinence by at least 25% during treatment with 200 mg/day viqualine compared with placebo treatment. Neither dose of viqualine had an effect on cigarette smoking or on consumption of nonalcoholic beverages, but subjects showed significant decreases in body weight with both doses. These findings indicate that viqualine both attenuates ethanol intake and reduces body weight in human beings.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Tail pinch induced consummatory behaviors are associated with analgesia.

Pinching the tail of a rat results in a set of consummatory behaviors including chewing, eating and licking. In the present study, the effect of tail pinch on pain thresholds was evaluated using the hot-plate and writhing tests. Continuous tail pinch resulted in chewing and markedly lengthened the latency to hind-paw licking and jumping (hot-plate test) when compared with control rats and totally eliminated writhing behaviors. Tail pinch (which induced chewing) for one minute prior to the analgesic testing also prolonged the latency of hot plate-induced behaviors and suppressed the number of writhing behaviors. Naloxone reversed the tail pinch induced analgesia as measured by the hot-plate test, but did not reverse tail pinch-induced analgesia as measured by the writhing test.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2001

Role of alpha-MSH in the regulation of consummatory behavior: immunohistochemical evidence.

Central injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) decreases food intake, suggesting a role for this peptide in the mediation of satiety. Inasmuch as alpha-MSH also supports the development of taste aversions under certain conditions, the nature of its influence on ingestive behavior, i.e., whether it is related to satiety or aversion, remains unclear. In the present studies, we used immunostaining, including that for c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activation, to further substantiate the physiological role for alpha-MSH in the regulation of consummatory behavior. We found that an increase in activation of alpha-MSH neurons in the arcuate nucleus coincided with meal termination. Administration of powerful aversive agents, LiCl and CuSO(4), did not stimulate alpha-MSH cells but did induce pronounced activation of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons, the final components of circuitry mediating aversion. We observed fewer Fos-positive OT/VP neurons after alpha-MSH injection into the lateral ventricle or into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, treatments that cause mild or no aversion, respectively. The degree of activation of OT/VP neurons paralleled the magnitude of aversive response to a given treatment. Our data support the hypothesis that, in the arcuate nucleus, alpha-MSH acts as a satiety mediator independent from aversion-related mechanisms.

Animals↗